The Use of Plasma Volume Calculations to Manage Acute Heart Failure: History, Current Status, and Future Directions
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Jan 31, 2024
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Abstract
The use of calculated formulas for plasma volume based on hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) and other physiologic parameters is being increasingly used to gauge prognosis in patients with heart failure.
Many formulas exist, but they can be simplified into those which rely solely on H&H, and others which rely on H&H plus parameters such as weight and sex. The formulas that rely solely on H&H are the Strauss and Duarte formulas, while those which incorporate other parameters include the Hakim and Kaplan formulas.
There is now a large body of evidence that demonstrates these simple formulas can convey prognosis and may be valuable as a prospective measurement to guide therapy.
This review lays out the evidence for using plasma volume calculations in patients with heart failure and the benefits that can be derived from utilizing them in the management of heart failure.
Keywords:
Plasma Volume Calculations, Acute Heart Failure, Heart Failure
Article Details
How to Cite
BEGOS, Dennis G..
The Use of Plasma Volume Calculations to Manage Acute Heart Failure: History, Current Status, and Future Directions.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, jan. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5004>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i1.5004.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254-e743. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
3. Wideqvist M, Cui X, Magnusson C, Schaufelberger M, Fu M. Hospital readmissions of patients with heart failure from real world: timing and associated risk factors. ESC Heart Failure. 2021;8:1388-1397. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13221
4. Lawson C, Crothers H, Remsing S, Squire I, Zaccardi F, Davies M, Bernhardt L, Reeves K, Lilford R, Khunti K. Trends in 30-day readmissions following hospitalisation for heart failure by sex, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101008. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101008
5. Foroutan F, Rayner DG, Ross HJ, Ehler T, Srivastava A, Shin S, Malik A, Benipal H, Yu C, Lau THA, et al. Global Comparison of Readmission Rates for Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2023;82:430-444. doi: doi:10. 1016/j.jacc.2023.05.040
6. Khan MS, Sreenivasan J, Lateef N, Abougergi MS, Greene SJ, Ahmad T, Anker SD, Fonarow GC, Butler J. Trends in 30- and 90-Day Readmission Rates for Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2021;14. doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008335
7. Strauss MB, Davis RK, Rosenbaum JD, Rossmeisl EC. Water diuresis produced during recumbency by the intravenous infusion of isotonic saline solution. J Clin Invest. 1951; 30:862-868. doi: 10.1172/JCI102501
8. Ismail N, Neyra, R, Hakim, RM. Plasmapheresis. In: John T. Daugirdas PGB, Todd S. Ing ed. Handbook of Dialysis. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001:231-262.
9. Kaplan AA. A simple and accurate method for prescribing plasma exchange. ASAIO Trans. 1990;36:M597-599.
10. Duarte K, Monnez JM, Albuisson E, Pitt B, Zannad F, Rossignol P. Prognostic Value of Estimated Plasma Volume in Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:886-893. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.06.014
11. Ling HZ, Flint J, Damgaard M, Bonfils PK, Cheng AS, Aggarwal S, Velmurugan S, Mendonca M, Rashid M, Kang S, et al. Calculated plasma volume status and prognosis in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:35-43. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.193
12. Bilchick KC, Chishinga N, Parker AM, Zhuo DX, Rosner MH, Smith LA, Mwansa H, Blackwell JN, McCullough PA, Mazimba S. Plasma Volume and Renal Function Predict Six-Month Survival after Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2017;8:61-70. doi: 10.1159/ 000481149
13. Balderston JR, Shah KB, Paciulli SC, Gertz ZM. Usefulness of Estimated Plasma Volume at Postdischarge Follow-Up to Predict Recurrent Events in Patients With Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1191-1194. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.057
14. Huang CY, Lin TT, Wu YF, Chiang FT, Wu CK. Long-term Prognostic Value of Estimated Plasma Volume in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Scientific reports. 2019;9:14369. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50427-2
15. Kobayashi M, Rossignol P, Ferreira JP, Aragao I, Paku Y, Iwasaki Y, Watanabe M, Fudim M, Duarte K, Zannad F, et al. Prognostic value of estimated plasma volume in acute heart failure in three cohort studies. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108:549-561. doi: 10.1007/s00392-018-1385-1
16. Tamaki S, Yamada T, Morita T, Furukawa Y, Iwasaki Y, Kawasaki M, Kikuchi A, Kawai T, Seo M, Abe M, et al. Prognostic Value of Calculated Plasma Volume Status in Patients Admitted for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure- A Prospective Comparative Study With Other Indices of Plasma Volume. Circ Rep. 2019;1:361-371. doi: 10.1253/circrep. CR-19-0039
17. Grodin JL, Philips S, Mullens W, Nijst P, Martens P, Fang JC, Drazner MH, Tang WHW, Pandey A. Prognostic implications of plasma volume status estimates in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from TOPCAT. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21:634-642. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1407
18. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Assmann SF, Boineau R, Anand IS, Clausell N, Desai AS, Diaz R, Fleg JL, Gordeev I, et al. Regional Variation in Patients and Outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) Trial. Circulation. 2015;131:34-42. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013255
19. Kobayashi M, Girerd N, Duarte K, Preud'homme G, Pitt B, Rossignol P. Prognostic impact of plasma volume estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01639-4
20. Lin Y, Xue Y, Liu J, Wang X, Wei L, Bai L, Ma A. Prognostic value of estimated plasma volume in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. J Investig Med. 2020. doi: 10.1136/ jim-2020-001538
21. Kobayashi M, Douair A, Coiro S, Giacomin G, Bassand A, Jaeger D, Duarte K, Huttin O, Zannad F, Rossignol P, et al. A Combination of Chest Radiography and Estimated Plasma Volume May Predict In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:752915. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.752915
22. Swolinsky JS, Tuvshinbat E, Leistner DM, Edelmann F, Knebel F, Nerger NP, Lemke C, Roehle R, Haase M, Costanzo MR, et al. Discordance between estimated and measured changes in plasma volume among patients with acute heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2021;n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13739
23. Begos D, Milojkovic B. Letter to the editor regarding ‘Discordance between estimated and measured changes in plasma volume among patients with acute heart failure’. ESC Heart Failure. 2022;n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13874
24. Cuthbert JJ, Pellicori P, Rigby AS, Abel AAI, Kalvickbacka-Bennet A, Shah P, Kearsley JW, Kazmi S, Cleland JGF, Clark AL. Are non-invasive estimations of plasma volume an accurate measure of congestion in patients with chronic heart failure? Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022. doi: 10.1093/ ehjqcco/qcac035
25. Leahova-Cerchez X, Berthelot E, Genet B, Hanon O, Jourdain P. Estimation of the plasma volume status of elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure using bedside clinical, biological, and ultrasound parameters. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45:379-385. doi: 10.1002/clc.23791
26. Soetjoadi H, Friska D, Siswanto BB, Muliawan HS. Impact of Estimated Plasma Volume Status on Mortality in Right Heart Failure Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Indonesia. Glob Heart. 2022;17:60. doi: 10.5334/gh.1136
27. Çetin Güvenç R, Güvenç TS, Akıl MA, Bekar L, Vural MG, Yılmaz MB. Estimated plasma volume is not a robust indicator of the severity of congestion in patients with heart failure. Am J Med Sci. 2023;366:374-382. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2023.08.008
28. Chen X, Lin G, Dai C, Xu K. Effect of estimated plasma volume status and left atrial diameter on prognosis of patients with acute heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10: 1069864. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1069864
29. Nogi K, Ueda T, Nakamura T, Nogi M, Ishihara S, Nakada Y, Hashimoto Y, Nakagawa H, Nishida T, Seno A, et al. New Classification for the Combined Assessment of the Fractional Excretion of Urea Nitrogen and Estimated Plasma Volume Status in Acute Heart Failure. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023;12. doi: 10.1161/jaha.122. 025596
30. Wu Y, Tian P, Liang L, Chen Y, Feng J, Huang B, Huang L, Zhao X, Wang J, Guan J, et al. Estimated plasma volume status adds prognostic value to hemodynamic parameters in advanced heart failure. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18:2281-2291. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023 -03422-5
31. Rao M. Bedside Prognostication in Decompensated Heart Failure: No “Easy Button”. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023;12. doi: 10.1161/jaha.122. 028500
32. Jankowska EA, Andersson T, Kaiser‐Albers C, Bozkurt B, Chioncel O, Coats AJS, Hill L, Koehler F, Lund LH, Mcdonagh T, et al. Optimizing outcomes in heart failure: 2022 and beyond. ESC Heart Failure. 2023. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14363
33. News P. Nova blood gas analysers add important new test – estimated plasma volume. Clinical Laboratory International. 2020.
34. Miller WL, Grill DE, Mullan BP. Differences in red blood cell mass profiles impact intravascular volume and outcome risk in chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2023;10:1270-1279. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14309
35. Yogeswaran A, Richter MJ, Husain-Syed F, Rako Z, Sommer N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Ghofrani HA, Gall H, Tello K. Estimated plasma volume status: association with congestion, cardiorenal syndrome and prognosis in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1161041. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1161041
36. Sternberg ME, Grinnan D, Gertz ZM. Utility of plasma volume status in ambulatory patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ. 2022;12:e12045. doi: 10.1002/pul2.12045
37. Miyoshi T. Estimated plasma volume status as a prognostic marker in patients with lower extremity artery disease. Hypertension Research. 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41440-023-01383-y
38. Kurokawa T, Otaki Y, Takahashi H, Watanabe T, Shikama T, Tamura H, Kato S, Nishiyama S, Arimoto T, Watanabe M. Impact of estimated plasma volume status on clinical outcomes in patients with lower extremity artery disease who underwent endovascular therapy. Hypertens Res. 2023;46:2005-2015. doi: 10.1038/s41440-023-01315-w
39. Krečak I, Nižetić K, Čeko M, Skelin M, Lucijanić M. Higher estimated plasma volume status may be associated with an inferior survival in patients with pulmonary embolism. Int J Lab Hematol. 2023;45:e32-e35. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.13982
40. Shimura T, Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi R, Adachi Y, Sago M, Tsunaki T, Kagase A, Koyama Y, Otsuka T, Yashima F, et al. Calculated plasma volume status and outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. ESC Heart Fail. 2021. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13270
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2. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254-e743. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
3. Wideqvist M, Cui X, Magnusson C, Schaufelberger M, Fu M. Hospital readmissions of patients with heart failure from real world: timing and associated risk factors. ESC Heart Failure. 2021;8:1388-1397. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13221
4. Lawson C, Crothers H, Remsing S, Squire I, Zaccardi F, Davies M, Bernhardt L, Reeves K, Lilford R, Khunti K. Trends in 30-day readmissions following hospitalisation for heart failure by sex, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101008. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101008
5. Foroutan F, Rayner DG, Ross HJ, Ehler T, Srivastava A, Shin S, Malik A, Benipal H, Yu C, Lau THA, et al. Global Comparison of Readmission Rates for Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2023;82:430-444. doi: doi:10. 1016/j.jacc.2023.05.040
6. Khan MS, Sreenivasan J, Lateef N, Abougergi MS, Greene SJ, Ahmad T, Anker SD, Fonarow GC, Butler J. Trends in 30- and 90-Day Readmission Rates for Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2021;14. doi: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008335
7. Strauss MB, Davis RK, Rosenbaum JD, Rossmeisl EC. Water diuresis produced during recumbency by the intravenous infusion of isotonic saline solution. J Clin Invest. 1951; 30:862-868. doi: 10.1172/JCI102501
8. Ismail N, Neyra, R, Hakim, RM. Plasmapheresis. In: John T. Daugirdas PGB, Todd S. Ing ed. Handbook of Dialysis. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001:231-262.
9. Kaplan AA. A simple and accurate method for prescribing plasma exchange. ASAIO Trans. 1990;36:M597-599.
10. Duarte K, Monnez JM, Albuisson E, Pitt B, Zannad F, Rossignol P. Prognostic Value of Estimated Plasma Volume in Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:886-893. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.06.014
11. Ling HZ, Flint J, Damgaard M, Bonfils PK, Cheng AS, Aggarwal S, Velmurugan S, Mendonca M, Rashid M, Kang S, et al. Calculated plasma volume status and prognosis in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:35-43. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.193
12. Bilchick KC, Chishinga N, Parker AM, Zhuo DX, Rosner MH, Smith LA, Mwansa H, Blackwell JN, McCullough PA, Mazimba S. Plasma Volume and Renal Function Predict Six-Month Survival after Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2017;8:61-70. doi: 10.1159/ 000481149
13. Balderston JR, Shah KB, Paciulli SC, Gertz ZM. Usefulness of Estimated Plasma Volume at Postdischarge Follow-Up to Predict Recurrent Events in Patients With Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1191-1194. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.057
14. Huang CY, Lin TT, Wu YF, Chiang FT, Wu CK. Long-term Prognostic Value of Estimated Plasma Volume in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Scientific reports. 2019;9:14369. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50427-2
15. Kobayashi M, Rossignol P, Ferreira JP, Aragao I, Paku Y, Iwasaki Y, Watanabe M, Fudim M, Duarte K, Zannad F, et al. Prognostic value of estimated plasma volume in acute heart failure in three cohort studies. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108:549-561. doi: 10.1007/s00392-018-1385-1
16. Tamaki S, Yamada T, Morita T, Furukawa Y, Iwasaki Y, Kawasaki M, Kikuchi A, Kawai T, Seo M, Abe M, et al. Prognostic Value of Calculated Plasma Volume Status in Patients Admitted for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure- A Prospective Comparative Study With Other Indices of Plasma Volume. Circ Rep. 2019;1:361-371. doi: 10.1253/circrep. CR-19-0039
17. Grodin JL, Philips S, Mullens W, Nijst P, Martens P, Fang JC, Drazner MH, Tang WHW, Pandey A. Prognostic implications of plasma volume status estimates in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from TOPCAT. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21:634-642. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1407
18. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Assmann SF, Boineau R, Anand IS, Clausell N, Desai AS, Diaz R, Fleg JL, Gordeev I, et al. Regional Variation in Patients and Outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) Trial. Circulation. 2015;131:34-42. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013255
19. Kobayashi M, Girerd N, Duarte K, Preud'homme G, Pitt B, Rossignol P. Prognostic impact of plasma volume estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01639-4
20. Lin Y, Xue Y, Liu J, Wang X, Wei L, Bai L, Ma A. Prognostic value of estimated plasma volume in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. J Investig Med. 2020. doi: 10.1136/ jim-2020-001538
21. Kobayashi M, Douair A, Coiro S, Giacomin G, Bassand A, Jaeger D, Duarte K, Huttin O, Zannad F, Rossignol P, et al. A Combination of Chest Radiography and Estimated Plasma Volume May Predict In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:752915. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.752915
22. Swolinsky JS, Tuvshinbat E, Leistner DM, Edelmann F, Knebel F, Nerger NP, Lemke C, Roehle R, Haase M, Costanzo MR, et al. Discordance between estimated and measured changes in plasma volume among patients with acute heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2021;n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13739
23. Begos D, Milojkovic B. Letter to the editor regarding ‘Discordance between estimated and measured changes in plasma volume among patients with acute heart failure’. ESC Heart Failure. 2022;n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13874
24. Cuthbert JJ, Pellicori P, Rigby AS, Abel AAI, Kalvickbacka-Bennet A, Shah P, Kearsley JW, Kazmi S, Cleland JGF, Clark AL. Are non-invasive estimations of plasma volume an accurate measure of congestion in patients with chronic heart failure? Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022. doi: 10.1093/ ehjqcco/qcac035
25. Leahova-Cerchez X, Berthelot E, Genet B, Hanon O, Jourdain P. Estimation of the plasma volume status of elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure using bedside clinical, biological, and ultrasound parameters. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45:379-385. doi: 10.1002/clc.23791
26. Soetjoadi H, Friska D, Siswanto BB, Muliawan HS. Impact of Estimated Plasma Volume Status on Mortality in Right Heart Failure Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Indonesia. Glob Heart. 2022;17:60. doi: 10.5334/gh.1136
27. Çetin Güvenç R, Güvenç TS, Akıl MA, Bekar L, Vural MG, Yılmaz MB. Estimated plasma volume is not a robust indicator of the severity of congestion in patients with heart failure. Am J Med Sci. 2023;366:374-382. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2023.08.008
28. Chen X, Lin G, Dai C, Xu K. Effect of estimated plasma volume status and left atrial diameter on prognosis of patients with acute heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10: 1069864. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1069864
29. Nogi K, Ueda T, Nakamura T, Nogi M, Ishihara S, Nakada Y, Hashimoto Y, Nakagawa H, Nishida T, Seno A, et al. New Classification for the Combined Assessment of the Fractional Excretion of Urea Nitrogen and Estimated Plasma Volume Status in Acute Heart Failure. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023;12. doi: 10.1161/jaha.122. 025596
30. Wu Y, Tian P, Liang L, Chen Y, Feng J, Huang B, Huang L, Zhao X, Wang J, Guan J, et al. Estimated plasma volume status adds prognostic value to hemodynamic parameters in advanced heart failure. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18:2281-2291. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023 -03422-5
31. Rao M. Bedside Prognostication in Decompensated Heart Failure: No “Easy Button”. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023;12. doi: 10.1161/jaha.122. 028500
32. Jankowska EA, Andersson T, Kaiser‐Albers C, Bozkurt B, Chioncel O, Coats AJS, Hill L, Koehler F, Lund LH, Mcdonagh T, et al. Optimizing outcomes in heart failure: 2022 and beyond. ESC Heart Failure. 2023. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14363
33. News P. Nova blood gas analysers add important new test – estimated plasma volume. Clinical Laboratory International. 2020.
34. Miller WL, Grill DE, Mullan BP. Differences in red blood cell mass profiles impact intravascular volume and outcome risk in chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2023;10:1270-1279. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14309
35. Yogeswaran A, Richter MJ, Husain-Syed F, Rako Z, Sommer N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Ghofrani HA, Gall H, Tello K. Estimated plasma volume status: association with congestion, cardiorenal syndrome and prognosis in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1161041. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1161041
36. Sternberg ME, Grinnan D, Gertz ZM. Utility of plasma volume status in ambulatory patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ. 2022;12:e12045. doi: 10.1002/pul2.12045
37. Miyoshi T. Estimated plasma volume status as a prognostic marker in patients with lower extremity artery disease. Hypertension Research. 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41440-023-01383-y
38. Kurokawa T, Otaki Y, Takahashi H, Watanabe T, Shikama T, Tamura H, Kato S, Nishiyama S, Arimoto T, Watanabe M. Impact of estimated plasma volume status on clinical outcomes in patients with lower extremity artery disease who underwent endovascular therapy. Hypertens Res. 2023;46:2005-2015. doi: 10.1038/s41440-023-01315-w
39. Krečak I, Nižetić K, Čeko M, Skelin M, Lucijanić M. Higher estimated plasma volume status may be associated with an inferior survival in patients with pulmonary embolism. Int J Lab Hematol. 2023;45:e32-e35. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.13982
40. Shimura T, Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi R, Adachi Y, Sago M, Tsunaki T, Kagase A, Koyama Y, Otsuka T, Yashima F, et al. Calculated plasma volume status and outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. ESC Heart Fail. 2021. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13270
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