Smoking Cessation Management for Lung Cancer Smokers: An Essential Component of Treatment
Main Article Content
Abstract
In 2020 lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths; in other words of 18% of cancer deaths. Tobacco smoking is cause of 90% of lung cancers. Despite advances in lung cancer treatment, tobacco control is the most effective measure for curbing the lung cancer epidemic. Smoking cessation, at all stages of the cancer process, is associated with benefits in terms of cure, increased life expectancy and quality of life for patients, reduced medical and surgical complications, as well as it reduces risks of recurrence or of a second primary cancer. Smoking cessation medications combined with psychological support facilitate to quit smoking. Smoking cessation management is an essential component of lung cancer treatment. Researches into the best modalities to manage smoking cessation in lung cancer patients must be conducted. Nevertheless, healthcare professionals involved in the care of cancer patients must be trained to provide personalized assistance to help smokers stopping smoking.
Article Details
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2010. Last access August 29. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/
3. Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, van Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(1):61-79. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00092614.
4. Yach D. The origins, development, effects, and future of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a personal perspective. Lancet. 2014;383(9930):1771-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62155-8.
5. Cataldo JK, Dubey S, Prochaska JJ. Smoking cessation: an integral part of lung cancer treatment. Oncology. 2010;78(5-6):289-301. doi: 10.1159/000319937.
6. Caini S, Del Riccio M, Vettori V, Scotti V, Martinoli C, Raimondi S, et al. Quitting Smoking At or Around Diagnosis Improves the Overall Survival of Lung Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thorac Oncol. 2022;17(5):623-636. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.12.005.
7. Schabath MB, Cote ML. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(10):1563-1579. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0221.
8. Klebe S, Leigh J, Henderson DW, Nurminen M. Asbestos, Smoking and Lung Cancer: An Update. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):258. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010258.
9. Samet JM, Chiu WA, Cogliano V, Jinot J, Kriebel D, et al. The IARC Monographs: Updated Procedures for Modern and Transparent Evidence Synthesis in Cancer Hazard Identification. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020 Jan 1;112(1):30-37.
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djz169.
10. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmay G, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(9): 813-22.
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1.
11. McCarthy WJ, Meza R, Jeon J, Moolgavkar SH. Lung Cancer in never smokers: epidemiology and risk prediction models. Risk Anal. 2012;32 (Suppl1): S69-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01768.x.
12. Santoro A, Tomino Prinzi G, Lamonaca P, Cardaci V, Fini M, Russo P. Tobacco Smoking: Risk to Develop Addiction, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Lung Cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):39-52. doi: 10.2174/1574892814666190102122848.
13. Office on Smoking and Health (US). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2006. Last access August 29. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/
14. Underner M, Urban T, Perriot J, de Chazeron I, Meurice JC. Cannabis smoking and lung cancer. Rev Mal Respir. 2014;31(6):488-98. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.12.002.
15. Jayes L, Haslam PL, Gratziou CG, Powell P, Britton J, Vardavas C, et al. SmokeHaz: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of the Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Health. Tobacco Control Committee of the European Respiratory Society. Chest. 2016;150(1):164-79. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.060.chest.2016.03. 060.
16. Hirsch FR, Scagliotti GV, Mulshine JL, Kwon R, Curran WJ Jr, Wu YL,et al. Lung cancer: current therapies and new targeted treatments. Lancet. 2017;389(10066):299-311.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30958-8.
17. Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010; 340: b5569. doi: 10.1136/bmj. b5569
18. Sheikh M, Mukeriya A, Shangina O, Brennan P, Zaridze D. Postdiagnosis Smoking Cessation and Reduced Risk for Lung Cancer Progression and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(9):1232-1239. doi: 10.7326/M21-0252.
19. Perlík F. Impact of smoking on metabolic changes and effectiveness of drugs used for lung cancer. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2020; 28(1):53-58. doi: 10.21101/cejph.a5620.
20. Gajdos C, Hawn MT, Campagna EJ , Henderson WG, Singh JA, Houston T. Adverse effects of smoking on postoperative outcomes in cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(5):1430-8. doi: 10.1245/s10434-011-2128-y.
21. Underner M, Perriot J, Merson F, Peiffer G, Meurice JC. Influence of tobacco smoking on quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Rev Mal Respir. 2015;32(6):586-98. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.08.011.
22. Shields PG, Bierut L, Arenberg D, Balis D, Cinciripini PM, Davis J, et al. Smoking Cessation, Version 3.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2023;21(3):297-322. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2023.0013.
23. Ghatak A, Gilman S, Carney S, Gonzalez AV, Benedetti A, Ezer N. Smoking Cessation by Phone Counselling in a Lung Cancer Screening Program: A Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study. Can Respir J. 2022:5446751. doi: 10.1155/2022/5446751.
24. Donnelly RE, Minami H, Hecht J, Bloom EL, Tashima K, Selva Kumar D, et al. Relationships among Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life, Perceived Vulnerability, and Readiness to Quit Smoking in People Living with HIV. J Smok Cessat. 2021; 2021:6697404. doi: 10.1155/2021/6697404.
25. Lin SC, Gathua N, Thompson C, Sripipatana A, Makaroff L. Disparities in smoking prevalence and associations with mental health and substance use disorders in underserved communities across the United States. Cancer. 2022;128(9):1826-1831. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34132.
26. Cummings KM, Dresler CM, Field JK, Fox J, Gritz ER, Hanna NH, et al. E-cigarettes and Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol.2014;9(4):438-41. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000129. E-cigarettes and Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(4):438-41.
27. Peiffer G, Underner M, Perriot J, Ruppert A-M, Tiotu A. Smoking cessation and lung cancer screening. Rev Mal Respir. 2020;37(9):722-734. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2020.09.005.
28. Mascalchi M, Picozzi G, Puliti D, Diciotti S, Deliperi A, Romei C, et al. Lung Cancer Screening with Low-Dose CT: What We Have Learned in Two Decades of ITALUNG and What Is Yet to Be Addressed. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(13):2197. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13132197.
29. Hohl SD, Matulewicz RS, Salloum RG, Ostroff JS, Baker TB, Schnoll R, et al. Integrating Tobacco Treatment Into Oncology Care: Reach and Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Tobacco Treatment Across National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(15):2756-2766. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00936.
30. deRuiter WK, Barker M, Rahimi A, Ivanova A, Zawertailo L, Osnat C Melamed OC, et al. Smoking Cessation Training and Treatment: Options for Cancer Centres. Curr Oncol. 2022; 29(4):2252- 2262. doi: 10.3390/curroncol29040183.