U.S. COVID-19 Policy in 2023 and its Consequences
Main Article Content
Abstract
Economic pressures combined with anti-science politics have led to the termination of COVID-19 safety protocols in the United States (US). Although the epidemiology and virology of COVD-19 have not changed since its emergence in late 2019, intentional, consistent strategies with demonstrated efficacy for containment of the pandemic have been abandoned. Diminished media coverage of COVID-19 contributes to the popular notion that the pandemic is “over.” COVID-19 thus remains uncontained in the US. The number of US COVID-19 fatalities remains the highest in the world, and continues to grow. Beyond the negative consequences for public health and pandemic management, the confabulation of politics and science has also produced growing political tensions, with the emergence of socially regressive legislation in states historically invested in the anti-science agenda as applied to COVID-19. Recommendations are made for consistent messaging and policy from government agencies to improve management of the COVID-19 pandemic, and unify the public in acceptance of science-based interventions and attitudes.
Keywords:
COVID-19, policy, politics, WHO, CDC
Article Details
How to Cite
LEPKOWSKY, Charles M..
U.S. COVID-19 Policy in 2023 and its Consequences.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 6, june 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4022>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i6.4022.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K. COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - recent trends. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Feb;24(4):2006-2011. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202002_20378. PMID: 32141569.
2. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020 Mar 13;7(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0. PMID: 32169119; PMCID: PMC7068984. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169119/
3. Shahid Z, Kalayanamitra R, McClafferty B, Kepko D, Ramgobin D, Patel R, Aggarwal CS, Vunnam R, Sahu N, Bhatt D, Jones K, Golamari R, Jain R. COVID-19 and older adults: What we know. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May;68(5):926-929. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16472. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PMID: 32255507; PMCID: PMC7262251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32255507/
4. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–156. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.
5. Nickel CH, Rueegg M, Pargger H, Bingisser R. Age, comorbidity, frailty status: effects on disposition and resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Swiss Med Wkly 2020; 150:w20269. doi: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20269
6. Vellas C, Delobel P, de Souto Barreto P, Izopet J. COVID-19, Virology and geroscience: A perspective. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(7):685-691. doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1416-2. PMID: 32744561; PMCID: PMC7301052
7. Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash.2020. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. J.Nano Today. 2020 Dec;35:100961. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961.
8. Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 Mar 28;30(3):313-324. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03011. PMID: 32238757.
9. Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, Winardi W, Keam S, Te H, Megawati D, Hayati Z, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. J Infect Public Health. 2020 May;13(5):667-673. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.019. Epub 2020 Apr 8. PMID: 32340833; PMCID: PMC7142680.
10. Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105951. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951. Epub 2020 Mar 29. PMID: 32234466; PMCID: PMC7139247.
11. Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Scarlata S, Agrò FE. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020 Aug;288(2):192-206. doi: 10.1111/joim.13091. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32348588; PMCID: PMC7267177.
12. Lepkowsky CM. U.S. COVID-19 Policy: Politics Trump Science. Medical Research Archives. 2022;10(7). https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i7.2962
13. Wu S, Neill R, De Foo C, Chua A Q, Jung A, Haldane V et al. Aggressive containment, suppression, and mitigation of covid-19: lessons learnt from eight countries BMJ. 2021; 375 :e067508 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067508
14. Han E, Tan MMJ, Turk E, Sridhar D, Leung GM, Shibuya K, Asgari N, Oh J, García-Basteiro AL, Hanefeld J, Cook AR, Hsu LY, Teo YY, Heymann D, Clark H, McKee M, Legido-Quigley H. Lessons learnt from easing COVID-19 restrictions: an analysis of countries and regions in Asia Pacific and Europe. Lancet. 2020 Nov 7;396(10261):1525-1534. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32007-9. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32979936; PMCID: PMC7515628.
15. Althouse BM, Wallace B, Case B, et al. The unintended consequences of inconsistent pandemic control policies. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.08.21.20179473. Published 2020 Oct 28. doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.20179473
16. Cowen T. America’s Vaccine Policies Are a Contradictory Mess. Bloomberg Report, US Edition. 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-07-27/america-s-covid-policies-are-a-contradictory-mess#xj4y7vzkg
17. Gupta S, Nguyen TD, Rojas FL, Raman S, Lee B, Bento A, Simon KI, Wing C. Tracking public and private response to the covid-19 epidemic: Evidence from state and local government actions. Am J Health Econ. 2021;7(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/716197
18. Ball S. From “hoax” to pandemic: Trump’s shifting rhetoric on coronavirus. France 24. 2020 Mar 20. https://www.france24.com/en/20200320-from-hoax-to-pandemic-trump-s-shifting-rhetoric-on-coronavirus
19. Williams S. Head of global health security ousted from White House. Scientist. 2018 May 10. https://www.the-scientist.com/the-nutshell/head-of-global-health-security-ousted-from-white-house-36618.
20. Baumgaertner E, Rainey J. Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses. Los Angeles Times. 2020 Apr 2. https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection
21. Yamey G, Gonsalves G. Donald Trump: a political determinant of covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 369 :m1643 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1643
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Renewal of determination that a public health emergency exists. 2020 Jun 23. https://www.phe.gov/emergency/news/healthactions/phe/Pages/covid19-23June2020.aspx
23. World Health Organization. Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
24. Seitz A. Fighting Wave of Misinfo, YouTube Bans False Vaccine Claims. Medscape. 2021 Sep 29. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/959967
25. Boone R. Misinformation Leads to Animosity Toward Healthcare Workers. Medscape. 2021 Sep 29. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/959935
26. Hollingsworth H. Doctors Grow Increasingly Frustrated Over COVID-19 Denial. Medscape. 2021 Oct 4. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/960213?uac=397605ET&faf=1&sso=true&impID=3688711&src="https://sbcpa.orgWNL_dne5_211005_MSCPEDIT
27. Terry K. Most Americans Have Been Duped by COVID Misinformation: Survey. Medscape. 2021 Nov 9. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/962627
28. Almasy S, Maxouris C, Hanna J. Coronavirus hospitalizations in US reach an all-time high with more than 60,000. CNN Health. 2020 November 10. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/10/health/us-coronavirus-tuesday/index.html
29. The White House. National COVID-19 preparedness plan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/
30. Biden-Harris Campaign. The Biden plan to combat coronavirus (COVID-19) and prepare for future global health threats. 2020. https://joebiden.com/covid-plan/
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Letter to Michelle Olsen at Moderna, TX, Inc. 2022 June 17. /https://www.fda.gov/media/144636/download
32. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. 2022 May 5. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/janssen-covid-19-vaccine
33. Sun Y, Monnat SM. Rural-urban and within-rural differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates. J Rural Health. 2021 Sep 23:10.1111/jrh.12625. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12625.
34. Germani F, Biller-Andorno N. The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 3;16(3):e0247642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247642. PMID: 33657152; PMCID: PMC7928468.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-additional-dose-totalpop
36. Katella K. Comparing the COVID-19 vaccines: How are they different? Yale Medicine. 2022 June 20. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
37. Ellis R. COVID vaccines’ protection dropped sharply over 6 months: Study. WebMD News Brief. 2021 Nov 5. https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20211105/covid-vaccine-protection-drops-study
38. Ferdinands JM, Rao S, Dixon BE, et al. Waning 2-Dose and 3-Dose Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:255–263. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2external icon
39. New York Times. Track COVID-19 in the U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/covid-cases.html
40. Moreland A, Herlihy C, Tynan MA, et al. Timing of State and Territorial COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders and Changes in Population Movement — United States, March 1–May 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1198–1203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6935a2
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC updates and shortens recommended isolation and quarantine period for general population. Media statement, December 27, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1227-isolation-quarantine-guidance.html#:~:text=Stay%20home%20for%205%20days,others%20for%205%20additional%20days.
42. California Department of Public Health. Guidance for the use of face masks. March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
44. Gun Violence Archive: Seven Year Review. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/
45. Rong Z, Mai H, Kapoor S, Puelles VG, Czogalla J, Schädler J, Vering J, … Ertürk A. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Accumulation in the Skull-Meninges-Brain Axis: Potential Implications for Long-Term Neurological Complications in post-COVID-19. bioRxiv. 2023.04.04.535604; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.04.535604
46. Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Haneuse S, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e234415. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4415
47. Frellick M. SARS-CoV-2 crosses placenta and infects brains of two infants: ‘This is a first’. MDedge Pediatric News. April 6, 2023. https://www.mdedge.com/pediatrics/article/262261/covid-19-updates/sars-cov-2-crosses-placenta-and-infects-brains-two
48. Chung J, Vig V, Sun X, Han X, O’Connor GT, Chen X, DeAngelis MM, Farrer LA, Subramanian ML. Genome-wide pleiotropy study identifies association of PDGFB with age-related macular degeneration and COVID-19 infection outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010109
49. Jackson C, Stewart ID, Plekhanova T, Cunningham PS, Hazel AL, Al-Sheklly B, Aul R, … Blaikley JF. Effects of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea and impaired lung function following hospital admission due to COVID-19 in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study. The Lancet, Respiratory Medicine. April 15, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00124-8
50. Harris S. Psoriasis patients have higher risk of COVID-19 infection, but not hospitalization– COVID-19 mortality rates also similar among psoriasis and control groups. MedPage Today. January 20, 2023. https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/aad/psoriasis/102713
51. Naveed Z, Velásquez García HA, Wong S, et al. Association of COVID-19 infection with incident diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e238866. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8866
52. O'Mary L. COVID remains a leading cause of death in the US. WebMD Health News. April 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990857?ecd=wnl_dne7_230418_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5347877
53. Bureau of Vital statistics, New York City. Summary of vital statistics 2020 bureau of vital statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: The conquest of pestilence in New York City. April 27, 2023. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/vs/2020sum.pdf
54. Ellis R. What effect has COVID-19 had on black children in the United States?
Medscape. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/990385?sso=true&impID=5318733&uac=397605ET&src=wnl_tpal_230408_mscpedu
55. Levine H. Doctor's checklist for treating long COVID patients. WebMD Health News. April 04, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990429?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230406&uac=397605ET&impID=5314563#vp_1
56. Rapaport L. Long COVID hitting some states, minorities, women harder. WebMD Health News. April 10, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990582?src=FYE
57. Gez Medinger G & Altmann D. The Long COVID Handbook. Cornerstone Press. October 20, 2022. ISBN: 9781529900125. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/453380/the-long-covid-handbook-by-altmann-gez-medinger-and-professor-danny/9781529900125
58. Adalja A. 'We're Struggling': Long COVID mystery has doctors in the dark. WebMD Health News. March 23, 2023. https://www.webmd.com/covid/news/20230323/long-covid-mystery-has-doctors-in-the-dark
59. Cope J, Ingram I & Romanson B. Treating long-COVID brain fog with ME/CFS guidelines. Medscape Psychiatry CDC Commentary. March 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989887?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230328&uac=397605ET&impID=5287936#vp_1
60. Office for National Statistics. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK. March 30, 2023. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/30march2023
61. Pena-Orbea, C., Lapin, B., Li, Y. et al. Sleep disturbance severity and correlates in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). J Gen Intern Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08187-3
62. Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, et al. Risk factors associated with post−COVID-19 condition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 23, 2023. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750
63. Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK, Patel TR, Budhiraja S, Gaelen JI, Lank GK,…Koralnik IJ. Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity. Ann Neurol. March 26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26649
64. Bosworth T. Explanation proposed for long-COVID symptoms in the CNS. MDedge Neurology. April 24, 2023. https://www.mdedge.com/neurology/article/262566/long-covid/explanation-proposed-long-covid-symptoms-cns?icd=login_success_email_match_norm
65. Tinker Ready T. Long COVID Mobile monitoring study hunts for answers. WebMD Health News. April 18, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990927?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5353445&faf=1
66. World Health Organization (WHO). Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 April 2023. Edition 139, April 20, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-april-2023
67. O’Mary L. New variant jumps to second place on COVID list. WebMD Health News.
April 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990828?ecd=wnl_dne1_230418_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5347877
68. BBC News. XBB.1.16: India hospitals on alert as Covid-19 cases rise. April 10, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65229417
69. World Health Organization. WHO press conference on COVID-19 and other global health issues. March 23, 2023. https://www.who.int/multi-media/details/who-press-conference-on-covid-19-and-other-global-health-issues---23-march-2023
70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
71. National Institutes of Health. SARS-CoV-2 infection weakens immune-cell response to vaccination: NIH-funded study suggests need to boost CD8+ T cell response after infection. Monday, March 20, 2023. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/sars-cov-2-infection-weakens-immune-cell-response-vaccination
72. Mäkelä, A.R., Uğurlu, H., Hannula, L. et al. Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants. Nat Commun. 2023;14:1637. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37290-6
73. Schäfer I, Oltrogge JH, Nestoriuc Y, et al. Expectations and prior experiences associated with adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e234732. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4732
74. Labbé V, Contou D, Heming N, et al. Effects of standard-dose prophylactic, high-dose prophylactic, and therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia: The ANTICOVID randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 22, 2023. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0456
75. Beasley D. Gilead details promising early COVID antiviral data, setting up larger studies. Reuters Health Information. April 05, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990443?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5313875&faf=1
76. Finnigan LEM, Cassar MP, Koziel MJ, Pradines J, Lamlum H, Azer K, Kirby D,…Raman B. Efficacy and tolerability of an endogenous metabolic modulator (AXA1125) in fatigue-predominant long COVID: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2a pilot study. eClinicalMedicine, The Lancet. April 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101946
77. Geddes L. Cancer and heart disease vaccines ‘ready by end of the decade’. The Guardian. April 8, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/07/cancer-and-heart-disease-vaccines-ready-by-end-of-the-decade
78. Fick M. AstraZeneca confident new COVID antibody protects against known variants. Reuters Health Information. April 19, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990894?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5356718&faf=1
79. O’Mary L. How effective is the COVID-19 vaccine in young children? Medscape: advances in prevention and management of COVID-19. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/990831?src=wnl_tpal_230422_mscpedu&impID=5362050&uac=397605ET&sso=true
80. Jain P. FDA expands authorization of Pfizer bivalent COVID-19 shots in kids. Reuters Health Information. March 15, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989665?src=FYE
81. Leo L & Khushi Mandowara K. FDA advisers back full approval for Pfizer's COVID treatment Paxlovid. Reuters Health Information. March 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989729?ecd=wnl_dne10_230320_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5261677
82. Ault A. Scientists laud $5B 'Project Next Gen' to fund new COVID vaccines. Medscape Medical News. April 13, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990742?ecd=wnl_dne4_230414_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5336450
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
84. Pradhan R. End of COVID emergency will usher in changes across the US health system. Kaiser Health News. March 22, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989982?ecd=wnl_dne10_230323_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5271396#vp_2
85. Chua K, Nguyen TD, Zhang J, Conti RM, Lagisetty P, Bohnert AS. Trends in Buprenorphine Initiation and Retention in the United States, 2016-2022. JAMA. 2023;329(16):1402–1404. https://doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1207
86. Splete H. Why Is Buprenorphine Use Flatlining? Medscape Medical News. April 26, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991234?ecd=WNL_mdpls_230428_mscpedit_psych&uac=397605ET&spon=12&impID=5380143#vp_1
87. National Safety Council. Drug Overdoses. April 30, 2023. https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/home-and-community/safety-topics/drugoverdoses/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20preventable%20deaths,also%20an%20all%2Dtime%20high
88. McNamara D & Davis KW. COVID emergency orders ending: What’s next? WebMD Health News. February 1, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987781#vp_2
89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID-19 by county. CDC COVID-19 Your Health. August 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/covid-by-county.html
90. California Department of Public Health. Guidance for the use of face masks. March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
91. California Department of Public Health. State Public Health Officer Order of March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/covid-19/order-of-the-state-public-health-officer-health-care-worker-vaccine-requirement.aspx
92. Pradhan R. End of COVID emergency will usher in changes across the US health system. Kaiser Health News. March 22, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989982?ecd=wnl_dne10_230323_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5271396#vp_2
93. Noridian Healthcare Solutions. COVID-19 over the counter (OTC) test coverage ends May 11, 2023. Medicare Fees and News. April 5, 2023. https://med.noridianmedicare.com/web/jea/article-detail/-/view/10521/covid-19-over-the-counter-otc-test-coverage-ends-may-11-2023
94. Sullivan A. Veterans, carpenters, and vaccines: What's at stake if US COVID aid is canceled. Reuters Health Information. March 20, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989779?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5266608&faf=1#vp_1
95. Wingrove P. Moderna expects to price its COVID vaccine at about $130 in the US. Reuters Health Information. March 21, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989904?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5269681&faf=1
96. Doheny K. As COVID Tracking wanes, are we letting our guard down too soon? WebMD Health News. April 12, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990676?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5334663&faf=1#vp_1
97. O'Mary L. Single bivalent COVID booster is enough for now: CDC. WebMD Health News. March 31, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990339?ecd=wnl_dne5_230403_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5302708
98. O'Mary L. FDA to OK second COVID booster for people 65 and older. WebMD Health News. April 04, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990427?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230405&uac=397605ET&impID=5311335
99. Essley Whyte L & Armour S. FDA may authorize additional Covid-19 booster shots. Wall Street Journal: Health. March 21, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/fda-may-authorize-additional-covid-19-booster-shots-c85c0672?st=r8ieps7j1v05mrf&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink
100. Ramirez-Feldman L. Is another bivalent COVID booster shot on the way? Here's what we know. Yahoo News. March 8, 2023. https://news.yahoo.com/is-another-bivalent-covid-booster-shot-on-the-way-heres-what-we-know-143828625.html?guccounter=1
101. Branswell H. FDA offers radio silence on question of spring Covid boosters, as other countries push ahead. Stat. March 16, 2023. https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/16/fda-offers-radio-silence-on-question-of-spring-covid-boosters-as-other-countries-push-ahead/
102. American Psychological Association Services, Inc. (2020). Phone only telehealth services for Medicare during COVID-19. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/clinic/covid-19-telehealth-phone-only. Accessed May 1, 2022.
103. Lepkowsky CM. Telehealth reimbursement allows access to mental health care during COVID-19. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020;28(8):898-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.008
104. Dobransky K, Hargittai E. The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society. 2006;9(3):313-334. doi:10.1080/13691180600751298
105. Tanis ES, Palmer S, Wehmeyer M, Davies DK, Stock SE, Lobb K, Bishop B. Self-report computer-based survey of technology use by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2012;50(1):53-68. doi:10.1352/1934-9556-50.1.53
106. Davies DK, Stock SE, King LR, Brown RB, Wehmeyer ML, Shogren KA. An interface to support independent use of facebook by people with intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2015;53(1):30-41. doi: 10.1352/1934-9556-53.1.30
107. Anthony DL, Campos-Castillo C, Lim CPS. Who isn't using patient portals and why? Evidence and implications from a national sample of US adults. Health Affairs. 2018;37(12):1948-1954. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05117
108. Lepkowsky CM. Functional Assessment of Comfort Employing Technology Scale (FACETS): A brief intake instrument to facilitate treatment planning and communication with patients. Psychology Behav Med Open Access J. 2017;1(1):9-13. http://ologyjournals.com/pbmoaj/pbmoaj_00002.pdf
109. Lepkowsky CM. Technological diversity: A cost-saving, person-centered
alternative to systemic technocentrism and technological provider bias. Psychology Behav Med Open Access J. 2017;1(1):1-7. http://ologyjournals.com/pbmoaj/pbmoaj_00001.pdf
110. Lepkowsky CM. Functional Assessment of Currently Employed Technology Scale (FACETS) 4.0: Update on a brief intake instrument to facilitate treatment planning and communication with patients. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention. 2020;7(5):4802-4809. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i05.03
111. Niehaves B, Plattfaut R. Internet adoption by the elderly: employing IS technology acceptance theories for understanding the age-related digital divide. European Journal of Information Systems. 2014;23(6):708–726. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1057/ejis.2013.19
112. Vroman KG, Arthanat S, Lysack C. “Who over 65 is online?” Older adults’ dispositions toward information communication technology. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;43:156-166. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.018
113. Anderson M, Perrin A. Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology. 2017. http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/tech-adoption-climbs-among-older-adults/. Accessed 06/24/2017.
114. U.S. Census Bureau. Computer and internet use in the United States: 2003. 2003. https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p23-208.pdf. Accessed 06/24/2017.
115. Lepkowsky CM, Arndt S. The internet: Barrier to health care for older adults? Practice Innovations. 2019;4(2):124-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000089
116. Center for Medicare Advocacy. CMS report finds access to care problems for low-income Medicare beneficiaries. 2015. http://www.medicareadvocacy.org/cms-report-finds-access-to-care-problems-for-low-income-medicare-beneficiaries/. Accessed 08/15/2018.
117. Hoffman D, Novak T, Schlosser A. The evolution of the digital divide: how gaps in internet access may impact electronic commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2000;5(3):JCMC534, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00341.x
118. DiMaggio P, Hargittai E. From the 'Digital Divide' to 'Digital Inequality': Studying internet use as penetration increases. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies. Working Paper #15. (2001). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/From-the-%27Digital-Divide%27-to-%27Digital-Inequality%27%3A-DiMaggio-Hargittai/dafc2865017233566d415370125286e41fd24ad2
119. Dimaggio P, Hargittai E, Celeste C, Shafer S. Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. Social Inequality. 2004:255-400. ISBN 0871546205, 9780871546210. https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/digital-inequality-from-unequal-access-to-differentiated-use
120. Payán DD, Rodriguez HP. Telehealth disparities. Health Affairs. 2021;40(8):1340. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00940
121. Hayes SL, Salzberg CA, McCarthy D, Radley D, Abrams MK, Shah T, Anderson G. High-need, high-cost patients: Who are they and how do they use health care? A population-based comparison of demographics, health care use, and expenditures. The Commonwealth Fund. 2016. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-who-are-they-and-how-do-they-use.
122. Uscher-Pines L, Arora N, Jones M, Lee A, Sousa JL, McCullough CM, Lee S, Martineau M, Predmore Z, Whaley CM, Ober AJ. Experiences of health centers in implementing telehealth visits for underserved patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Connected Care Accelerator Initiative, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-A1840-1. 2022. As of May 04, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1840-1.html.
123. Equity in Telehealth: Taking Key Steps Forward. American Medical Association. 2022. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/issue-brief-equity-in-telehealth.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2022.
124. Maheu MM. Audio-Only Telehealth Update: A Classic Solution to a Modern Crisis. Telehealth.org. 2022. https://telehealth.org/audio-only-telehealth/
125. American Medical Association. 2021 Telehealth Survey Results. 2022. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/telehealth-survey-report.pdf
126. American Psychological Association. Telehealth after the pandemic: CMS outlines proposed changes. 2021. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/reimbursement/government/telehealth-after-pandemic
127. American Psychological Association. Recent changes in CMS guidance for telehealth regarding the in-person visit requirement and place of service codes. 2022. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/clinic/cms-telehealth-service-codes
128. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). CY2022 Telehealth update Medicare physician fee schedule. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/mm12549-cy2022-telehealth-update-medicare-physician-fee-schedule.pdf
129. Marshall L. Will telehealth save patients money or drive up costs? Yes and yes, experts say. WebMD Health News. April 05, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990475?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5313875&faf=1
130. Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 1;22(15):6810-8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06810.2002. PMID: 12151561; PMCID: PMC6758130.
131. Lepkowsky CM. COVID-19, Telehealth and Access to Care. In: Kumar, V., editor. SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 18]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77880 doi: 10.5772/intechopen.99300
132. Webb RM, Kurtz L. Politics v. science: How President Trump's war on science impacted public health and environmental regulation. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2022;188(1):65-80. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.11.006. Epub 2022 Jan 27. PMID: 35168747; PMCID: PMC8793038
133. Gostin LO. The US turns its back on women’s reproductive rights: Sweeping restrictions criminalise women and healthworkers, widen inequality, and increase deaths. BMJ. 2022;377:o1206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1206
134. Associated Press. Idaho governor signs ‘abortion trafficking’ bill into law. AP News. April 6, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/idaho-abortion-minors-criminalization-b8fb4b6feb9b520d63f75432a1219588#:~:text=The%20new%20%E2%80%9C%20abortion%20trafficking%20%E2%80%9D%20law,their%20parents'%20knowledge%20and%20consent.
135. Bennett B & Bennett B. Girls need to know about their periods. Now Florida Republicans want to ban that, too. USA Today. April 24, 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/girls-need-to-know-about-their-periods-now-florida-republicans-want-to-ban-that-too/ar-AA1afLft?ocid=sapphireappshare
136. Marques P, Madeira T, Gama A. Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2022;40:e2020494.
137. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Over 120 bills restricting LGBTQ rights introduced nationwide in 2023 so far. ACLU Press Release. January 19, 2023. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/over-120-bills-restricting-lgbtq-rights-introduced-nationwide-2023-so-far
138. Reuters. White House says attacks on LGBTQ rights are 'dangerous'. Reuters US News. March 10, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-says-attacks-lgbtq-rights-are-dangerous-2023-03-10/
139. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). 2023 Legislative session: The ACLU is tracking 469 anti-LGBTQ bills in the U.S. ACLU Press Release. April 21, 2023. https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights
140. Gun Violence Archive: Seven Year Review. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/
141. Hochwald L. Physicians may retire en masse soon. What does that mean for Medicine? Medscape Medical News. April 18, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990903?ecd=wnl_dne1_230419_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5351615#vp_1
142. Association of American Medical Colleges. The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034. https://www.aamc.org/media/54681/download
143. Dillon J. The doctor's visit of the future: Less touching, more tech. WebMD Health News. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991319?ecd=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5381615&faf=1#vp_1
144. Cooney E. Estimates of long Covid are startlingly high. Here’s how to understand them. STAT Health. July 6, 2022. https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/06/understanding-long-covid-estimates/
145. Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK, Patel TR, Budhiraja S, Gaelen JI, Lank GK, Clark JR, Mukherjee S, Singer T, Venkatesh A, Orban ZS, Lim PH, Jimenez M, Miller J, Taylor C, Szymanski AL, Scarpelli J, Graham EL, Balabanov RD, Barcelo BE, Cahan JG, Ruckman K, Shepard AG, Slutzky MW, LaFaver K, Kumthekar PU, Shetty NK, Carroll KS, Ho SU, Lukas RV, Batra A, Liotta EM, Koralnik IJ. Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Differ Based on Acute COVID-19 Severity. Ann Neurol. 2023, Mar 26. doi: 10.1002/ana.26649. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36966460.
146. Lu P, Zhou T, Santibanez TA, Jain A, Black CL, Srivastav A, Hung M-C,…Singleton JA. COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccination coverage and intent to receive booster vaccination among adolescents and adults. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023;72(7):190-198. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/988537
2. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020 Mar 13;7(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0. PMID: 32169119; PMCID: PMC7068984. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169119/
3. Shahid Z, Kalayanamitra R, McClafferty B, Kepko D, Ramgobin D, Patel R, Aggarwal CS, Vunnam R, Sahu N, Bhatt D, Jones K, Golamari R, Jain R. COVID-19 and older adults: What we know. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May;68(5):926-929. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16472. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PMID: 32255507; PMCID: PMC7262251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32255507/
4. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–156. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.
5. Nickel CH, Rueegg M, Pargger H, Bingisser R. Age, comorbidity, frailty status: effects on disposition and resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Swiss Med Wkly 2020; 150:w20269. doi: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20269
6. Vellas C, Delobel P, de Souto Barreto P, Izopet J. COVID-19, Virology and geroscience: A perspective. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(7):685-691. doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1416-2. PMID: 32744561; PMCID: PMC7301052
7. Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash.2020. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. J.Nano Today. 2020 Dec;35:100961. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961.
8. Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 Mar 28;30(3):313-324. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03011. PMID: 32238757.
9. Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, Winardi W, Keam S, Te H, Megawati D, Hayati Z, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. J Infect Public Health. 2020 May;13(5):667-673. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.019. Epub 2020 Apr 8. PMID: 32340833; PMCID: PMC7142680.
10. Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105951. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951. Epub 2020 Mar 29. PMID: 32234466; PMCID: PMC7139247.
11. Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Scarlata S, Agrò FE. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020 Aug;288(2):192-206. doi: 10.1111/joim.13091. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32348588; PMCID: PMC7267177.
12. Lepkowsky CM. U.S. COVID-19 Policy: Politics Trump Science. Medical Research Archives. 2022;10(7). https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i7.2962
13. Wu S, Neill R, De Foo C, Chua A Q, Jung A, Haldane V et al. Aggressive containment, suppression, and mitigation of covid-19: lessons learnt from eight countries BMJ. 2021; 375 :e067508 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067508
14. Han E, Tan MMJ, Turk E, Sridhar D, Leung GM, Shibuya K, Asgari N, Oh J, García-Basteiro AL, Hanefeld J, Cook AR, Hsu LY, Teo YY, Heymann D, Clark H, McKee M, Legido-Quigley H. Lessons learnt from easing COVID-19 restrictions: an analysis of countries and regions in Asia Pacific and Europe. Lancet. 2020 Nov 7;396(10261):1525-1534. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32007-9. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32979936; PMCID: PMC7515628.
15. Althouse BM, Wallace B, Case B, et al. The unintended consequences of inconsistent pandemic control policies. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.08.21.20179473. Published 2020 Oct 28. doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.20179473
16. Cowen T. America’s Vaccine Policies Are a Contradictory Mess. Bloomberg Report, US Edition. 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-07-27/america-s-covid-policies-are-a-contradictory-mess#xj4y7vzkg
17. Gupta S, Nguyen TD, Rojas FL, Raman S, Lee B, Bento A, Simon KI, Wing C. Tracking public and private response to the covid-19 epidemic: Evidence from state and local government actions. Am J Health Econ. 2021;7(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/716197
18. Ball S. From “hoax” to pandemic: Trump’s shifting rhetoric on coronavirus. France 24. 2020 Mar 20. https://www.france24.com/en/20200320-from-hoax-to-pandemic-trump-s-shifting-rhetoric-on-coronavirus
19. Williams S. Head of global health security ousted from White House. Scientist. 2018 May 10. https://www.the-scientist.com/the-nutshell/head-of-global-health-security-ousted-from-white-house-36618.
20. Baumgaertner E, Rainey J. Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses. Los Angeles Times. 2020 Apr 2. https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection
21. Yamey G, Gonsalves G. Donald Trump: a political determinant of covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 369 :m1643 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1643
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Renewal of determination that a public health emergency exists. 2020 Jun 23. https://www.phe.gov/emergency/news/healthactions/phe/Pages/covid19-23June2020.aspx
23. World Health Organization. Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
24. Seitz A. Fighting Wave of Misinfo, YouTube Bans False Vaccine Claims. Medscape. 2021 Sep 29. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/959967
25. Boone R. Misinformation Leads to Animosity Toward Healthcare Workers. Medscape. 2021 Sep 29. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/959935
26. Hollingsworth H. Doctors Grow Increasingly Frustrated Over COVID-19 Denial. Medscape. 2021 Oct 4. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/960213?uac=397605ET&faf=1&sso=true&impID=3688711&src="https://sbcpa.orgWNL_dne5_211005_MSCPEDIT
27. Terry K. Most Americans Have Been Duped by COVID Misinformation: Survey. Medscape. 2021 Nov 9. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/962627
28. Almasy S, Maxouris C, Hanna J. Coronavirus hospitalizations in US reach an all-time high with more than 60,000. CNN Health. 2020 November 10. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/10/health/us-coronavirus-tuesday/index.html
29. The White House. National COVID-19 preparedness plan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/
30. Biden-Harris Campaign. The Biden plan to combat coronavirus (COVID-19) and prepare for future global health threats. 2020. https://joebiden.com/covid-plan/
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Letter to Michelle Olsen at Moderna, TX, Inc. 2022 June 17. /https://www.fda.gov/media/144636/download
32. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. 2022 May 5. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/janssen-covid-19-vaccine
33. Sun Y, Monnat SM. Rural-urban and within-rural differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates. J Rural Health. 2021 Sep 23:10.1111/jrh.12625. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12625.
34. Germani F, Biller-Andorno N. The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 3;16(3):e0247642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247642. PMID: 33657152; PMCID: PMC7928468.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-additional-dose-totalpop
36. Katella K. Comparing the COVID-19 vaccines: How are they different? Yale Medicine. 2022 June 20. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
37. Ellis R. COVID vaccines’ protection dropped sharply over 6 months: Study. WebMD News Brief. 2021 Nov 5. https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20211105/covid-vaccine-protection-drops-study
38. Ferdinands JM, Rao S, Dixon BE, et al. Waning 2-Dose and 3-Dose Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:255–263. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2external icon
39. New York Times. Track COVID-19 in the U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/covid-cases.html
40. Moreland A, Herlihy C, Tynan MA, et al. Timing of State and Territorial COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders and Changes in Population Movement — United States, March 1–May 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1198–1203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6935a2
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC updates and shortens recommended isolation and quarantine period for general population. Media statement, December 27, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1227-isolation-quarantine-guidance.html#:~:text=Stay%20home%20for%205%20days,others%20for%205%20additional%20days.
42. California Department of Public Health. Guidance for the use of face masks. March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
44. Gun Violence Archive: Seven Year Review. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/
45. Rong Z, Mai H, Kapoor S, Puelles VG, Czogalla J, Schädler J, Vering J, … Ertürk A. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Accumulation in the Skull-Meninges-Brain Axis: Potential Implications for Long-Term Neurological Complications in post-COVID-19. bioRxiv. 2023.04.04.535604; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.04.535604
46. Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Haneuse S, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e234415. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4415
47. Frellick M. SARS-CoV-2 crosses placenta and infects brains of two infants: ‘This is a first’. MDedge Pediatric News. April 6, 2023. https://www.mdedge.com/pediatrics/article/262261/covid-19-updates/sars-cov-2-crosses-placenta-and-infects-brains-two
48. Chung J, Vig V, Sun X, Han X, O’Connor GT, Chen X, DeAngelis MM, Farrer LA, Subramanian ML. Genome-wide pleiotropy study identifies association of PDGFB with age-related macular degeneration and COVID-19 infection outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010109
49. Jackson C, Stewart ID, Plekhanova T, Cunningham PS, Hazel AL, Al-Sheklly B, Aul R, … Blaikley JF. Effects of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea and impaired lung function following hospital admission due to COVID-19 in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study. The Lancet, Respiratory Medicine. April 15, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00124-8
50. Harris S. Psoriasis patients have higher risk of COVID-19 infection, but not hospitalization– COVID-19 mortality rates also similar among psoriasis and control groups. MedPage Today. January 20, 2023. https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/aad/psoriasis/102713
51. Naveed Z, Velásquez García HA, Wong S, et al. Association of COVID-19 infection with incident diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e238866. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8866
52. O'Mary L. COVID remains a leading cause of death in the US. WebMD Health News. April 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990857?ecd=wnl_dne7_230418_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5347877
53. Bureau of Vital statistics, New York City. Summary of vital statistics 2020 bureau of vital statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: The conquest of pestilence in New York City. April 27, 2023. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/vs/2020sum.pdf
54. Ellis R. What effect has COVID-19 had on black children in the United States?
Medscape. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/990385?sso=true&impID=5318733&uac=397605ET&src=wnl_tpal_230408_mscpedu
55. Levine H. Doctor's checklist for treating long COVID patients. WebMD Health News. April 04, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990429?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230406&uac=397605ET&impID=5314563#vp_1
56. Rapaport L. Long COVID hitting some states, minorities, women harder. WebMD Health News. April 10, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990582?src=FYE
57. Gez Medinger G & Altmann D. The Long COVID Handbook. Cornerstone Press. October 20, 2022. ISBN: 9781529900125. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/453380/the-long-covid-handbook-by-altmann-gez-medinger-and-professor-danny/9781529900125
58. Adalja A. 'We're Struggling': Long COVID mystery has doctors in the dark. WebMD Health News. March 23, 2023. https://www.webmd.com/covid/news/20230323/long-covid-mystery-has-doctors-in-the-dark
59. Cope J, Ingram I & Romanson B. Treating long-COVID brain fog with ME/CFS guidelines. Medscape Psychiatry CDC Commentary. March 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989887?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230328&uac=397605ET&impID=5287936#vp_1
60. Office for National Statistics. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK. March 30, 2023. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/30march2023
61. Pena-Orbea, C., Lapin, B., Li, Y. et al. Sleep disturbance severity and correlates in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). J Gen Intern Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08187-3
62. Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, et al. Risk factors associated with post−COVID-19 condition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 23, 2023. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750
63. Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK, Patel TR, Budhiraja S, Gaelen JI, Lank GK,…Koralnik IJ. Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity. Ann Neurol. March 26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26649
64. Bosworth T. Explanation proposed for long-COVID symptoms in the CNS. MDedge Neurology. April 24, 2023. https://www.mdedge.com/neurology/article/262566/long-covid/explanation-proposed-long-covid-symptoms-cns?icd=login_success_email_match_norm
65. Tinker Ready T. Long COVID Mobile monitoring study hunts for answers. WebMD Health News. April 18, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990927?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5353445&faf=1
66. World Health Organization (WHO). Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 April 2023. Edition 139, April 20, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-april-2023
67. O’Mary L. New variant jumps to second place on COVID list. WebMD Health News.
April 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990828?ecd=wnl_dne1_230418_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5347877
68. BBC News. XBB.1.16: India hospitals on alert as Covid-19 cases rise. April 10, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65229417
69. World Health Organization. WHO press conference on COVID-19 and other global health issues. March 23, 2023. https://www.who.int/multi-media/details/who-press-conference-on-covid-19-and-other-global-health-issues---23-march-2023
70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
71. National Institutes of Health. SARS-CoV-2 infection weakens immune-cell response to vaccination: NIH-funded study suggests need to boost CD8+ T cell response after infection. Monday, March 20, 2023. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/sars-cov-2-infection-weakens-immune-cell-response-vaccination
72. Mäkelä, A.R., Uğurlu, H., Hannula, L. et al. Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants. Nat Commun. 2023;14:1637. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37290-6
73. Schäfer I, Oltrogge JH, Nestoriuc Y, et al. Expectations and prior experiences associated with adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e234732. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4732
74. Labbé V, Contou D, Heming N, et al. Effects of standard-dose prophylactic, high-dose prophylactic, and therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia: The ANTICOVID randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 22, 2023. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0456
75. Beasley D. Gilead details promising early COVID antiviral data, setting up larger studies. Reuters Health Information. April 05, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990443?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5313875&faf=1
76. Finnigan LEM, Cassar MP, Koziel MJ, Pradines J, Lamlum H, Azer K, Kirby D,…Raman B. Efficacy and tolerability of an endogenous metabolic modulator (AXA1125) in fatigue-predominant long COVID: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2a pilot study. eClinicalMedicine, The Lancet. April 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101946
77. Geddes L. Cancer and heart disease vaccines ‘ready by end of the decade’. The Guardian. April 8, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/07/cancer-and-heart-disease-vaccines-ready-by-end-of-the-decade
78. Fick M. AstraZeneca confident new COVID antibody protects against known variants. Reuters Health Information. April 19, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990894?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5356718&faf=1
79. O’Mary L. How effective is the COVID-19 vaccine in young children? Medscape: advances in prevention and management of COVID-19. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/990831?src=wnl_tpal_230422_mscpedu&impID=5362050&uac=397605ET&sso=true
80. Jain P. FDA expands authorization of Pfizer bivalent COVID-19 shots in kids. Reuters Health Information. March 15, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989665?src=FYE
81. Leo L & Khushi Mandowara K. FDA advisers back full approval for Pfizer's COVID treatment Paxlovid. Reuters Health Information. March 17, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989729?ecd=wnl_dne10_230320_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5261677
82. Ault A. Scientists laud $5B 'Project Next Gen' to fund new COVID vaccines. Medscape Medical News. April 13, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990742?ecd=wnl_dne4_230414_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5336450
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. April 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
84. Pradhan R. End of COVID emergency will usher in changes across the US health system. Kaiser Health News. March 22, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989982?ecd=wnl_dne10_230323_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5271396#vp_2
85. Chua K, Nguyen TD, Zhang J, Conti RM, Lagisetty P, Bohnert AS. Trends in Buprenorphine Initiation and Retention in the United States, 2016-2022. JAMA. 2023;329(16):1402–1404. https://doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1207
86. Splete H. Why Is Buprenorphine Use Flatlining? Medscape Medical News. April 26, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991234?ecd=WNL_mdpls_230428_mscpedit_psych&uac=397605ET&spon=12&impID=5380143#vp_1
87. National Safety Council. Drug Overdoses. April 30, 2023. https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/home-and-community/safety-topics/drugoverdoses/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20preventable%20deaths,also%20an%20all%2Dtime%20high
88. McNamara D & Davis KW. COVID emergency orders ending: What’s next? WebMD Health News. February 1, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987781#vp_2
89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID-19 by county. CDC COVID-19 Your Health. August 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/covid-by-county.html
90. California Department of Public Health. Guidance for the use of face masks. March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
91. California Department of Public Health. State Public Health Officer Order of March 3, 2023. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/covid-19/order-of-the-state-public-health-officer-health-care-worker-vaccine-requirement.aspx
92. Pradhan R. End of COVID emergency will usher in changes across the US health system. Kaiser Health News. March 22, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989982?ecd=wnl_dne10_230323_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5271396#vp_2
93. Noridian Healthcare Solutions. COVID-19 over the counter (OTC) test coverage ends May 11, 2023. Medicare Fees and News. April 5, 2023. https://med.noridianmedicare.com/web/jea/article-detail/-/view/10521/covid-19-over-the-counter-otc-test-coverage-ends-may-11-2023
94. Sullivan A. Veterans, carpenters, and vaccines: What's at stake if US COVID aid is canceled. Reuters Health Information. March 20, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989779?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5266608&faf=1#vp_1
95. Wingrove P. Moderna expects to price its COVID vaccine at about $130 in the US. Reuters Health Information. March 21, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989904?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5269681&faf=1
96. Doheny K. As COVID Tracking wanes, are we letting our guard down too soon? WebMD Health News. April 12, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990676?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5334663&faf=1#vp_1
97. O'Mary L. Single bivalent COVID booster is enough for now: CDC. WebMD Health News. March 31, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990339?ecd=wnl_dne5_230403_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5302708
98. O'Mary L. FDA to OK second COVID booster for people 65 and older. WebMD Health News. April 04, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990427?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_230405&uac=397605ET&impID=5311335
99. Essley Whyte L & Armour S. FDA may authorize additional Covid-19 booster shots. Wall Street Journal: Health. March 21, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/fda-may-authorize-additional-covid-19-booster-shots-c85c0672?st=r8ieps7j1v05mrf&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink
100. Ramirez-Feldman L. Is another bivalent COVID booster shot on the way? Here's what we know. Yahoo News. March 8, 2023. https://news.yahoo.com/is-another-bivalent-covid-booster-shot-on-the-way-heres-what-we-know-143828625.html?guccounter=1
101. Branswell H. FDA offers radio silence on question of spring Covid boosters, as other countries push ahead. Stat. March 16, 2023. https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/16/fda-offers-radio-silence-on-question-of-spring-covid-boosters-as-other-countries-push-ahead/
102. American Psychological Association Services, Inc. (2020). Phone only telehealth services for Medicare during COVID-19. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/clinic/covid-19-telehealth-phone-only. Accessed May 1, 2022.
103. Lepkowsky CM. Telehealth reimbursement allows access to mental health care during COVID-19. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020;28(8):898-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.008
104. Dobransky K, Hargittai E. The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society. 2006;9(3):313-334. doi:10.1080/13691180600751298
105. Tanis ES, Palmer S, Wehmeyer M, Davies DK, Stock SE, Lobb K, Bishop B. Self-report computer-based survey of technology use by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2012;50(1):53-68. doi:10.1352/1934-9556-50.1.53
106. Davies DK, Stock SE, King LR, Brown RB, Wehmeyer ML, Shogren KA. An interface to support independent use of facebook by people with intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2015;53(1):30-41. doi: 10.1352/1934-9556-53.1.30
107. Anthony DL, Campos-Castillo C, Lim CPS. Who isn't using patient portals and why? Evidence and implications from a national sample of US adults. Health Affairs. 2018;37(12):1948-1954. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05117
108. Lepkowsky CM. Functional Assessment of Comfort Employing Technology Scale (FACETS): A brief intake instrument to facilitate treatment planning and communication with patients. Psychology Behav Med Open Access J. 2017;1(1):9-13. http://ologyjournals.com/pbmoaj/pbmoaj_00002.pdf
109. Lepkowsky CM. Technological diversity: A cost-saving, person-centered
alternative to systemic technocentrism and technological provider bias. Psychology Behav Med Open Access J. 2017;1(1):1-7. http://ologyjournals.com/pbmoaj/pbmoaj_00001.pdf
110. Lepkowsky CM. Functional Assessment of Currently Employed Technology Scale (FACETS) 4.0: Update on a brief intake instrument to facilitate treatment planning and communication with patients. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention. 2020;7(5):4802-4809. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i05.03
111. Niehaves B, Plattfaut R. Internet adoption by the elderly: employing IS technology acceptance theories for understanding the age-related digital divide. European Journal of Information Systems. 2014;23(6):708–726. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1057/ejis.2013.19
112. Vroman KG, Arthanat S, Lysack C. “Who over 65 is online?” Older adults’ dispositions toward information communication technology. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;43:156-166. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.018
113. Anderson M, Perrin A. Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology. 2017. http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/tech-adoption-climbs-among-older-adults/. Accessed 06/24/2017.
114. U.S. Census Bureau. Computer and internet use in the United States: 2003. 2003. https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p23-208.pdf. Accessed 06/24/2017.
115. Lepkowsky CM, Arndt S. The internet: Barrier to health care for older adults? Practice Innovations. 2019;4(2):124-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000089
116. Center for Medicare Advocacy. CMS report finds access to care problems for low-income Medicare beneficiaries. 2015. http://www.medicareadvocacy.org/cms-report-finds-access-to-care-problems-for-low-income-medicare-beneficiaries/. Accessed 08/15/2018.
117. Hoffman D, Novak T, Schlosser A. The evolution of the digital divide: how gaps in internet access may impact electronic commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2000;5(3):JCMC534, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00341.x
118. DiMaggio P, Hargittai E. From the 'Digital Divide' to 'Digital Inequality': Studying internet use as penetration increases. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies. Working Paper #15. (2001). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/From-the-%27Digital-Divide%27-to-%27Digital-Inequality%27%3A-DiMaggio-Hargittai/dafc2865017233566d415370125286e41fd24ad2
119. Dimaggio P, Hargittai E, Celeste C, Shafer S. Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. Social Inequality. 2004:255-400. ISBN 0871546205, 9780871546210. https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/digital-inequality-from-unequal-access-to-differentiated-use
120. Payán DD, Rodriguez HP. Telehealth disparities. Health Affairs. 2021;40(8):1340. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00940
121. Hayes SL, Salzberg CA, McCarthy D, Radley D, Abrams MK, Shah T, Anderson G. High-need, high-cost patients: Who are they and how do they use health care? A population-based comparison of demographics, health care use, and expenditures. The Commonwealth Fund. 2016. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-who-are-they-and-how-do-they-use.
122. Uscher-Pines L, Arora N, Jones M, Lee A, Sousa JL, McCullough CM, Lee S, Martineau M, Predmore Z, Whaley CM, Ober AJ. Experiences of health centers in implementing telehealth visits for underserved patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Connected Care Accelerator Initiative, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-A1840-1. 2022. As of May 04, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1840-1.html.
123. Equity in Telehealth: Taking Key Steps Forward. American Medical Association. 2022. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/issue-brief-equity-in-telehealth.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2022.
124. Maheu MM. Audio-Only Telehealth Update: A Classic Solution to a Modern Crisis. Telehealth.org. 2022. https://telehealth.org/audio-only-telehealth/
125. American Medical Association. 2021 Telehealth Survey Results. 2022. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/telehealth-survey-report.pdf
126. American Psychological Association. Telehealth after the pandemic: CMS outlines proposed changes. 2021. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/reimbursement/government/telehealth-after-pandemic
127. American Psychological Association. Recent changes in CMS guidance for telehealth regarding the in-person visit requirement and place of service codes. 2022. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/clinic/cms-telehealth-service-codes
128. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). CY2022 Telehealth update Medicare physician fee schedule. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/mm12549-cy2022-telehealth-update-medicare-physician-fee-schedule.pdf
129. Marshall L. Will telehealth save patients money or drive up costs? Yes and yes, experts say. WebMD Health News. April 05, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990475?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5313875&faf=1
130. Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 1;22(15):6810-8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06810.2002. PMID: 12151561; PMCID: PMC6758130.
131. Lepkowsky CM. COVID-19, Telehealth and Access to Care. In: Kumar, V., editor. SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 18]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77880 doi: 10.5772/intechopen.99300
132. Webb RM, Kurtz L. Politics v. science: How President Trump's war on science impacted public health and environmental regulation. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2022;188(1):65-80. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.11.006. Epub 2022 Jan 27. PMID: 35168747; PMCID: PMC8793038
133. Gostin LO. The US turns its back on women’s reproductive rights: Sweeping restrictions criminalise women and healthworkers, widen inequality, and increase deaths. BMJ. 2022;377:o1206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1206
134. Associated Press. Idaho governor signs ‘abortion trafficking’ bill into law. AP News. April 6, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/idaho-abortion-minors-criminalization-b8fb4b6feb9b520d63f75432a1219588#:~:text=The%20new%20%E2%80%9C%20abortion%20trafficking%20%E2%80%9D%20law,their%20parents'%20knowledge%20and%20consent.
135. Bennett B & Bennett B. Girls need to know about their periods. Now Florida Republicans want to ban that, too. USA Today. April 24, 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/girls-need-to-know-about-their-periods-now-florida-republicans-want-to-ban-that-too/ar-AA1afLft?ocid=sapphireappshare
136. Marques P, Madeira T, Gama A. Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2022;40:e2020494.
137. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Over 120 bills restricting LGBTQ rights introduced nationwide in 2023 so far. ACLU Press Release. January 19, 2023. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/over-120-bills-restricting-lgbtq-rights-introduced-nationwide-2023-so-far
138. Reuters. White House says attacks on LGBTQ rights are 'dangerous'. Reuters US News. March 10, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-says-attacks-lgbtq-rights-are-dangerous-2023-03-10/
139. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). 2023 Legislative session: The ACLU is tracking 469 anti-LGBTQ bills in the U.S. ACLU Press Release. April 21, 2023. https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights
140. Gun Violence Archive: Seven Year Review. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/
141. Hochwald L. Physicians may retire en masse soon. What does that mean for Medicine? Medscape Medical News. April 18, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990903?ecd=wnl_dne1_230419_MSCPEDIT&uac=397605ET&impID=5351615#vp_1
142. Association of American Medical Colleges. The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034. https://www.aamc.org/media/54681/download
143. Dillon J. The doctor's visit of the future: Less touching, more tech. WebMD Health News. April 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991319?ecd=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=397605ET&impID=5381615&faf=1#vp_1
144. Cooney E. Estimates of long Covid are startlingly high. Here’s how to understand them. STAT Health. July 6, 2022. https://www.statnews.com/2022/07/06/understanding-long-covid-estimates/
145. Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK, Patel TR, Budhiraja S, Gaelen JI, Lank GK, Clark JR, Mukherjee S, Singer T, Venkatesh A, Orban ZS, Lim PH, Jimenez M, Miller J, Taylor C, Szymanski AL, Scarpelli J, Graham EL, Balabanov RD, Barcelo BE, Cahan JG, Ruckman K, Shepard AG, Slutzky MW, LaFaver K, Kumthekar PU, Shetty NK, Carroll KS, Ho SU, Lukas RV, Batra A, Liotta EM, Koralnik IJ. Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Differ Based on Acute COVID-19 Severity. Ann Neurol. 2023, Mar 26. doi: 10.1002/ana.26649. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36966460.
146. Lu P, Zhou T, Santibanez TA, Jain A, Black CL, Srivastav A, Hung M-C,…Singleton JA. COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccination coverage and intent to receive booster vaccination among adolescents and adults. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023;72(7):190-198. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/988537