A Cross-Case Analysis on Filial Care Assumption among Filipino Adults
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Filial care has long been part of the Filipino culture. This paper aims to validate the assumption of the Filial Care Theory which states that the older person’s vulnerability stimulates the caring behaviors from the family members.
Methods: Through a multiple case study approach using cross-case synthesis, various situations that led five adult Filipino children into assuming filial care duties and the kinds of support involved in the said filial care interaction were explored.
Results: It was determined that filial care involves sentience among family members, a desire to sustain the older person, strengthened family support, affinity, solidarity and compassion, and a commitment to return a past favor.
Discussion: Filial care is a response to the older person’s needs and limitations. Apart from the older person’s vulnerability, it was deduced that filial care requires both the older persons and their adult children to be emotionally vulnerable towards one another.
Keywords:
case study, cross case analysis, family caregiving, filial piety, filial care theory, care of older persons
Article Details
How to Cite
UY, Huemer O..
A Cross-Case Analysis on Filial Care Assumption among Filipino Adults.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 11, nov. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4605>. Date accessed: 16 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i11.4605.
Section
Case Reports
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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36. Funk LM. ‘Returning the love’, not ‘balancing the books’: talk about delayed reciprocity in supporting ageing parents. Ageing & Society. 2012 May;32(4):634-54.
37. Ugargol AP, Bailey A. Reciprocity between older adults and their care-givers in emigrant households of Kerala, India. Ageing & Society. 2021 Aug;41(8):1699-725.
38. Silverstein M, Conroy SJ, Wang H, Giarrusso R, Bengtson VL. Reciprocity in parent–child relations over the adult life course. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2002 Jan 1;57(1):S3-13.
39. Silverstein M, Conroy SJ, Gans D. Beyond solidarity, reciprocity and altruism: Moral capital as a unifying concept in intergenerational support for older people. Ageing & Society. 2012 Oct;32(7):1246-62.
40. Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Litwin H, Weber G, editors. Active ageing and solidarity between generations in Europe: First results from SHARE after the economic crisis. Walter de Gruyter; 2013 Jun 25.
41. McGraw JG. Longing and the Phenomenon of Loneliness. InLife Creative Mimesis of Emotion: From Sorrow to Elation: Elegiac Virtuosity in Literature 2000 (pp. 33-60). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
42. Perissinotto, Carla M., Irena Stijacic Cenzer, and Kenneth E. Covinsky. "Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death." Archives of internal medicine 172, no. 14 (2012): 1078-1084.
43. Shiovitz-Ezra S, Ayalon L. Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality. International psychogeriatrics. 2010 May;22(3):455-62.
44. Teh JK, Tey NP, Ng ST. Family support and loneliness among older persons in multiethnic Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal. 2014 Oct 14;2014.
45. Tolkacheva N, Broese van Groenou M, van Tilburg T. Sibling influence on care given by children to older parents. Research on Aging. 2010 Nov;32(6):739-59.
46. Glaser K, Agree EM, Costenbader E, Camargo A, Trench B, Natividad J, Chuang YL. Fertility decline, family structure, and support for older persons in Latin America and Asia. Journal of Aging and Health. 2006 Apr;18(2):259-91.
47. Johar M, Maruyama S. Does coresidence improve an elderly parent's health?. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2014 Sep;29(6):965-83.
48. Cotten SR, Ford G, Ford S, Hale TM. Internet use and depression among older adults. Computers in human behavior. 2012 Mar 1;28(2):496-9.
49. Cotten SR, Anderson WA, McCullough BM. Impact of internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults: cross-sectional analysis. Journal of medical Internet research. 2013 Feb 28;15(2):e2306.
50. Cotten SR, Ford G, Ford S, Hale TM. Internet use and depression among retired older adults in the United States: A longitudinal analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2014 Sep 1;69(5):763-71.
51. Heo J, Chun S, Lee S, Lee KH, Kim J. Internet use and well-being in older adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2015 May 1;18(5):268-72.
52. Jun HJ, Kim MY. What accounts for the relationship between internet use and suicidal ideation of Korean older adults? A mediation analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2017 Sep 1;72(5):846-55.
53. Carvalho D, Bessa M, Oliveira L, Guedes C, Peres E, Magalhães L. New interaction paradigms to fight the digital divide: a pilot case study regarding multi-touch technology. Procedia Computer Science. 2012 Jan 1;14:128-37.
54. Vaportzis E, Giatsi Clausen M, Gow AJ. Older adults’ perceptions of technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: a focus group study. Frontiers in psychology. 2017 Oct 4;8:1687.
55. Gordon NP, Hornbrook MC. Older adults’ readiness to engage with eHealth patient education and self-care resources: A cross-sectional survey. BMC health services research. 2018 Dec;18:1-3.
56. Francisco V. Together but apart: Filipino transnational families and caring from afar (Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York).
57. Kimura J, Browne CV. Eldercare in a Filipino community: Older women's attitudes toward caregiving and service use. Journal of Women & Aging. 2009 Jul 31;21(3):229-43.
58. Lusterio-Berja C. The emergence of multigenerational households: The role of early union.
59. Soldo BJ, Wolf DA, Agree EM. Family, households, and care arrangements of frail older women: A structural analysis. Journal of Gerontology. 1990 Nov 1;45(6):S238-49.
2. Kim K, Bangerter LR, Liu Y, Polenick CA, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Middle-aged offspring’s support to aging parents with emerging disability. The Gerontologist. 2017 Jun 1;57(3):441-50.
3. Badana AN, Andel R. Aging in the Philippines. The Gerontologist. 2018 Mar 19;58(2):212-8.
4. Cruz MT, Periyakoil VJ. Filipino American Older Adults. eCampus Geriatrics. 2010.
5. Schinkel A. Filial obligations: A contextual, pluralist model. The Journal of Ethics. 2012 Dec;16:395-420.
6. Verbruggen JL. Filial duties in the ancient Near East. The Johns Hopkins University; 1998.
7. Brody BA. A Philosophical Analysis of Filial Obligation (Doctoral dissertation, PhD. Thesis, Rice University).
8. Silverstein M, Xu L. Grandchildren as support and care providers to older adults in China. Population Horizons. 2016;13:63-73.
9. Schulz R, Beach SR, Czaja SJ, Martire LM, Monin JK. Family caregiving for older adults. Annual review of psychology. 2020 Jan 4;71:635-59.
10. Abalos JB, Saito Y, Cruz GT, Booth H. Who cares? Provision of care and assistance among older persons in the Philippines. Journal of Aging and Health. 2018 Dec;30(10):1536-55.
11. Laguna EP. Caring for Older Persons. Ageing and Health in the Philippines; Cruz, GT, Cruz, CJP, Saito, Y., Eds. 2019 Dec:173-92.
12. Badana AN, Andel R. Aging in the Philippines. The Gerontologist. 2018 Mar 19;58(2):212-8.
13. Villaver RB. LI... AND FILIPINO BEHAVIOURAL PROPRIETY. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. 2020 Jul 1;16(2).
14. Choy M. Obeying an evolving cultural value: Influences of filial piety and acculturation on Asian-Americans.
15. Cruz CJ, Cruz GT. Filipino Older Persons. Ageing and health in the Philippines, Jakarta, Indonesia: Economic research institute for ASEAN and East Asia. 2019 Dec:27-46.
16. Marquez MP. Family support and intergenerational exchanges. Ageing and Health in the Philippines. 2019 Dec:161-72.
17. Cruz GT, Natividad JN, Gonzales ML, Saito Y. Aging in the Philippines: findings from the 2007 Philippine study on aging. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Population Institute and Demographic Research and Development Foundation. 2016.
18. Abalos J. Determinants of health and well-being among older persons in the Philippines.2019.
19. Cruz GT. Family support and disability among Filipino older people. In27th IUSSP Population Conference, Busan, South Korea 2013.
20. Uy HO, Palompon DR. Axiomatic Approach in Developing the Filial Care Theory. Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences). 2020 Dec 29;14(1):61-70.
21. Uy H. Development and content validity of the readiness for Filial Responsibility Scale. J. Stud. Soc. Sci. Humanit. 2020;6:100-15.
22. Baxter P, Jack S. Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report. 2008 Dec 1;13(4):544-59.
23. Zach L. Using a multiple-case studies design to investigate the information-seeking behavior of arts administrators. Library trends. 2006;55(1):4-21.
24. Yin RK. Design and methods. Case study research. 2003;3(9.2):84.
25. Gustafsson J. Single case studies vs. multiple case studies: A comparative study.
26. Speziale HS, Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
27. Rai N, Thapa B. A study on purposive sampling method in research. Kathmandu: Kathmandu School of Law. 2015;5.
28. Khan S, VanWynsberghe R. Cultivating the under-mined: Cross-case analysis as knowledge mobilization. InForum: qualitative social research 2008 Jan (Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 34). Institut für Qualitative Forschung.
29. Doyle S. Member checking with older women: A framework for negotiating meaning. Health care for women international. 2007 Nov 8;28(10):888-908.
30. Connidis IA, Kemp CL. Negotiating actual and anticipated parental support: Multiple sibling voices in three-generation families. Journal of Aging Studies. 2008 Aug 1;22(3):229-38.
31. Silverstein M, Gans D, Yang FM. Intergenerational support to aging parents: The role of norms and needs. Journal of family Issues. 2006 Aug;27(8):1068-84.
32. Huang SS, Lee MC, Liao YC, Wang WF, Lai TJ. Caregiver burden associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Taiwanese elderly. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2012 Jul 1;55(1):55-9.
33. Laputz S. Caregiver tips and tools: Personality changes in dementia. Retrieved from chrome-extension. ecnphlgnajanjnkcmbpancdjoidceilk/content/web/viewer. html. 2017.
34. Schulz R, Savla J, Czaja SJ, Monin J. The role of compassion, suffering, and intrusive thoughts in dementia caregiver depression. Aging & mental health. 2017 Sep 2;21(9):997-1004.
35. Day JR, Anderson RA. Compassion fatigue: An application of the concept to informal caregivers of family members with dementia. Nursing Research and Practice. 2011 Sep 8;2011.
36. Funk LM. ‘Returning the love’, not ‘balancing the books’: talk about delayed reciprocity in supporting ageing parents. Ageing & Society. 2012 May;32(4):634-54.
37. Ugargol AP, Bailey A. Reciprocity between older adults and their care-givers in emigrant households of Kerala, India. Ageing & Society. 2021 Aug;41(8):1699-725.
38. Silverstein M, Conroy SJ, Wang H, Giarrusso R, Bengtson VL. Reciprocity in parent–child relations over the adult life course. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2002 Jan 1;57(1):S3-13.
39. Silverstein M, Conroy SJ, Gans D. Beyond solidarity, reciprocity and altruism: Moral capital as a unifying concept in intergenerational support for older people. Ageing & Society. 2012 Oct;32(7):1246-62.
40. Börsch-Supan A, Brandt M, Litwin H, Weber G, editors. Active ageing and solidarity between generations in Europe: First results from SHARE after the economic crisis. Walter de Gruyter; 2013 Jun 25.
41. McGraw JG. Longing and the Phenomenon of Loneliness. InLife Creative Mimesis of Emotion: From Sorrow to Elation: Elegiac Virtuosity in Literature 2000 (pp. 33-60). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
42. Perissinotto, Carla M., Irena Stijacic Cenzer, and Kenneth E. Covinsky. "Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death." Archives of internal medicine 172, no. 14 (2012): 1078-1084.
43. Shiovitz-Ezra S, Ayalon L. Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality. International psychogeriatrics. 2010 May;22(3):455-62.
44. Teh JK, Tey NP, Ng ST. Family support and loneliness among older persons in multiethnic Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal. 2014 Oct 14;2014.
45. Tolkacheva N, Broese van Groenou M, van Tilburg T. Sibling influence on care given by children to older parents. Research on Aging. 2010 Nov;32(6):739-59.
46. Glaser K, Agree EM, Costenbader E, Camargo A, Trench B, Natividad J, Chuang YL. Fertility decline, family structure, and support for older persons in Latin America and Asia. Journal of Aging and Health. 2006 Apr;18(2):259-91.
47. Johar M, Maruyama S. Does coresidence improve an elderly parent's health?. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2014 Sep;29(6):965-83.
48. Cotten SR, Ford G, Ford S, Hale TM. Internet use and depression among older adults. Computers in human behavior. 2012 Mar 1;28(2):496-9.
49. Cotten SR, Anderson WA, McCullough BM. Impact of internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults: cross-sectional analysis. Journal of medical Internet research. 2013 Feb 28;15(2):e2306.
50. Cotten SR, Ford G, Ford S, Hale TM. Internet use and depression among retired older adults in the United States: A longitudinal analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2014 Sep 1;69(5):763-71.
51. Heo J, Chun S, Lee S, Lee KH, Kim J. Internet use and well-being in older adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2015 May 1;18(5):268-72.
52. Jun HJ, Kim MY. What accounts for the relationship between internet use and suicidal ideation of Korean older adults? A mediation analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2017 Sep 1;72(5):846-55.
53. Carvalho D, Bessa M, Oliveira L, Guedes C, Peres E, Magalhães L. New interaction paradigms to fight the digital divide: a pilot case study regarding multi-touch technology. Procedia Computer Science. 2012 Jan 1;14:128-37.
54. Vaportzis E, Giatsi Clausen M, Gow AJ. Older adults’ perceptions of technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: a focus group study. Frontiers in psychology. 2017 Oct 4;8:1687.
55. Gordon NP, Hornbrook MC. Older adults’ readiness to engage with eHealth patient education and self-care resources: A cross-sectional survey. BMC health services research. 2018 Dec;18:1-3.
56. Francisco V. Together but apart: Filipino transnational families and caring from afar (Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York).
57. Kimura J, Browne CV. Eldercare in a Filipino community: Older women's attitudes toward caregiving and service use. Journal of Women & Aging. 2009 Jul 31;21(3):229-43.
58. Lusterio-Berja C. The emergence of multigenerational households: The role of early union.
59. Soldo BJ, Wolf DA, Agree EM. Family, households, and care arrangements of frail older women: A structural analysis. Journal of Gerontology. 1990 Nov 1;45(6):S238-49.