Late-stage Attentional Bias towards Food Cues Varies According to Weight Status
Main Article Content
Nicholas B. Wheeler
Jordan A. Colella
Robert E. Anderson III
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-7754
Kylie F. McFee
Kyle D. Flack
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-7754
Kylie F. McFee
Kyle D. Flack
Abstract
The Current food environment has become increasingly obesogenic, with rates of obesity and related conditions continually rising. Advertisements for energy-dense foods are abundant and promote unhealthy eating behaviors by capitalizing on one’s attentional bias towards food cues, a cognitive process resulting from the sensitization of highly reinforcing food. A heightened awareness towards food cues may promote overconsumption of energy-dense foods. The current study employed novel eye-tracking methodology to capture sustained, or late-stage, attentional bias towards food cues. Late-stage attentional bias is the aspect of attentional bias under conscious control and likely more prone to modification compared to initial/ early-stage attentional bias, which reflects automatic processes. The present study hypothesized late-stage attentional bias towards food cues is greater among individuals classified as overweight/obese than those classified as normal weight. Thirty (30) participants classified as overweight/obese (BMI >25) and 47 classified as normal weight (BMI <25) were assessed for late-stage attentional bias towards food cues, conceptualized as the percentage of time fixated on food cues when both food and neutral images were presented during a food-specific visual probe procedure task. Percentage of time fixated on food cues was 51.25 ± 1.27 (mean + SE) among individuals classified as overweight to obese while those classified as normal weight had a percent fixation of 47.26 ± 0.87 (P=0.03). In conclusion, individuals classified as overweight to obese have greater late-stage attentional bias towards food cues. This establishes an important factor influencing energy intake that may be modified in future clinical trials.
Keywords:
Attentional Bias, Obesity, Environmental Salience, Food Reinforcement, Visual Probe Procedure, Fixation Time
Article Details
How to Cite
WHEELER, Nicholas B. et al.
Late-stage Attentional Bias towards Food Cues Varies According to Weight Status.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 6, june 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3918>. Date accessed: 16 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i6.3918.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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45. Brand J, Masterson TD, Emond JA, Lansigan R, Gilbert-Diamond D. Measuring attentional bias to food cues in young children using a visual search task: An eye-tracking study. Appetite. May 1 2020;148:104610. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104610
46. Hagan KE, Alasmar A, Exum A, Chinn B, Forbush KT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attentional bias toward food in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite. Aug 1 2020;151:104710. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104710
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2. Castellanos EH, Charboneau E, Dietrich MS, et al. Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function. Int J Obesity. Sep 2009;33(9):1063-1073. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.138
3. Health, United States, 2016: With Chartbook on Long-term Trends in Health. 2017. Health, United States.
4. Kral TV, Rolls BJ. Energy density and portion size: their independent and combined effects on energy intake. Physiol Behav. Aug 2004;82(1):131-138. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.063
5. Drewnowski A. Energy density, palatability, and satiety: Implications for weight control. Nutr Rev. Dec 1998;56(12):347-353.
6. Morales I, Berridge KC. Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav. Dec 1 2020;227doi:ARTN 113152
10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152
7. Harris JL, Pomeranz JL, Lobstein T, Brownell KD. A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done. Annual review of public health. 2009;30:211-25. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304
8. Pinto A, Pauzé E, Mutata R, Roy-Gagnon M-H, Potvin Kent M. Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):1999. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061999
9. The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity. American Psychology Association. November 17, 2010 2010;
10. Boyland EJ, Whalen R. Food advertising to children and its effects on diet: review of recent prevalence and impact data. Pediatr Diabetes. Aug 2015;16(5):331-7. doi:10.1111/pedi.12278
11. Andreyeva T, Kelly IR, Harris JL. Exposure to food advertising on television: associations with children's fast food and soft drink consumption and obesity. Econ Hum Biol. Jul 2011;9(3):221-33. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2011.02.004
12. McClure AC, Tanski SE, Gilbert-Diamond D, et al. Receptivity to television fast-food restaurant marketing and obesity among U.S. youth. American journal of preventive medicine. Nov 2013;45(5):560-8. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011
13. Rodin J, Slochower J, Fleming B. Effects of degree of obesity, age of onset, and weight loss on responsiveness to sensory and external stimuli. J Comp Physiol Psychol. Jun 1977;91(3):586-97. doi:10.1037/h0077354
14. Rodin J, Slochower J. Externality in the nonobese: effects of environmental responsiveness on weight. J Pers Soc Psychol. Mar 1976;33(3):338-44. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.33.3.338
15. Alcorn JL, 3rd, Marks KR, Stoops WW, Rush CR, Lile JA. Attentional bias to cannabis cues in cannabis users but not cocaine users. Addictive behaviors. Jan 2019;88:129-136. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.023
16. Marks KR, Alcorn JL, 3rd, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Cigarette Cue Attentional Bias in Cocaine-Smoking and Non-Cocaine-Using Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Sep 2016;18(9):1915-9. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw026
17. Marks KR, Pike E, Stoops WW, Rush CR. The magnitude of drug attentional bias is specific to substance use disorder. Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. Sep 2015;29(3):690-5. doi:10.1037/adb0000084
18. McHugh RK, Murray HW, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. Attentional bias and craving in smokers: the impact of a single attentional training session. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Dec 2010;12(12):1261-4. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq171
19. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain research Brain research reviews. Sep-Dec 1993;18(3):247-91.
20. Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Hollitt S. Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. Nov 2014;33(11):1391-401. doi:10.1037/hea0000069
21. Braet C, Crombez G. Cognitive interference due to food cues in childhood obesity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. Mar 2003;32(1):32-9. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_04
22. Nijs IM, Franken IH, Muris P. Food-related Stroop interference in obese and normal-weight individuals: behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Eat Behav. Dec 2010;11(4):258-65. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.07.002
23. Long CG, Hinton C, Gillespie NK. Selective processing of food and body size words: application of the Stroop Test with obese restrained eaters, anorexics, and normals. Int J Eat Disord. Apr 1994;15(3):279-83. doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199404)15:3<279::aid-eat2260150312>3.0.co;2-2
24. Appelhans BM. Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). Apr 2009;17(4):640-7. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.638
25. Werthmann J, Roefs A, Nederkoorn C, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Jansen A. Can(not) take my eyes off it: attention bias for food in overweight participants. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. Sep 2011;30(5):561-9. doi:10.1037/a0024291
26. Horsley TA, de Castro BO, Van der Schoot M. In the eye of the beholder: eye-tracking assessment of social information processing in aggressive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. Jul 2010;38(5):587-99. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9361-x
27. Graham R, Hoover A, Ceballos NA, Komogortsev O. Body mass index moderates gaze orienting biases and pupil diameter to high and low calorie food images. Appetite. Jun 2011;56(3):577-86. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.029
28. Castellanos EH, Charboneau E, Dietrich MS, et al. Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function. International journal of obesity (2005). Sep 2009;33(9):1063-73. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.138
29. Nijs IMT, Muris P, Euser AS, Franken IHA. Differences in attention to food and food intake between overweight/obese and normal-weight females under conditions of hunger and satiety. Appetite. 2010/04/01/ 2010;54(2):243-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.004
30. Flack K.D. AIRE, McFee K.F., Kryscio R., Rush C.R. Exercise Increases Attentional Bias towards Food Cues in Individuals Classified as Overweight to Obese. Physiology & Behavior. 2022;In Pressdoi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113711
31. Schubert MM, Seay RF, Spain KK, Clarke HE, Taylor JK. Reliability and validity of various laboratory methods of body composition assessment in young adults. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. Mar 2019;39(2):150-159. doi:10.1111/cpf.12550
32. Schutte JE, Townsend EJ, Hugg J, Shoup RF, Malina RM, Blomqvist CG. Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. Jun 1984;56(6):1647-9. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.6.1647
33. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. 1961. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). Sep-Oct 1993;9(5):480-91; discussion 480, 492.
34. Epstein LH, Leddy JJ, Temple JL, Faith MS. Food reinforcement and eating: a multilevel analysis. Psychol Bull. Sep 2007;133(5):884-906. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.884
35. Robinson MJ, Fischer AM, Ahuja A, Lesser EN, Maniates H. Roles of "Wanting" and "Liking" in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2016;27:105-36. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_387
36. Marks KR, Roberts W, Stoops WW, Pike E, Fillmore MT, Rush CR. Fixation time is a sensitive measure of cocaine cue attentional bias. Addiction (Abingdon, England). Sep 2014;109(9):1501-8. doi:10.1111/add.12635
37. Roberts W, Fillmore MT, Milich R. Drinking to distraction: does alcohol increase attentional bias in adults with ADHD? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. Apr 2012;20(2):107-17. doi:10.1037/a0026379
38. Marks KR, Pike E, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Test-retest reliability of eye tracking during the visual probe task in cocaine-using adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. Dec 1 2014;145:235-7. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.784
39. Doolan KJ, Breslin G, Hanna D, Murphy K, Gallagher AM. Visual attention to food cues in obesity: an eye-tracking study. Obesity (Silver Spring). Dec 2014;22(12):2501-7. doi:10.1002/oby.20884
40. Hume DJ, Howells FM, Rauch HG, Kroff J, Lambert EV. Electrophysiological indices of visual food cue-reactivity. Differences in obese, overweight and normal weight women. Appetite. Feb 2015;85:126-37. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.012
41. Nijs IM, Muris P, Euser AS, Franken IH. Differences in attention to food and food intake between overweight/obese and normal-weight females under conditions of hunger and satiety. Appetite. Apr 2010;54(2):243-54. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.004
42. Hendrikse JJ, Cachia RL, Kothe EJ, McPhie S, Skouteris H, Hayden MJ. Attentional biases for food cues in overweight and individuals with obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. May 2015;16(5):424-32. doi:10.1111/obr.12265
43. Epstein LH, Carr KA. Food reinforcement and habituation to food are processes related to initiation and cessation of eating. Physiol Behav. Oct 1 2021;239doi:ARTN 113512
10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113512
44. Calitri R, Pothos EM, Tapper K, Brunstrom JM, Rogers PJ. Cognitive biases to healthy and unhealthy food words predict change in BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring). Dec 2010;18(12):2282-7. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.78
45. Brand J, Masterson TD, Emond JA, Lansigan R, Gilbert-Diamond D. Measuring attentional bias to food cues in young children using a visual search task: An eye-tracking study. Appetite. May 1 2020;148:104610. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104610
46. Hagan KE, Alasmar A, Exum A, Chinn B, Forbush KT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attentional bias toward food in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite. Aug 1 2020;151:104710. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104710
47. Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Hollitt S. Longevity of attentional bias modification effects for food cues in overweight and obese individuals. Psychol Health. Jan 2 2016;31(1):115-129. doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1077251
48. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The Neural Basis of Drug Craving - an Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction. Brain Res Rev. Sep-Dec 1993;18(3):247-291. doi:Doi 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P
49. Jastreboff AM, Sinha R, Lacadie C, Small DM, Sherwin RS, Potenza MN. Neural correlates of stress- and food cue-induced food craving in obesity: association with insulin levels. Diabetes Care. Feb 2013;36(2):394-402. doi:10.2337/dc12-1112
50. Carr KA, Lin H, Fletcher KD, et al. Two functional serotonin polymorphisms moderate the effect of food reinforcement on BMI. Behav Neurosci. Jun 2013;127(3):387-99. doi:10.1037/a0032026
51. Scheid JL, Carr KA, Lin H, et al. FTO polymorphisms moderate the association of food reinforcement with energy intake. Physiol Behav. Jun 10 2014;132:51-6. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.029
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