Breast Cancer: An Environmental Disease
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Feb 27, 2024
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a major health problem that is not adequately addressed through the current seek and destroy approach. It requires a systemic environmental approach – one that recognizes breast cancer as an environmental disease and therefore a disease that can be prevented by implementing changes to the environment.
Article Details
How to Cite
KAVANAUGH-LYNCH, Marion H. E.; JACKSON, Jalaia; RODRIGUEZ, Rosa.
Breast Cancer: An Environmental Disease.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4982>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i2.4982.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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34. Ba C, Pm C, Mb T. DDT and Breast Cancer: Prospective Study of Induction Time and Susceptibility Windows. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019;111(8). doi:10.1093/jnci/djy198
2. Globocan 2020. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/datafactsheets/cancers/39-All-cancers-fact-sheet.pdf
3. De Silva S, Tennekoon KH, Karunanayake EH. Overview of the genetic basis toward early detection of breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2019;11:71-80. doi:10.2147/BCTT.S185870
4. Haber G, Ahmed NU, Pekovic V. Family History of Cancer and Its Association with Breast Cancer Risk Perception and Repeat Mammography. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(12):2322-2329. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300786
5. Melchor L, Benítez J. The complex genetic landscape of familial breast cancer. Hum Genet. 2013;132(8):845-863. doi:10.1007/s00439-013-1299-y
6. King MC, Marks JH, Mandell JB. Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks Due to Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science. 2003;302(5645):643-646. doi:10.1126/science.1088759
7. Shulman L, Willett W, Sievers A, Knaul F. Breast Cancer in Developing Countries: Opportunities for Improved Survival. Journal of oncology. 2010;2010:595167. doi:10.1155/2010/595167
8. SEER*Explorer Application. Accessed August 28, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/application.html?site=55&data_type=1&graph_type=1&compareBy=race&chk_race_1=1&rate_type=2&sex=3&age_range=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_show_ci=on&hdn_view=0&advopt_show_apc=on&advopt_display=2
9. Liff JM, Sung JF, Chow WH, Greenberg RS, Flanders WD. Does increased detection account for the rising incidence of breast cancer? Am J Public Health. 1991;81(4):462-465. doi:10.2105/AJPH.81.4.462
10. Osuch JR, Silk K, Price C, et al. A Historical Perspective on Breast Cancer Activism in the United States: From Education and Support to Partnership in Scientific Research. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(3):355-362. doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2862
11. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, et al. Breast Cancer after Use of Estrogen plus Progestin in Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360(6):573-587. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807684
12. Banks E, Canfell K. Recent declines in breast cancer incidence: mounting evidence that reduced use of menopausal hormones is largely responsible. Breast Cancer Research. 2010;12(1):103. doi:10.1186/bcr2463
13. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. The Lancet. 2019;394(10204):1159-1168. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X
14. Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 2022;66:15-23. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010
15. Stanford JL, Herrinton LJ, Schwartz SM, Weiss NS. Breast cancer incidence in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Epidemiology. 1995;6(2):181-183. doi:10.1097/00001648-199503000-00017
16. John EM, Phipps AI, Davis A, Koo J. Migration History, Acculturation, and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic Women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2005;14(12):2905-2913. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0483
17. Frieden TR. A Framework for Public Health Action: The Health Impact Pyramid. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(4):590-595. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652
18. Hashemi, S. H. B., Karimi, S., & Mahboobi, H. Lifestyle changes for prevention of breast cancer. Electronic Physician, 2014;6(3), 894–905. https://doi.org/10.14661/2014.894-905
19. McDonald JA, Goyal A, Terry MB. Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. 2013;5(3):10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z. doi:10.1007/s12609-013-0114-z
20. Js K, J Q, Du E, A W. Awareness of breast cancer risk related to a positive family history and alcohol consumption among women aged 15-44 years in United States. Preventive medicine reports. 2019;17. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101029
21. Lynch BM, Neilson HK, Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2011;186:13-42. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04231-7_2
22. Chen MJ, Wu YYW, Yen MFA, et al. Body mass index and breast cancer: Analysis of a nation-wide population-based prospective cohort study on 1 393 985 Taiwanese women. Fertility and Sterility. 2014;102:e257. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.874
23. Schoemaker MJ, Nichols HB, Wright LB, et al. Association of Body Mass Index and Age with Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11):e181771. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1771
24. van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies on Height, Weight, and Breast Cancer Risk. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;152(6):514-527. doi:10.1093/aje/152.6.514
25. Breast cancer prevention: How to reduce your risk - Mayo Clinic. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676
26. Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? Accessed November 20, 2023. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html
27. Diamant A L, Babey SH and Wolstein J. Adolescent Physical Education and Physical Activity in California. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, 2011. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8hn72960/qt8hn72960.pdf
28. Km R, Jo U, Ra R, Jg B. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Environmental research. 2018;160. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.045
29. Reed CE, Fenton SE. Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol during Sensitive Life Stages: A legacy of heritable health effects. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2013;99(2):10.1002/bdrc.21035. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21035
30. Terry MB, Michels KB, Brody JG, et al. Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: a framework for prevention research. Breast Cancer Research. 2019;21(1):96. doi:10.1186/s13058-019-1168-2
31. Gammon MD, Santella RM, Neugut AI, et al. Environmental Toxins and Breast Cancer on Long Island. I. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon DNA Adducts1. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2002;11(8):677-685.
32. Cohn BA, Wolff MS, Cirillo PM, Sholtz RI. DDT and Breast Cancer in Young Women: New Data on the Significance of Age at Exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(10):1406-1414. doi:10.1289/ehp.10260
33. Ba C, M LM, Ny K, et al. DDT Exposure in Utero and Breast Cancer. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015;100(8). doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1841
34. Ba C, Pm C, Mb T. DDT and Breast Cancer: Prospective Study of Induction Time and Susceptibility Windows. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019;111(8). doi:10.1093/jnci/djy198