Vascular Risk Factors and Their Influence on Migraine Phenotype in Older Adults
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 30, 2024
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Submit your own article
Register as an author to reserve your spot in the next issue of the Medical Research Archives.
Author RegistrationJoin the Society
The European Society of Medicine is more than a professional association. We are a community. Our members work in countries across the globe, yet are united by a common goal: to promote health and health equity, around the world.
Join Europe’s leading medical society and discover the many advantages of membership, including free article publication.
MembershipMain Article Content
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the impact of vascular risk factors on the phenotypic expression of migraine in the elderly population. Migraine, particularly migraine with aura, has been established as a risk factor for ischemic lesions of the brain, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. The association between migraine and specific vascular events, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris, underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between migraine and cardiovascular diseases. The challenges in differentiating migraine from vascular insults, especially in the elderly population, highlight the need for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies to address the complexities of managing migraine in this demographic. Patient education and treatment of modifiable risk factors may decrease future vascular events, emphasizing the importance of addressing vascular risk factors in migraine management. The potential impact of prevention and treatment of unfavorable arterial hemodynamics on neurocognitive outcomes underscores the broader implications of addressing vascular risk factors in migraine management. The clinical and public health relevance of understanding the modifiability of vascular risk factors in elderly migraine patients extends to addressing challenges in cancer survivorship, radiological emergency response, and rational person behavior, emphasizing the diverse applications of addressing vascular risk factors in healthcare and public health. Ultimately, the clinical and public health relevance of understanding the impact of vascular risk factors on the phenotypic expression of elderly migraine underscores the need for continued research and clinical vigilance in addressing the complex interplay between migraine and vascular risk factors in the elderly population.
Keywords:
elderly migraine, vascular risk factors, ischemic stroke, migraine phenotype, cardiovascular diseases, public health relevance
Article Details
How to Cite
OZGE, Aynur; GHOURI, Reza; ULUDÜZ, Derya.
Vascular Risk Factors and Their Influence on Migraine Phenotype in Older Adults.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, jan. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4914>. Date accessed: 15 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i1.4914.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1- Wijeratne T, Tang HM, Crewther D, Crewther S. Prevalence of Migraine in the Elderly: A Narrated Review. Neuroepidemiology. 2019;52(1-2):104-110. doi:10.1159/000494758
2- Acarsoy C, Fani L, Al-Hassany L, et al. Migraine and the risk of stroke in a middle-aged and elderly population: A prospective cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2023;43(1): 3331024221132008. doi:10.1177/03331024221132008
3- Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Associations between lipid levels and migraine: cross-sectional analysis in the epidemiology of vascular ageing study. Cephalalgia. 2011; 31(14):1459-1465. doi:10.1177/0333102411421682
4- Øie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, Dodick DW. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):593-604. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318254
5- Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Migraine, vascular risk, and cardiovascular events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a636. Published 2008 Aug 7. doi:10.1136/bmj.a636
6- Magalhães JE, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Migraine and cerebrovascular diseases: Epidemiology, pathophysiological, and clinical considerations. Headache. 2018; 58(8):1277-1286. doi:10.1111/head.13378
7- Guidetti D, Rota E, Morelli N, Immovilli P. Migraine and stroke: "vascular" comorbidity. Front Neurol. 2014;5:193. Published 2014 Oct 8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00193
8- Murinova N, Krashin DL, Lucas S. Vascular risk in migraineurs: interaction of endothelial and cortical excitability factors. Headache. 2014;54(3):583-590. doi:10.1111/head.12304
9- Grossman M. Prognosis critical: Resilience and multiculturalism in Contemporary Australia. M/C Journal. 2013;16(5). doi:10.5204/mcj.699
10- Oyinlola O, Adebusoye LA, Cadmus EO, Afolayan OK. Determinants of happiness among older adults in Nigeria: A quantitative study protocol (preprint). Published online 2023. doi:10.2196/preprints.49566
11- Bally ELS, Cheng D, van Grieken A, et al. Patients' Perspectives Regarding Digital Health Technology to Support Self-management and Improve Integrated Stroke Care: Qualitative Interview Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e42556. Published 2023 Apr 4. doi:10.2196/42556
12- Gudmundsson LS, Scher AI, Aspelund T, et al. Migraine with aura and risk of cardiovascular and all cause mortality in men and women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c3966. Published 2010 Aug 24. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3966
13- Monteith TS, Gardener H, Rundek T, Elkind MS, Sacco RL. Migraine and risk of stroke in older adults: Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2015;85(8):715-721. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001854
14- Ibrahimi K, Rist PM, Carpenet C, et al. Vascular Risk Score and Associations With Past, Current, or Future Migraine in Women: Cohort Study [published online ahead of print, 2022 Aug 19]. Neurology. 2022;99(16):e1694-e1701. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201009
15- Benseñor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, Scazufca M. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with migraine among the elderly with a low income: the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH). Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):331-337. doi:10.1177/0333102410380754
16- Prencipe M, Casini AR, Ferretti C, et al. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: attack frequency, disability, and use of medication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(3):377-381. doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.3.377
17- Charles A. The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):174-182. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30435-0
18- Sutherland HG, Albury CL, Griffiths LR. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):72. Published 2019 Jun 21. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9
19- Vuralli D, Ayata C, Bolay H. Cognitive dysfunction and migraine. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):109. Published 2018 Nov 15. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0933-4
20- Vollesen AL, Benemei S, Cortese F, et al. Migraine and cluster headache - the common link. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):89. Published 2018 Sep 21. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0909-4
21- Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW. Advanced neuroimaging of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(6):560-568. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70107-3
22- Bigal ME, Kurth T, Hu H, Santanello N, Lipton RB. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms of interaction. Neurology. 2009;72(21):1864-1871. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a71220
23- Tietjen GE. Migraine as a systemic vasculopathy. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(9):987-996. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01937.x
24- Winsvold BS, Nelson CP, Malik R, et al. Genetic analysis for a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease. Neurol Genet. 2015;1(1):e10. Published 2015 Jul 2. doi:10.1212/NXG.0000000000000010
25- Winsvold BS, Bettella F, Witoelar A, et al. Shared genetic risk between migraine and coronary artery disease: A genome-wide analysis of common variants. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0185663. Published 2017 Sep 28. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185663
26- de Boer I, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM. Advance in genetics of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):413-421. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000687
27- de Boer I, Terwindt GM, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Genetics of migraine aura: an update. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):64. Published 2020 Jun 5. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2
28- Russell MB, Olesen J. Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine. BMJ. 1995;311(7004):541-544. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7004.541
29- Özge A. Chronic daily headache in the elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013; 17(12):382. doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0382-3
30- Mackey S, Greely HT, Martucci KT. Neuroimaging-based pain biomarkers: definitions, clinical and research applications, and evaluation frameworks to achieve personalized pain medicine. Pain Rep. 2019;4(4):e762. Published 2019 Aug 7. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000762
31- Vongvaivanich K, Lertakyamanee P, Silberstein SD, Dodick DW. Late-life migraine accompaniments: A narrative review. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):894-911. doi:10.1177/0333102414560635
32- Bigal ME, Arruda MA. Migraine in the pediatric population--evolving concepts. Headache. 2010;50(7):1130-1143. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01717.x
33- Haan J, Hollander J, Ferrari MD. Migraine in the elderly: a review. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27(2):97-106. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01250.x
34- Pelzer N, Louter MA, van Zwet EW, et al. Linking migraine frequency with family history of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(2):229-236. doi:10.1177/0333102418783295
35- Kaniecki RG. Basilar-type migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(3):217-220. doi:10.1007/s11916-009-0036-7
36- Grangeon L, Lange KS, Waliszewska-Prosół M, et al. Genetics of migraine: where are we now?. J Headache Pain. 2023;24(1):12. Published 2023 Feb 20. doi:10.1186/s10194-023-01547-8
37- Bolay H, Ozge A, Saginc P, et al. Gender influences headache characteristics with increasing age in migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(9):792-800. doi:10.1177/0333102414559735
38- Özge A, Uluduz D, Selekler M, et al. Gender differences in older adults with chronic migraine in Turkey. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(5):652-658. doi:10.1111/ggi.12314
39- Sacco S, Ornello R, Ripa P, et al. Migraine and risk of ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Neurol. 2015; 22(6):1001-1011. doi:10.1111/ene.12701
40- Tekgol Uzuner G, Yalın OO, Uluduz D, Ozge A, Uzuner N. Migraine and cardiovascular risk factors: A clinic-based study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;200: 106375. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106375
41- Lantz M, Sieurin J, Sjölander A, Waldenlind E, Sjöstrand C, Wirdefeldt K. Migraine and risk of stroke: a national population-based twin study. Brain. 2017; 140(10):2653-2662. doi:10.1093/brain/awx223
42- Kurth T, Kase CS, Schürks M, Tzourio C, Buring JE. Migraine and risk of haemorrhagic stroke in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c3659. Published 2010 Aug 24. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3659
43- Sacco S, Ricci S, Carolei A. Migraine and vascular diseases: a review of the evidence and potential implications for management. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(10):785-795. doi:10.1177/0333102412451361
44- Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2016;353:i3411. Published 2016 Jun 17. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3411
45- Wabnitz A, Bushnell C. Migraine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke during pregnancy: systematic review of the literature. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(2):132-139. doi:10.1177/0333102414554113
46- Schultz WM, Kelli HM, Lisko JC, et al. Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2166-2178. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652
47- Kim SJ, Park SM, Cho HJ, Park JW. Primary headaches increase the risk of dementias: An 8-year nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0273220. Published 2022 Aug 18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273220
48- Tsao CW, Seshadri S, Beiser AS, et al. Relations of arterial stiffness and endothelial function to brain aging in the community. Neurology. 2013;81(11):984-991. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a43e1c
49- Kurth T, Rist PM, Ridker PM, Kotler G, Bubes V, Buring JE. Association of Migraine With Aura and Other Risk Factors With Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2281-2289. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.7172
50- Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(8):795-801. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.795
51- MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2438-2445. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.488395
52- Eikermann-Haerter K. Spreading depolarization may link migraine and stroke. Headache. 2014;54(7):1146-1157. doi:10.1111/head.12386
53- Casucci G, Villani V, Cologno D, D'Onofrio F. Migraine and metabolism. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S81-S85. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1047-4
54- Monteith T, Gardener H, Rundek T, et al. Migraine, white matter hyperintensities, and subclinical brain infarction in a diverse community: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1830-1832. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005447
55- Gretchen E, Tietjen M. Migraine and ischaemic heart disease and stroke: Potential mechanisms and treatment implications. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(8):981-987. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01407.x
2- Acarsoy C, Fani L, Al-Hassany L, et al. Migraine and the risk of stroke in a middle-aged and elderly population: A prospective cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2023;43(1): 3331024221132008. doi:10.1177/03331024221132008
3- Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Associations between lipid levels and migraine: cross-sectional analysis in the epidemiology of vascular ageing study. Cephalalgia. 2011; 31(14):1459-1465. doi:10.1177/0333102411421682
4- Øie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, Dodick DW. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):593-604. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318254
5- Kurth T, Schürks M, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Migraine, vascular risk, and cardiovascular events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a636. Published 2008 Aug 7. doi:10.1136/bmj.a636
6- Magalhães JE, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Migraine and cerebrovascular diseases: Epidemiology, pathophysiological, and clinical considerations. Headache. 2018; 58(8):1277-1286. doi:10.1111/head.13378
7- Guidetti D, Rota E, Morelli N, Immovilli P. Migraine and stroke: "vascular" comorbidity. Front Neurol. 2014;5:193. Published 2014 Oct 8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00193
8- Murinova N, Krashin DL, Lucas S. Vascular risk in migraineurs: interaction of endothelial and cortical excitability factors. Headache. 2014;54(3):583-590. doi:10.1111/head.12304
9- Grossman M. Prognosis critical: Resilience and multiculturalism in Contemporary Australia. M/C Journal. 2013;16(5). doi:10.5204/mcj.699
10- Oyinlola O, Adebusoye LA, Cadmus EO, Afolayan OK. Determinants of happiness among older adults in Nigeria: A quantitative study protocol (preprint). Published online 2023. doi:10.2196/preprints.49566
11- Bally ELS, Cheng D, van Grieken A, et al. Patients' Perspectives Regarding Digital Health Technology to Support Self-management and Improve Integrated Stroke Care: Qualitative Interview Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e42556. Published 2023 Apr 4. doi:10.2196/42556
12- Gudmundsson LS, Scher AI, Aspelund T, et al. Migraine with aura and risk of cardiovascular and all cause mortality in men and women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c3966. Published 2010 Aug 24. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3966
13- Monteith TS, Gardener H, Rundek T, Elkind MS, Sacco RL. Migraine and risk of stroke in older adults: Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2015;85(8):715-721. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001854
14- Ibrahimi K, Rist PM, Carpenet C, et al. Vascular Risk Score and Associations With Past, Current, or Future Migraine in Women: Cohort Study [published online ahead of print, 2022 Aug 19]. Neurology. 2022;99(16):e1694-e1701. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201009
15- Benseñor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, Scazufca M. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with migraine among the elderly with a low income: the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH). Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):331-337. doi:10.1177/0333102410380754
16- Prencipe M, Casini AR, Ferretti C, et al. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: attack frequency, disability, and use of medication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(3):377-381. doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.3.377
17- Charles A. The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):174-182. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30435-0
18- Sutherland HG, Albury CL, Griffiths LR. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):72. Published 2019 Jun 21. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9
19- Vuralli D, Ayata C, Bolay H. Cognitive dysfunction and migraine. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):109. Published 2018 Nov 15. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0933-4
20- Vollesen AL, Benemei S, Cortese F, et al. Migraine and cluster headache - the common link. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):89. Published 2018 Sep 21. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0909-4
21- Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW. Advanced neuroimaging of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(6):560-568. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70107-3
22- Bigal ME, Kurth T, Hu H, Santanello N, Lipton RB. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms of interaction. Neurology. 2009;72(21):1864-1871. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a71220
23- Tietjen GE. Migraine as a systemic vasculopathy. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(9):987-996. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01937.x
24- Winsvold BS, Nelson CP, Malik R, et al. Genetic analysis for a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease. Neurol Genet. 2015;1(1):e10. Published 2015 Jul 2. doi:10.1212/NXG.0000000000000010
25- Winsvold BS, Bettella F, Witoelar A, et al. Shared genetic risk between migraine and coronary artery disease: A genome-wide analysis of common variants. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0185663. Published 2017 Sep 28. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185663
26- de Boer I, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM. Advance in genetics of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):413-421. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000687
27- de Boer I, Terwindt GM, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Genetics of migraine aura: an update. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):64. Published 2020 Jun 5. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2
28- Russell MB, Olesen J. Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine. BMJ. 1995;311(7004):541-544. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7004.541
29- Özge A. Chronic daily headache in the elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013; 17(12):382. doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0382-3
30- Mackey S, Greely HT, Martucci KT. Neuroimaging-based pain biomarkers: definitions, clinical and research applications, and evaluation frameworks to achieve personalized pain medicine. Pain Rep. 2019;4(4):e762. Published 2019 Aug 7. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000762
31- Vongvaivanich K, Lertakyamanee P, Silberstein SD, Dodick DW. Late-life migraine accompaniments: A narrative review. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):894-911. doi:10.1177/0333102414560635
32- Bigal ME, Arruda MA. Migraine in the pediatric population--evolving concepts. Headache. 2010;50(7):1130-1143. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01717.x
33- Haan J, Hollander J, Ferrari MD. Migraine in the elderly: a review. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27(2):97-106. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01250.x
34- Pelzer N, Louter MA, van Zwet EW, et al. Linking migraine frequency with family history of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(2):229-236. doi:10.1177/0333102418783295
35- Kaniecki RG. Basilar-type migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(3):217-220. doi:10.1007/s11916-009-0036-7
36- Grangeon L, Lange KS, Waliszewska-Prosół M, et al. Genetics of migraine: where are we now?. J Headache Pain. 2023;24(1):12. Published 2023 Feb 20. doi:10.1186/s10194-023-01547-8
37- Bolay H, Ozge A, Saginc P, et al. Gender influences headache characteristics with increasing age in migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(9):792-800. doi:10.1177/0333102414559735
38- Özge A, Uluduz D, Selekler M, et al. Gender differences in older adults with chronic migraine in Turkey. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(5):652-658. doi:10.1111/ggi.12314
39- Sacco S, Ornello R, Ripa P, et al. Migraine and risk of ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Neurol. 2015; 22(6):1001-1011. doi:10.1111/ene.12701
40- Tekgol Uzuner G, Yalın OO, Uluduz D, Ozge A, Uzuner N. Migraine and cardiovascular risk factors: A clinic-based study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;200: 106375. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106375
41- Lantz M, Sieurin J, Sjölander A, Waldenlind E, Sjöstrand C, Wirdefeldt K. Migraine and risk of stroke: a national population-based twin study. Brain. 2017; 140(10):2653-2662. doi:10.1093/brain/awx223
42- Kurth T, Kase CS, Schürks M, Tzourio C, Buring JE. Migraine and risk of haemorrhagic stroke in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c3659. Published 2010 Aug 24. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3659
43- Sacco S, Ricci S, Carolei A. Migraine and vascular diseases: a review of the evidence and potential implications for management. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(10):785-795. doi:10.1177/0333102412451361
44- Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2016;353:i3411. Published 2016 Jun 17. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3411
45- Wabnitz A, Bushnell C. Migraine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke during pregnancy: systematic review of the literature. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(2):132-139. doi:10.1177/0333102414554113
46- Schultz WM, Kelli HM, Lisko JC, et al. Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2166-2178. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652
47- Kim SJ, Park SM, Cho HJ, Park JW. Primary headaches increase the risk of dementias: An 8-year nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0273220. Published 2022 Aug 18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273220
48- Tsao CW, Seshadri S, Beiser AS, et al. Relations of arterial stiffness and endothelial function to brain aging in the community. Neurology. 2013;81(11):984-991. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a43e1c
49- Kurth T, Rist PM, Ridker PM, Kotler G, Bubes V, Buring JE. Association of Migraine With Aura and Other Risk Factors With Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2281-2289. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.7172
50- Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(8):795-801. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.795
51- MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2438-2445. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.488395
52- Eikermann-Haerter K. Spreading depolarization may link migraine and stroke. Headache. 2014;54(7):1146-1157. doi:10.1111/head.12386
53- Casucci G, Villani V, Cologno D, D'Onofrio F. Migraine and metabolism. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S81-S85. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1047-4
54- Monteith T, Gardener H, Rundek T, et al. Migraine, white matter hyperintensities, and subclinical brain infarction in a diverse community: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1830-1832. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005447
55- Gretchen E, Tietjen M. Migraine and ischaemic heart disease and stroke: Potential mechanisms and treatment implications. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(8):981-987. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01407.x