Abstract
The urgent need for a novel way to replicate human drug reactions in preclinical research has motivated the development of organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems. These difficulties are not recognized during preclinical trials, owing to ineffective screening technologies that mimic the complexities of human tissues and provide quick, accurate screening readouts. Microfluidics and microfabrication are powerful methods for creating numerous systems with high spatiotemporal precision to simulate in vivo microenvironments for drug delivery, discovery, development, and screening. This method might be used to investigate cell responses to pharmacological and mechanical stimuli in a more physiologically effective way. In this paper, we examine current achievements in OoC with an emphasis on biomimicry, functionality, and characteristics, as well as multi-organ platforms that attempt to replicate the essential aspects of integrated human physiology. Finally, we explore future prospects and limits that must be addressed in order to get OoC systems closer to clinical translation.