TUBERCULOSIS IS A LOOMING NEXT PANDEMY
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Feb 27, 2024
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Abstract
Tuberculosis kills today one person in 14 seconds in India and one in 12 seconds worldwide, i.e. about 4000 people every day, worldwide. The victims are largely invisible because they are confined in sanatoria and do not encumber regular hospitals, as did the coronavirus pandemy of 2020.
The coronavirus pandemy has put in glaring light the fragility of the elder, the minorities and the health agents exposed, as does TB. It also generated heathed discussions about drugs, vaccines, pathology, diagnosis and prognosis. The virus also causes significant immunological changes in the infected. It is a catastrophe but also the end-result of a predicted and foreseen tragedy: the destruction of our health systems and the deval- uation of the idea of Public Health. The mayhem of coronavirus may repeat itself with the foreseen rise of tuberculosis, whose characteristics resemble much those of the coronavirus. This bacterium is currently neglected but may, precisely because of this corona pandemy, expand again.
Keywords:
BCG (bacille Calmette=Guérin), M. vaccae, Tuberculosis, mycobacteria, immune supression
Article Details
How to Cite
MAES, Roland.
TUBERCULOSIS IS A LOOMING NEXT PANDEMY.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5036>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i2.5036.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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9. Pariskh DA, Maniar JK, Dharne LL, Ganapati R. Association of leprosy and tuberculosis. J. Assoc. Physicians India 1987; 35: 131-133.
10. Muliyil J. et al.: Effect of BCG on the risk of leprosy in an endemic area: a case-control study. Int. J. Leprosy. 59, 1991: 229-236.
11. Bagshawe A et al.: BCG vaccination in leprosy: final results of the trial in Karimui, Papua New Guinea, 1963-79. WHO Bulletin OMS. 67, 1989: 389-399.
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26. C. Delacourt, J. Gobin, J.L. Gaillard, J.de Blic, M. Veron, P. Scheinman. Value of ELISA using antigen A60 for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Chest. 104, 393-398 (1993).
27. S. Rota, U. Beyazova, T. Karsligil, C. Cevheroglu. Humoral immune response against antigen 60 in BCG vaccinated infants. Eur J Epidemio. 10, 713-718 (1994).
28. Tuberculosis - diagnosis. 2.Serologic tests - standards. 3.Guidelines. World Health Organization (2011). ISBN 978 92 4 150205 4
29. S. Khalilzadeh, S. Yazdanpanah. Sero diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using A60 antigens. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 5(11), 200 (2001).
30. K.R. Steingart, L.L. Flores, N. Dendukuri, I. Schiller, S. Laal et al. Commercial Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med. 8(8), (2011). e1001062. Epub 2011, August 9.
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34. Rufai SB, Kumar P, Singh A, Prajapati S, Balooni V, Singh S, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with line probe assay for detection of rifampin-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52:1846-52.
35. Rufai SB, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh J, Singh S. Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis by use of pleural fluid samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53:3636‑8.
36. Rufai SB, Singh S, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh J, Vishal A, et al.Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF on ascitic fluid samples for detection of abdominal tuberculosis. J Lab Physicians 2017; 9:47-52.
37. J-D. Federlin, D. Maes, R. Maes. Aspidosperma subincanum I. Characterisation, extraction of an uleine-enriched fraction and potential health hazard due to the contaminant ellipticine. Rev Bras. Farmacogn. 24, 293-297 (2014).
38. D. Maes, R. Maes. Aspidosperma subincanum II. Usefulness of uleine and ribonucleic fragments in the treatment of AIDS patients. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 25, 42-46 (2015).
39. M.A. De Groote, F.C. Fang. NO inhibitions: antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide. Clin Inf Dis. 21 (2), 162-165 (1995).
40. G. Schoendon, M. Schneemann, R. Walter, N. Blau, S. Hofer, A. Schaffner. Nitric oxide and infection: another view. Clin Inf Dis. 21(2) 152-157 (1995).
41. W. M. Souza, F. Brehmer, L. S. Nakao, A. E. M. Stinghen, C.A. M. Santos. Ação da uleína sobre a produção de óxido nítrico em células RAEC e B16F10. Uleine effect on the production of nitric oxide in RAEC and B16F10 cells. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 17 (2) João Pessoa (Apr/June 2007) doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2007000200010.
42. Durban Immunotherapy Trial group. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 354 (9173) 116-119 (1999).
43. L. Shui-Hua. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine to multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Abstract book 30th IUATLD World Conference on Lung Health. Madrid Spain 14-18 September. S82 Poster 331-PS (1999).
44. L.R. Mingote, D. Nabutamba, F. Apina, N. Barnabas, C. Contreras, T. Elnour et al.: The use of Bedaquinine in regimens to treat drug-resistant and drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Lancet, 385, 477-479 (2015).
2. Ferru M. La faillite du BCG. Témoignages d’hier et d' aujourd'hui. Chronique d'une faillite annoncée. France 95210 Saint Gratien, B.P. 7: Ferru. 2d edition 1995.
3. Grosset J. La tuberculose en France : état des lieux. Impact Médecin Quotidien. 1994 : jeudi 17 Novembre.
4. Cornwall J. Tuberculosis: a clinical problem of international importance. Lancet. 1997 Aug. 30; 350(9078): 660-1.
5. Quiquandon H. Douze balles pour un veto. Ed. Agriculture et vie. 1978. Tome II page 18.
6. Lignières J. : Contribution à l'étude des qualités pathogènes du vaccin BCG contre la tuberculose. Bull. Acad. Méd. 1927. Cited in Ferru M. La faillite du BCG. Témoignages d’hier et d'aujourd'hui. France 95210 Saint Gratien BP 7 eds: Ferru, 1995.
7. Comstock G. The international Tuberculosis Campaign: a Pioneering Venture in Mass Vaccination and Research. Clin. Inf. Dis. 1994; 19: 528-540.
8. Wade HW.: BCG-induced activations. Int. J. Leprosy. 28, 1960: 179-181.
9. Pariskh DA, Maniar JK, Dharne LL, Ganapati R. Association of leprosy and tuberculosis. J. Assoc. Physicians India 1987; 35: 131-133.
10. Muliyil J. et al.: Effect of BCG on the risk of leprosy in an endemic area: a case-control study. Int. J. Leprosy. 59, 1991: 229-236.
11. Bagshawe A et al.: BCG vaccination in leprosy: final results of the trial in Karimui, Papua New Guinea, 1963-79. WHO Bulletin OMS. 67, 1989: 389-399.
12. Nguyen Van Thuc et al.: Protective effect of BCG against leprosy and its subtypes: a case-control study in Southern Vietnam. Int. J. Leprosy. 62, 1994: 532-538.
13. Tripathy S.P.: Fifteen years follow up of the Indian BCG prevention trial. XXVth World Conference of the International Union against TB, Singapore 1986. Results analyzed in P.O. Davies: Clinical Tuberculosis, Chapman and Hall medical, 1994.
14. Sousa AO, Salem JL., Lee FK., Vercosa MC., Cruaud P., Bloom BR.et al.: An epidemic of tuberculosis with a high rate of tuberculin anergy among a population previously unexposed to tuberculosis, the Yanomami Indians of the Brazilian Amazon. P.N.A.S. USA. 94(24), 1997: 13227- 13232.
15. Baghaie N., Masjedi M., Velayati A.: Accuracy of BCG vaccination in prevention of tuberculous meningitis. 413-PD. Absract book 30th IUATLD World Conference on Lung Health. Madrid, Spain, 14-18 september 1999.
16. Bugiani M., Arossa W., Cavellero M., Caria E., Carosso A., Piccioni P.: Tuberculin reactivity in BCG-vaccinated subjects. 118-PD. Abstract book 30th IUATLD World Conference on Lung Health. Madrid, Spain, 14-18 September 1999.
17. Larsson L.O., Magnusson M, Skoogh BE, Lind A.: Sensitivity to sensitins and tuberculin in Swedish children. IV. The influence of BCG-vaccination. Eur Respir J. 5, 1992: 584-586.
18. Romanus V., Fasth V., Tordai P., Wiholm BE.: Adverse reactions in healthy and immunocompromised children under six years of age vaccinated with the Danish BCG vaccine, strain Copenhagen 1331: implications for the vaccination policy in Sweden. Acta Paediatr. 82, 1993: 1043-1052.
19. Nardell E.A. Beyond four drugs. Public health policy and the treatment of individual patients with Tuberculosis. Am. Rev.Res. Disease 1993,148: 2=5.
20.R. Maes, J.P. Homasson, M. Kubin, M. Bayer. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the serodiagnostic of tuberculosis and mycobacterioses. Med. Microbiol. Immunol.; 178, 323-335 (1989).
21. Mandler F. Valutazione del valore predittivo del test sierologico in elisa A60 (TB-test) nelle diagnosi clinica di affezioni tubercolari. The Eurospital J. 5-14 (1991).
22. C. Wirrmann. Public health application of a serological test for tuberculosis: study of the incidence of unapparent infections among employees of an Alsatian supermarket. Eur J Epidemiol. 6, 304-308 (1990).
23. R. Patel, G.D. Roberts, M.R. Keating, C.V. Paya. Infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria in kidney, heart, and liver transplant recipients. Clin Inf Dis. 19, 263-274 (1994).
24. J. Kaustova. Serological IgG, IgM and IgA diagnosis and prognosis of mycobacterial diseases in routine practice. Eur J Med Res.1, 393-403 (1995).
25. J.C. Graham, D.A. Tweddle, D.R. Jenkins, C. Pollitt, S.J. Pedler. Non-Tuberculous mycobacterial infection in children with cancer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect. Dis. 17, 394-397 (1998).
26. C. Delacourt, J. Gobin, J.L. Gaillard, J.de Blic, M. Veron, P. Scheinman. Value of ELISA using antigen A60 for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Chest. 104, 393-398 (1993).
27. S. Rota, U. Beyazova, T. Karsligil, C. Cevheroglu. Humoral immune response against antigen 60 in BCG vaccinated infants. Eur J Epidemio. 10, 713-718 (1994).
28. Tuberculosis - diagnosis. 2.Serologic tests - standards. 3.Guidelines. World Health Organization (2011). ISBN 978 92 4 150205 4
29. S. Khalilzadeh, S. Yazdanpanah. Sero diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using A60 antigens. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 5(11), 200 (2001).
30. K.R. Steingart, L.L. Flores, N. Dendukuri, I. Schiller, S. Laal et al. Commercial Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med. 8(8), (2011). e1001062. Epub 2011, August 9.
31. Goodman SN. Toward evidence-based medical statistics 1: The P value fallacy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:995-1004.
32. American Statistical Association. American Statistical Association Releases Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values: Provides Principles to Improve the Conduct and Interpretation of Quantitative Science; 2016.
33. American Statistical Association. Misuse of statistics for policy decisions. Nature 2016; 531:151.
34. Rufai SB, Kumar P, Singh A, Prajapati S, Balooni V, Singh S, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with line probe assay for detection of rifampin-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52:1846-52.
35. Rufai SB, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh J, Singh S. Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis by use of pleural fluid samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53:3636‑8.
36. Rufai SB, Singh S, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh J, Vishal A, et al.Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF on ascitic fluid samples for detection of abdominal tuberculosis. J Lab Physicians 2017; 9:47-52.
37. J-D. Federlin, D. Maes, R. Maes. Aspidosperma subincanum I. Characterisation, extraction of an uleine-enriched fraction and potential health hazard due to the contaminant ellipticine. Rev Bras. Farmacogn. 24, 293-297 (2014).
38. D. Maes, R. Maes. Aspidosperma subincanum II. Usefulness of uleine and ribonucleic fragments in the treatment of AIDS patients. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 25, 42-46 (2015).
39. M.A. De Groote, F.C. Fang. NO inhibitions: antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide. Clin Inf Dis. 21 (2), 162-165 (1995).
40. G. Schoendon, M. Schneemann, R. Walter, N. Blau, S. Hofer, A. Schaffner. Nitric oxide and infection: another view. Clin Inf Dis. 21(2) 152-157 (1995).
41. W. M. Souza, F. Brehmer, L. S. Nakao, A. E. M. Stinghen, C.A. M. Santos. Ação da uleína sobre a produção de óxido nítrico em células RAEC e B16F10. Uleine effect on the production of nitric oxide in RAEC and B16F10 cells. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 17 (2) João Pessoa (Apr/June 2007) doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2007000200010.
42. Durban Immunotherapy Trial group. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 354 (9173) 116-119 (1999).
43. L. Shui-Hua. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine to multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Abstract book 30th IUATLD World Conference on Lung Health. Madrid Spain 14-18 September. S82 Poster 331-PS (1999).
44. L.R. Mingote, D. Nabutamba, F. Apina, N. Barnabas, C. Contreras, T. Elnour et al.: The use of Bedaquinine in regimens to treat drug-resistant and drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Lancet, 385, 477-479 (2015).