Consideration of host nutritional status as a mitigating factor against current and future pandemics: a review of nutrient studies and experiences with infectious diseases including Covid-19
Main Article Content
Abstract
For over 3 years, the Covid-19 pandemic felt like a world war and has taken close to 7 million lives, disabled many more people, and caused innumerable economic losses around the globe. What can we learn from this tragedy? Are we ready for another Covid-19-like pandemic? Studies show that the majority of people with SARS-Cov-2 infection either show no symptoms or only mild to moderate clinical manifestations; only a small percentage develop severe Covid-19 disease, indicating that the clinical severity of Covid-19 disease is not determined only by the SARS-Cov-2 virus, but more importantly by how the host responds to the viral infection, what is known as natural immunity. Research of what enhances or weakens the natural immunity against viral infections and the practical application thereof is an important lesson one can learn from the pandemic. Research of natural immunity enhancing factors is summarized in this paper. One key characteristic of natural immunity against viral diseases is its non-specificity. The importance of this non-specificity helping to prevent and treat other infections of known or unknown viruses is also discussed. Calls for the clinical application of safe and inexpensive nutrients such as vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 have met significant resistance and objection from the medical authorities and the media since the pandemic outbreak. The main objection is the perceived lack of research and the absence of regulatory approvals. This raises a fundamental philosophical question: what is the primary goal of the medical profession? Facing a new viral pandemic like Covid-19 with no prior research, let alone any approved treatments, why is there opposition to known safe, inexpensive, widely available and often effective nutrients like vitamin C? Why are case reports and case series discounted or ignored rather than explored further to try to help more people? Is such objection protecting consumers or harming the public? Statistics show that viral epidemics and pandemics are occurring more frequently, with a recent review of epidemics and pandemics since 1600 concluding “ the yearly probability of occurrence of extreme epidemics can increase up to threefold in the coming decades.”1. When the next Covid-19-like pandemic of a new virus hits us, are we going to repeat the Covid-19 tragedy? Can improved emphasis on nutritional interventions to prepare for and respond to disease outbreaks mitigate future pandemics?
Keywords:
infectious diseases, Covid-19, review of nutrient studies
Article Details
How to Cite
CHENG, Richard Z; PASSWATER, Michael; YANG, Tievi.
Consideration of host nutritional status as a mitigating factor against current and future pandemics: a review of nutrient studies and experiences with infectious diseases including Covid-19.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 9, sep. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4419>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i9.4419.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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5. Richard Z. Cheng. Protected Population Immunity, Not A Vaccine, Is The Way To Stop Covid-19 Pandemic. J Clin Immunol Immunother 6, 1–4 (2020).
6. Curran, J. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. BMJ 336, 777 (2008).
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11. Galmés, S., Serra, F. & Palou, A. Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients 12, E2738 (2020).
12. de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, C. et al. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Rev 79, 382–393 (2021).
13. Hogarth, M. et al. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in the University of California Healthcare Systems. Am J Med Sci 366, 102–113 (2023).
14. Chiodini, I. et al. Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes. Front Public Health 9, 736665 (2021).
15. Reider, C. A., Chung, R.-Y., Devarshi, P. P., Grant, R. W. & Hazels Mitmesser, S. Inadequacy of Immune Health Nutrients: Intakes in US Adults, the 2005-2016 NHANES. Nutrients 12, E1735 (2020).
16. Gibbons, J. B. et al. Association between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 infection and mortality. Sci Rep 12, 19397 (2022).
17. Ohaegbulam, K. C., Swalih, M., Patel, P., Smith, M. A. & Perrin, R. Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Case Series. Am J Ther 27, e485–e490 (2020).
18. Entrenas Castillo, M. et al. Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 203, 105751 (2020).
19. Healing Factor: Stone, Irwin: 9780399507649: Amazon.com: Books. https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Factor-GD-Perigee-book/dp/0399507647.
20. Klenner FR. Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. The Journal of Applied Nutrition, Winter 1971, Volume 23, Number 3 & 4, pp. 61-88
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