Rooted in the Existential Self: Case Report about Potential of Religious Faith for Geriatric Psychological Counselling
Main Article Content
Abstract
For older people, religious faith is a significant part of their identity. There is a lack of research that reveals the faith of practicing Roman Catholics as a multi-component phenomenon that can develop, through an internal perspective in personal and social context.
Aim: to explore how religious faith is experienced in the life of an older practicing Roman Catholic.
Methods: A qualitative approach was selected for this case study. Data was gathered through faith development interviews, and it was analysed using these methods: thematic narrative analysis, structural and content analysis. The faith of an older practicing Roman Catholic (woman, 84 years old) is analysed.
Results: The case study revealed that religious faith is meaningful to the practicing older Roman Catholic woman as a multi-component faith construct, consisting of internal and external aspects, the essential of which is the internal relationship with God, which forms an integral spiritual, moral and social identity of a person; through the course of life it becomes a continuously nurtured value at each stage of life; through faith development as a conscious, social and integrated faith in her life; through an internal psychosocial perspective providing internal psychological resources that help her overcome difficulties, maintain well-being in her life and give the meaning to her life.
Conclusion: The potential of religious faith in counselling the older practicing Roman Catholic lies in the awareness of personal feelings, beliefs, behaviours, the image of God, self-worth, early experiences, and the relationships related to religious faith in the context of a person’s life.
Keywords:
religiosity, spirituality, therapy, elderly, resilience
Article Details
How to Cite
SWITKIEWICZ, Joana Butėnaitė-.
Rooted in the Existential Self: Case Report about Potential of Religious Faith for Geriatric Psychological Counselling.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 11, nov. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4768>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i11.4768.
Section
Case Reports
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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[37] Sutter M. Serpant Handling Getting to know the people you study with Ralth Hood. Eye on Psi Chi, pp. 22-27, 2018.
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[45] Suchomelová V. Spirituální potřeby seniorů v sociální péči. Czech & Slovak Social Work, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 39–53, 2016.
[46] Nolan JA, Whetten K, Koenig HG. Religious, spiritual, and traditional beliefs and practices and the ethics of mental health research in less wealthy countries. International journal of psychiatry in medicine, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 267–277, 2011.
[47] Streib H, Keller B. Manual for faith development research. Bielefeld: Center for Biographical Studies in Contemporary Religion, 2015.
[48] Keller B, Klein C, Streib H. Das faith development interview. Zur Exploration von Spiritualität im psychotherapeutischen Setting. Spiritual Care, vol. 1, pp. 35-43, 2013.
[49] Riessman CK. Narrative Analysis. In Narrative, Memory & Everyday Life, Huddersfield,, University of Huddersfield,, 2005, pp. 1-7.
[50] Szadejko K, Vellani D. Introduzione alla Metodologia e Statistica della Ricerca Empirica, Modena: Ilmiolibro, 2017.
[51] Elliott R, Fischer C, Rennie D. Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal for Clinical Psychology, vol. 38, p. 215–229, 1999.
[52] Trimakas KA. Tikint bręsti: egzistencinio apsisprendimo psichologija, Kaunas: Lietuvos katechetikos centro leidykla, 1998.
[53] OB. Praregėjimas. Katalikų pasaulis, pp. 13-14, 1989.
[54] Heinz M, Cone N, da Rosa G, Bishop A, Finchum T. Examining supportive evidence for psychosocial theories of aging within the oral history narratives of centenarians. Societies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-21, 2017.
[55] Pargament KI, Exline JJ. Religious and spiritual struggles. 2020.
[56] Özışık S. Intergenerational Changes in the Religiosity of Turkish Islamic Immigrants in Contemporary Germany (dissertation). Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 2015.
[57] Linardakis M, Papadaki A, Smpokos E, Sarri K, Vozikaki M, Philalithis A. Are religiosity and prayer use related with multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases in European adults aged 50+ years? Public health, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 436-445, 2015.
[58] Butėnaitė J. Trajectories of religious faith in life perspective. Contemporary research on organization management and administration, vol. 7, pp. 29-46, 2019.
[59] Ruemke HC. The Psychology of Unbelief. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1962.
[60] Trimakas KA. Psichologinis žvilgsnis į tikėjimą. Aidas, pp. 354- 363, Spalis 1974.
[61] Wilson WG. Alcoholics anonymous comes of age. New York: A. A. Publishing, 1957.
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[63] Bloom P. Religion is natural. Developmental Science, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 147–151, 2007.
[64] Kirkpatrick L, Shaver P. Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 315–334, 1990.
[65] Lucas S. Assessing Transcendental Experiences vs Mental Illnesses. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 267-273, 2017.
[66] Keller B, Streib H. Faith development, religious styles and biographical narratives: Methodological perspectives. Journal of Empirical Theology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 2013.
[66] Keller B, Streib H. Faith development, religious styles and biographical narratives: Methodological perspectives. Journal of Empirical Theology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 2013.
[67] Butėnaitė J. Praktikuojančių vyresnio amžiaus katalikų tikėjimo tipai. Gerontologija, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 89–200, 2018.
[68] Parker S. Faith Development Theory as a Context for Supervision of Spiritual and Religious Issues. Counselor Education and Supervision, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 39-53, 2009.
[69] Baltes PB, Lindenberger U, Staudinger UM. Lifespan theory in developmental psychology. In Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development, Hoboken, Wiley, 2006.
[70] Hart JD, Limke A, Budd PR. Attachment and Faith Development. Journal of Psychology and Theology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 122-128, 2010.
[71] McAdams D, Diamond A, de St. Aubin E, Mansfield E. Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology., vol. 72, no. 3 , pp. 678-694, 1997.
[72] Cohen HL, Thomas CL, Williamson C. Religion and Spirituality as Defined by Older Adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 284-298, 2008.
[73] Meisenhelder JB, Chandler EN. Spirituality and health outcomes in the elderly. Journal of religion and health, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 243-252, 2002.
[74] Butėnaitė J. Roman catholic faith of older people as a source of psychological resilience. Contemporary research on organization management and administration, vol. 8, pp. 32-46, 2020.
[75] Cohen AB, Koenig HG. Religion, religiosity and spirituality in the biopsychosocial model of health and ageing. Ageing international, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 215-241, 2003.
[76] Tornstam L. Late-life transcendence: a new developmental perspective on aging," in Religion, belief, and spirituality in late life, New York, Springer, 1999.
[77] Ryan RM, Rigby S, King K. Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of personality and social psychology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 586-591, 1993.
[78] Pargament KI, Kennell J, Hathaway W, Grevengoed N, Newman J, Jones W. Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the scientific study of religion, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 90–104, 1988.
[79] Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Perez LM. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of clinical psychology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 519-543, 2000.
[80] Day D. The long loneliness. New York: Harper and Row, 1952.
[81] Frankl VE. Žmogus prasmės akivaizdoje: rinktinė. Vilnius: Katalikų Pasaulio Leidiniai, 2010.
[2] Fowler JW. Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981.
[3] Oakes KE. Reflection on religiousness and mental health, Counseling and Values. Vol. 44, p. 113-117, 2000.
[4] Atlas of European Values, 2017. Accessed 15 10 2023.
https://www.atlasofeuropeanvalues.eu/maptool.html.
[5] James W. The Varieties of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Harvard Universit, 1985.
[6] Freus S. The Future of an illusion. New York: Liveright, 1928.
[7] Hillman J. Re-Visioning Psychology. New York: HarperCollins, 1977.
[8] Emmons R. The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford, 1999.
[9] Adler A, Porter A. What life should mean to you. New York: Macmillan, 1950.
[10] Fromm E. Psychoanalysis and Religion. New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press, 1950.
[11] Allport G. The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan, 1950.
[12] Allport G. Ross J. Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 5, no. 4, p 432-443, 1967.
[13] Batson C, Schoenrade P, Ventis L. Religion and the Individual. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
[14] Erikson E. Identity and the life cycle. New York: International Universities Press, 1959.
[15] Fowler JW, Streib H, Keller B. Manual for faith development research. Bielefeld, Atlanta: Center for Biographical Studies in Contemporary Religion, Center for Research in Faith and Moral Development, 2004.
[16] Koenig HG, McCullough ME, Larson DB. Handbook of Religion and Health. Larson: Oxford University Press, 2001.
[17] Musick M, Traphagan J, Koenig HG, Larson D. Spirituality in Physical health and aging. Journal Adult Development, vol. 7, p. 73-86, 2000.
[18] Oman D, Lukoff D. Mental Health, Religion, and Spirituality. In Why Religion and Spirituality Matter for Public Health, Cham, Springer, 2018, pp. 225-243.
[19] Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Tarakeshwar N, Hahn J. Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of health psychology, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 713-730, 2004.
[20] Bramm AW, Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality and depression in prospective studies: A systematic review. Journal of affective disorders, vol. 257, pp. 428-438, 2019.
[21] Ng TP, Nyunt MSZ, Chiam PC, Kua EH. Religion, health beliefs and the use of mental health services by the elderly. Aging & mental health, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 143-149, 2011.
[22] Shaw R, Gullifer J, Wood K et al. Religion and spirituality: A qualitative study of older adults. Ageing International, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 311-330, 2016.
[23] Gailienė D. Ką jie mums padarė: Lietuvos gyvenimas traumų psichologijos žvilgsniu. Vilnius: Tyto alba, 2008.
[24] Payman V, George K, Ryburn B. Religiosity of depressed elderly inpatients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 16-21, 2008.
[25] Koenig HG, Larson DB, Hays JC et al. Religion and the survival of 1010 hospitalized veterans. Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 15-30, 1998.
[26] Lavretsky H. Spirituality and aging. Aging Health, vol. 6, p. 749–769, 2010.
[27] Pahlevan Sharif S, Amiri M, Allen KA et al. Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2021.
[28] Exline JJ, Rose ED. Religious and spiritual struggles. In Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. The Guilford Press, 2013, p. 380–398.
[29] Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Grubbs JB, Yali AM. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 208, 2014.
[30] Wilt JA, Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Personality, religious and spiritual struggles, and well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 341, 2016.
[31] Murphy PE, Fitchett G, Emery-Tiburcio EE. Religious and spiritual struggle: Prevalence and correlates among older adults with depression in the BRIGHTEN Program. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 713-721, 2016.
[32] Abu-Raiya H, Pargament KI, Krause N, Ironson G. Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 85, no. 6, p. 565, 2015.
[33] Pargament KI, Exline JJ. Shaken to the core: Understanding and addressing spiritual struggles in psychotherapy. In Handbook of spiritually integrated psychotherapies, American Psychological Associatio, 2023, p. 119–133.
[34] Bergin AE. Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 170–184, 1983.
[35] Bergin AE. Psychotherapy and religious values. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 95–105, 1980.
[36] Post BC, Wade NG. Religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly review of research. Journal of Clinical, vol. 65, p. 131–146, 2009.
[37] Sutter M. Serpant Handling Getting to know the people you study with Ralth Hood. Eye on Psi Chi, pp. 22-27, 2018.
[38] Murray ED, Cunningham MG, Price BH. The Role of Psychotic Disorders in Religious History Considered. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 410–426, 2012.
[39] Richards PS. A theistic integrative psychotherapy. In Spiritually oriented psychotherapy, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 2005, p. 259–285.
[40] Pargament KI. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford, 1997.
[41] Hill PC, Pargament KI. Advances in the conceptualisation of and measurement of religion and spirituality. American Psychologist, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 64-74, 2003.
[42] Coleman PG. Religion and age. In Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology, London, SAGE, 2010, pp. 337-361.
[43] Mukherjee SB. Spirituality and Religion: Elderly's Perception and Understanding. Indian Journal of Gerontology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 336-354, 2016.
[44] Oliveira ALBD, Menezes TMDO. The meaning of religion/religiosity for the elderly. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, vol. 71, pp. 770-776, 2018.
[45] Suchomelová V. Spirituální potřeby seniorů v sociální péči. Czech & Slovak Social Work, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 39–53, 2016.
[46] Nolan JA, Whetten K, Koenig HG. Religious, spiritual, and traditional beliefs and practices and the ethics of mental health research in less wealthy countries. International journal of psychiatry in medicine, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 267–277, 2011.
[47] Streib H, Keller B. Manual for faith development research. Bielefeld: Center for Biographical Studies in Contemporary Religion, 2015.
[48] Keller B, Klein C, Streib H. Das faith development interview. Zur Exploration von Spiritualität im psychotherapeutischen Setting. Spiritual Care, vol. 1, pp. 35-43, 2013.
[49] Riessman CK. Narrative Analysis. In Narrative, Memory & Everyday Life, Huddersfield,, University of Huddersfield,, 2005, pp. 1-7.
[50] Szadejko K, Vellani D. Introduzione alla Metodologia e Statistica della Ricerca Empirica, Modena: Ilmiolibro, 2017.
[51] Elliott R, Fischer C, Rennie D. Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal for Clinical Psychology, vol. 38, p. 215–229, 1999.
[52] Trimakas KA. Tikint bręsti: egzistencinio apsisprendimo psichologija, Kaunas: Lietuvos katechetikos centro leidykla, 1998.
[53] OB. Praregėjimas. Katalikų pasaulis, pp. 13-14, 1989.
[54] Heinz M, Cone N, da Rosa G, Bishop A, Finchum T. Examining supportive evidence for psychosocial theories of aging within the oral history narratives of centenarians. Societies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-21, 2017.
[55] Pargament KI, Exline JJ. Religious and spiritual struggles. 2020.
[56] Özışık S. Intergenerational Changes in the Religiosity of Turkish Islamic Immigrants in Contemporary Germany (dissertation). Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 2015.
[57] Linardakis M, Papadaki A, Smpokos E, Sarri K, Vozikaki M, Philalithis A. Are religiosity and prayer use related with multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases in European adults aged 50+ years? Public health, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 436-445, 2015.
[58] Butėnaitė J. Trajectories of religious faith in life perspective. Contemporary research on organization management and administration, vol. 7, pp. 29-46, 2019.
[59] Ruemke HC. The Psychology of Unbelief. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1962.
[60] Trimakas KA. Psichologinis žvilgsnis į tikėjimą. Aidas, pp. 354- 363, Spalis 1974.
[61] Wilson WG. Alcoholics anonymous comes of age. New York: A. A. Publishing, 1957.
[62] James W. The varieties of religious experience. London: Penguin, 1982.
[63] Bloom P. Religion is natural. Developmental Science, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 147–151, 2007.
[64] Kirkpatrick L, Shaver P. Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 315–334, 1990.
[65] Lucas S. Assessing Transcendental Experiences vs Mental Illnesses. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 267-273, 2017.
[66] Keller B, Streib H. Faith development, religious styles and biographical narratives: Methodological perspectives. Journal of Empirical Theology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 2013.
[66] Keller B, Streib H. Faith development, religious styles and biographical narratives: Methodological perspectives. Journal of Empirical Theology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 2013.
[67] Butėnaitė J. Praktikuojančių vyresnio amžiaus katalikų tikėjimo tipai. Gerontologija, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 89–200, 2018.
[68] Parker S. Faith Development Theory as a Context for Supervision of Spiritual and Religious Issues. Counselor Education and Supervision, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 39-53, 2009.
[69] Baltes PB, Lindenberger U, Staudinger UM. Lifespan theory in developmental psychology. In Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development, Hoboken, Wiley, 2006.
[70] Hart JD, Limke A, Budd PR. Attachment and Faith Development. Journal of Psychology and Theology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 122-128, 2010.
[71] McAdams D, Diamond A, de St. Aubin E, Mansfield E. Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology., vol. 72, no. 3 , pp. 678-694, 1997.
[72] Cohen HL, Thomas CL, Williamson C. Religion and Spirituality as Defined by Older Adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 284-298, 2008.
[73] Meisenhelder JB, Chandler EN. Spirituality and health outcomes in the elderly. Journal of religion and health, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 243-252, 2002.
[74] Butėnaitė J. Roman catholic faith of older people as a source of psychological resilience. Contemporary research on organization management and administration, vol. 8, pp. 32-46, 2020.
[75] Cohen AB, Koenig HG. Religion, religiosity and spirituality in the biopsychosocial model of health and ageing. Ageing international, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 215-241, 2003.
[76] Tornstam L. Late-life transcendence: a new developmental perspective on aging," in Religion, belief, and spirituality in late life, New York, Springer, 1999.
[77] Ryan RM, Rigby S, King K. Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of personality and social psychology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 586-591, 1993.
[78] Pargament KI, Kennell J, Hathaway W, Grevengoed N, Newman J, Jones W. Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the scientific study of religion, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 90–104, 1988.
[79] Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Perez LM. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of clinical psychology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 519-543, 2000.
[80] Day D. The long loneliness. New York: Harper and Row, 1952.
[81] Frankl VE. Žmogus prasmės akivaizdoje: rinktinė. Vilnius: Katalikų Pasaulio Leidiniai, 2010.