Understanding Psoriasis as a Biobehavioral Network Disease
Article Sidebar
Published
Feb 29, 2024
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Submit your own article
Register as an author to reserve your spot in the next issue of the Medical Research Archives.
Author RegistrationJoin the Society
The European Society of Medicine is more than a professional association. We are a community. Our members work in countries across the globe, yet are united by a common goal: to promote health and health equity, around the world.
Join Europe’s leading medical society and discover the many advantages of membership, including free article publication.
MembershipMain Article Content
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease that can often be associated with psychiatric problems such as depression and anxiety. Although psychiatric disorders were initially considered secondary, the high prevalence suggests that common pathophysiological mechanisms may be involved in the development of psoriasis and psychiatric disorders. The shared neuroendocrine and immune mediators weave a web of networks with bidirectional pathways. Biopsychosocial patterns of psoriasis include psychological and behavioral consequences influencing personal social networks, psychological dispositions, and brain-skin psychoimmunological network patterns, which sums in a network of networks. The pathodynamics of other organ diseases like diabetes, liver diseases, internal organ tumors, and latent long-term inflammatory processes (chronic tonsillitis, prostatitis, abscesses and inflammations in the gums, chronic sinusitis) influence psoriasis. Vice versa, psoriasis might cause a pathological impact on other organ systems via networked connections, like arthritis or psychological dispositions. Treatment of psoriasis needs networking through the cooperation of dermatology, rheumatology, and psychiatry and by combining different therapies.
Keywords:
Psoriasis, neuro-immuno-cutaneous system, sychodermatological disorders, bio-psycho-social approach, network medicine, network of networks, “-omics” of psoriasis
Article Details
How to Cite
LÁZÁR, Imre.
Understanding Psoriasis as a Biobehavioral Network Disease.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5170>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i2.5170.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Koo JYM, Lee CS. General approach to evaluating psychodermatological disorders. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003 1–29.
2. Lázár I. Klinikai pszichoimmunológia (Clinical Psychoimmunology) In: Buda, B; Kopp, M; Nagy, E. (szerk.) Magatartástudományok (Behavioral Sciences) 2001 pp. 549 - 594. Budapest,
3. Farber EM, Lanigan SW, Rein G. The role of psychoneuroimmunology in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Cutis. 1990;46:314–316.
4. Laihinen A. Psychosomatic aspects in dermatoses. Ann Clin Res. 1987;19:147–149.
5. Ginsburg IH. The psychosocial impact of skin disease: an overview. Dermatol Clin. 1996;14:473–484.
6. Tausk F, Whitmore SE. A pilot study of hypnosis in the treatment of patients with psoriasis. Psychother Psychosom. 1999;68:221–225.
7. Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Habermann HF. Psoriasis and psychiatry: an update. Gen. Hosp Psychiatry. 1987;9:157–166.
8. Loscalzo J, Barabási AL, Silverman EK. Network Medicine (2017) eds. Cambridge, Massachusets, London, England Harvard University Press
9. Lázár I. The Network Paradigm: New Niches for Psychosomatic Medicine, in I. Jáuregui-Lobera (ed.): Psychosomatic Medicine IntechOpen, 2020;1–26
10. Cannon, W. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company
11. Selye J. A syndrome produced by different nocuous agents Nature 1938, 32
12. Alexander F. Psychosomatic Medicine, New York, W W Norton & Co., 1950 (1965).
13. Wild, CP. The exposome: from concept to utility. Int J. Epidemiol 2012;41 (1) 24:32,
14. Lázár I, Tóth G. A Hungarostudy 2021 kutatás eredményei hálózati megközelítésben (The results of Hungarostudy 2021 reseach in a network approach) In: Engler, Á; Purebl, Gy.; Susánszky, É.; Székely, A. (szerk.) Magyar Lelkiállapot 2021. Család- egészség - közösség : Hungarostudy 2021 tanulmányok 2022; Budapest, Kopp Mária Intézet a Népesedésért és a Családokért, Budapest, pp. 543 - 565.
15. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B, Szyf M, Turecki G, Meaney MJ. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 2009;12(3):342-348.
16. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245–58.
17. Miller, A, Raison, C. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol 2016;16, 22–34
18. Duarte, N. C. et al. Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2007;104(6), 1777–1782
19. Haroon, F. et al. Gp130-Dependent Astrocytic Survival Is Critical for the Control of Autoimmune Central Nervous System Inflammation, Journal of Immunology, 2011;186(11), 6521–6531.
20. Fishman, D. et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemiconset juvenile chronic arthritis, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1998; 102(7), 1369–1376
21. Cole, SW. et al. Computational identification of gene-social environment interaction at the human IL6 locus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010;107, 5681–5686.
22. Chen, T. et al. Cross-talks of sensory transcription networks in response to various environmental stresses, Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, 2009;1(1), 46–54
23. Miller, GE, Rohleder, N, Cole, SW. Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later, Psychosomatic Medicine, 2009;71(1), 57–62.
24. Slavich GM, Mengelkoch S., Cole SW. Human social genomics: Concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health LifestyleMed. 2023;4:e75 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/lim21of15 https://doi.org/10.1002/lim2.75
25. Moynihan J, Rieder E, Tausk F. Psychoneuroimmunology: the example of psoriasis. Ital Dermatol Venereol, 2010; 145: 221-228.
26. Bozsanyi S, Czurko N, Becske M, Kasek R, Lazar BK, Boostani M, Meznerics FA, Farkas K, Varga NN, Gulyas L, Banvolgyi A, Feher BA, Fejes E, Lorincz K, Kovacs A, Gergely H, Takacs S, Hollo P, Kiss N, Wikonkal N, Lazar I. Assessment of Frontal Hemispherical Lateralization in Plaque Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Med, 2023;12. 4194
27. Coan JA, Allen JJ. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol Psychol, 2004; 67:7-49.
28. Singh LK, Pang X, Alexacos N, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC. Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin, and substance P: A link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 1999;13(3):225-39.
29. Buske-Kirschbaum A, Ebrecht M, Kern S, et al. Endocrine stress responses in TH1-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease (psoriasis vulgaris)—do they parallel stress-induced endocrine changes in TH2-mediated inflammatory dermatoses (atopic dermatitis) Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31:439–446.
30. Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT, Aalto ML, Horsmanheimo M. Mast cell tryptase and chymase are potential regulators of neurogenic inflammation in psoriatic skin Int J Dermatol 1994;33(5):361-6.
31. Marek-Jozefowicz L, Czajkowski R, Borkowska A, Nedoszytko B, Żmijewski MA, Cubała WJ, Slominski AT. The Brain-Skin Axis in Psoriasis-Psychological, Psychiatric, Hormonal, and Dermatological Aspects. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 8;23(2):669.
32. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Tobin DJ. The Cutaneous Serotoninergic/ Melatoninergic System: Securing a Place under the Sun. FASEB J. 2005;19:176–194
33. Arck, P, Paus R. From the brain-skin connection: The neuroendocrine-immune misalliance of stress and itch. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006;13, 347–356
34. Singh S, Taylor C, Kornmehl H, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis and suicidality: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2017;77: 425-440 e422.
35. Akay A, Pekcanlar A, Bozdag KE, Altintas L, Karaman A. Assessment of depression in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2002;16:347-352
36. Maqbool S, Ihtesham A, Langove MN, Jamal S, Jamal T, Safian HA. Neuro-dermatological association between psoriasis and depression: an immune-mediated inflammatory process validating skin-brain axis theory. AIMS Neurosci, 2021;8:340-354.
37. Mozzanica N, Tadini G, Radaelli A, Negri M, Pigatto P, Morelli M, Frigerio U, Finzi A, Esposti G, Rossi D, et al. Plasma melatonin levels in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol, 1988;68:312-316.
38. Kartha LB, Chandrashekar L, Rajappa M, Menon V, Thappa DM, Ananthanarayanan PH. Serum melatonin levels in psoriasis and associated depressive symptoms. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2014;52: e123-125.
39. Oliveira M de F, Rocha B de O, Duarte GV. Psoriasis: classical and emerging comorbidities. An Bras Dermatol. 2015 Jan-Feb;90(1):9-20
40. Binus AM, Han J, Qamar AA, Mody EA, Holt EW, Qureshi AA, et al. Associated comorbidities in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:644–650.
41. Hao Y, Zhu Y-j, Zhou P,Hu Y-W, Zhao Q-x, Gu L-n, Zhang H-z, Wang Z and Li J Metabolic Syndrome and Psoriasis: Mechanisms and Future directions Front Immunol., 2021;12:711060
42. Bai F., Zheng W, Dong Y, Wang J., Gartska MA, Li R, et al. Serum levels of Adipokines and Cytokines in Psoriasis Patients: a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis Oncotarget 2018;9:1266-78
43. Sereflican B, Goksugur N, Bugdayci G, Polat M, Parlak HA, Serum Visfatin, Adiponectin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alfa (TNF-Alpha) Levels in Patients With Psoriasis and Their Correlation With Disease Severity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2016;24:13-9
44. He Y, Lu L, Wei X, Jin D, Qian T, Yu A, et al The Multimerization and Secretion of Adiponection Are Regulated by TNF-alpha. Endocrine 2016;51:456-68.
45. Kong Y, Zhang S, Wu R, Su X, Peng D, Zhao M, et al. New Insights Into Different Adipkins in Linking the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Psoriasis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18:171
46. Lasky-Su J. Clish CB. Metabolomics and Network Disease in Network medicine eds. Loscalzo J, Barabási A-L, Silverman E.K.. 2017; Cambridge, Massachusets, London, England Harvard University Press pp. 239-266
47. Hartwell LH, Hopfield JJ et al From molecdular to modular cell biology, Nature 1999;402 (6761 Suppl) : C 47-52
48. Barabási AL, Gulbahce N. et al Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease, Nat Rev Genet 2011;12 (1): 56-68
49. Zmijewski MA.; Slominski, AT. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Dermatoendocrinology 2011; 3, 3–10.
50. Slominski A,Wortsman, J, Paus, R, Elias, PM, Tobin, DJ, Feingold, KR. Skin as an endocrine organ: Implications for its function. Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech. 2008; 5, 137–144.
51. Sevimoglu, T, Arga, KY. Computational systems biology of psoriasis: Are we ready for the age of omics and systems biomarkers? OMICS 2015;19, 669–687.
52. Carlen LM, Sanchez, F, Bergman, AC, Becker, S, Hirschberg, D, Franzen, B, Coffey, J, Jornvall H, Auer G, Alaiya AA, et al. Proteome analysis of skin distinguishes acute guttate from chronic plaque psoriasis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2005; 124, 63–69.
53. Gegotek A, Domingues P, Wronski A, Wojcik P, Skrzydlewska E. Proteomic plasma profile of psoriatic patients. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018;155, 185–193
54. Ryu J, Park SG, Park BC, Choe M, Lee KS, Cho JW. Proteomic analysis of psoriatic skin tissue for identification of differentially expressed proteins: Up-regulation of GSTP1, SFN and PRDX2 in psoriatic skin. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2011; 28, 785–792.
55. Plavina T, Hincapie M, Wakshull E, Subramanyam M, Hancock WS. Increased plasma concentrations of cytoskeletal and Ca2+-binding proteins and their peptides in psoriasis patients. Clin. Chem. 2008; 54, 1805–1814.
56. Yan D, Afifi L, Jeon C, Trivedi M, Chang HW, Lee K, Liao W. The metabolomics of psoriatic disease. Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) 2017; 7, 1–15
57. Lázár I. Üres niche-ek évadján A pszichoszomatikus diskurzus intézményesülésének kérdései (In the Season of Empty Niches; Questions of Institutionalization of Psychosomatic Discourse) Mentálhygiené és Pszichoszomatika 2018; 19:3 pp. 243-267.
58. Jafferany M. Psychodermatology: a guide to understanding common psycho-cutaneous disorders Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9(3):203-13.
59. Tennyson H, Levine N. Neurotropic and psychotropic drugs in dermato-logy. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19:179–197.
60. Antoni MH. Psychosocial stressors and stressmanagement with HIV1 seropositive and seronegative gay men, International Reviews in Psychiatry, 1991; 3, 385–402.
61. Goodkin, K. et al. A bereavement support group intervention is longitudinally associated with salutary effects on the CD4 cell count and number of physician visits, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 1998;382–391.
62. Lutgendorf, SK. et al. Host Factors and Cancer Progression: Biobehavioral Signaling Pathways and Interventions, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010; 28, 4094–4099.
2. Lázár I. Klinikai pszichoimmunológia (Clinical Psychoimmunology) In: Buda, B; Kopp, M; Nagy, E. (szerk.) Magatartástudományok (Behavioral Sciences) 2001 pp. 549 - 594. Budapest,
3. Farber EM, Lanigan SW, Rein G. The role of psychoneuroimmunology in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Cutis. 1990;46:314–316.
4. Laihinen A. Psychosomatic aspects in dermatoses. Ann Clin Res. 1987;19:147–149.
5. Ginsburg IH. The psychosocial impact of skin disease: an overview. Dermatol Clin. 1996;14:473–484.
6. Tausk F, Whitmore SE. A pilot study of hypnosis in the treatment of patients with psoriasis. Psychother Psychosom. 1999;68:221–225.
7. Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Habermann HF. Psoriasis and psychiatry: an update. Gen. Hosp Psychiatry. 1987;9:157–166.
8. Loscalzo J, Barabási AL, Silverman EK. Network Medicine (2017) eds. Cambridge, Massachusets, London, England Harvard University Press
9. Lázár I. The Network Paradigm: New Niches for Psychosomatic Medicine, in I. Jáuregui-Lobera (ed.): Psychosomatic Medicine IntechOpen, 2020;1–26
10. Cannon, W. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company
11. Selye J. A syndrome produced by different nocuous agents Nature 1938, 32
12. Alexander F. Psychosomatic Medicine, New York, W W Norton & Co., 1950 (1965).
13. Wild, CP. The exposome: from concept to utility. Int J. Epidemiol 2012;41 (1) 24:32,
14. Lázár I, Tóth G. A Hungarostudy 2021 kutatás eredményei hálózati megközelítésben (The results of Hungarostudy 2021 reseach in a network approach) In: Engler, Á; Purebl, Gy.; Susánszky, É.; Székely, A. (szerk.) Magyar Lelkiállapot 2021. Család- egészség - közösség : Hungarostudy 2021 tanulmányok 2022; Budapest, Kopp Mária Intézet a Népesedésért és a Családokért, Budapest, pp. 543 - 565.
15. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B, Szyf M, Turecki G, Meaney MJ. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 2009;12(3):342-348.
16. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245–58.
17. Miller, A, Raison, C. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol 2016;16, 22–34
18. Duarte, N. C. et al. Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2007;104(6), 1777–1782
19. Haroon, F. et al. Gp130-Dependent Astrocytic Survival Is Critical for the Control of Autoimmune Central Nervous System Inflammation, Journal of Immunology, 2011;186(11), 6521–6531.
20. Fishman, D. et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemiconset juvenile chronic arthritis, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1998; 102(7), 1369–1376
21. Cole, SW. et al. Computational identification of gene-social environment interaction at the human IL6 locus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010;107, 5681–5686.
22. Chen, T. et al. Cross-talks of sensory transcription networks in response to various environmental stresses, Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, 2009;1(1), 46–54
23. Miller, GE, Rohleder, N, Cole, SW. Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later, Psychosomatic Medicine, 2009;71(1), 57–62.
24. Slavich GM, Mengelkoch S., Cole SW. Human social genomics: Concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health LifestyleMed. 2023;4:e75 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/lim21of15 https://doi.org/10.1002/lim2.75
25. Moynihan J, Rieder E, Tausk F. Psychoneuroimmunology: the example of psoriasis. Ital Dermatol Venereol, 2010; 145: 221-228.
26. Bozsanyi S, Czurko N, Becske M, Kasek R, Lazar BK, Boostani M, Meznerics FA, Farkas K, Varga NN, Gulyas L, Banvolgyi A, Feher BA, Fejes E, Lorincz K, Kovacs A, Gergely H, Takacs S, Hollo P, Kiss N, Wikonkal N, Lazar I. Assessment of Frontal Hemispherical Lateralization in Plaque Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Med, 2023;12. 4194
27. Coan JA, Allen JJ. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol Psychol, 2004; 67:7-49.
28. Singh LK, Pang X, Alexacos N, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC. Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin, and substance P: A link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 1999;13(3):225-39.
29. Buske-Kirschbaum A, Ebrecht M, Kern S, et al. Endocrine stress responses in TH1-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease (psoriasis vulgaris)—do they parallel stress-induced endocrine changes in TH2-mediated inflammatory dermatoses (atopic dermatitis) Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31:439–446.
30. Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT, Aalto ML, Horsmanheimo M. Mast cell tryptase and chymase are potential regulators of neurogenic inflammation in psoriatic skin Int J Dermatol 1994;33(5):361-6.
31. Marek-Jozefowicz L, Czajkowski R, Borkowska A, Nedoszytko B, Żmijewski MA, Cubała WJ, Slominski AT. The Brain-Skin Axis in Psoriasis-Psychological, Psychiatric, Hormonal, and Dermatological Aspects. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 8;23(2):669.
32. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Tobin DJ. The Cutaneous Serotoninergic/ Melatoninergic System: Securing a Place under the Sun. FASEB J. 2005;19:176–194
33. Arck, P, Paus R. From the brain-skin connection: The neuroendocrine-immune misalliance of stress and itch. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006;13, 347–356
34. Singh S, Taylor C, Kornmehl H, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis and suicidality: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2017;77: 425-440 e422.
35. Akay A, Pekcanlar A, Bozdag KE, Altintas L, Karaman A. Assessment of depression in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2002;16:347-352
36. Maqbool S, Ihtesham A, Langove MN, Jamal S, Jamal T, Safian HA. Neuro-dermatological association between psoriasis and depression: an immune-mediated inflammatory process validating skin-brain axis theory. AIMS Neurosci, 2021;8:340-354.
37. Mozzanica N, Tadini G, Radaelli A, Negri M, Pigatto P, Morelli M, Frigerio U, Finzi A, Esposti G, Rossi D, et al. Plasma melatonin levels in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol, 1988;68:312-316.
38. Kartha LB, Chandrashekar L, Rajappa M, Menon V, Thappa DM, Ananthanarayanan PH. Serum melatonin levels in psoriasis and associated depressive symptoms. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2014;52: e123-125.
39. Oliveira M de F, Rocha B de O, Duarte GV. Psoriasis: classical and emerging comorbidities. An Bras Dermatol. 2015 Jan-Feb;90(1):9-20
40. Binus AM, Han J, Qamar AA, Mody EA, Holt EW, Qureshi AA, et al. Associated comorbidities in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:644–650.
41. Hao Y, Zhu Y-j, Zhou P,Hu Y-W, Zhao Q-x, Gu L-n, Zhang H-z, Wang Z and Li J Metabolic Syndrome and Psoriasis: Mechanisms and Future directions Front Immunol., 2021;12:711060
42. Bai F., Zheng W, Dong Y, Wang J., Gartska MA, Li R, et al. Serum levels of Adipokines and Cytokines in Psoriasis Patients: a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis Oncotarget 2018;9:1266-78
43. Sereflican B, Goksugur N, Bugdayci G, Polat M, Parlak HA, Serum Visfatin, Adiponectin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alfa (TNF-Alpha) Levels in Patients With Psoriasis and Their Correlation With Disease Severity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2016;24:13-9
44. He Y, Lu L, Wei X, Jin D, Qian T, Yu A, et al The Multimerization and Secretion of Adiponection Are Regulated by TNF-alpha. Endocrine 2016;51:456-68.
45. Kong Y, Zhang S, Wu R, Su X, Peng D, Zhao M, et al. New Insights Into Different Adipkins in Linking the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Psoriasis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18:171
46. Lasky-Su J. Clish CB. Metabolomics and Network Disease in Network medicine eds. Loscalzo J, Barabási A-L, Silverman E.K.. 2017; Cambridge, Massachusets, London, England Harvard University Press pp. 239-266
47. Hartwell LH, Hopfield JJ et al From molecdular to modular cell biology, Nature 1999;402 (6761 Suppl) : C 47-52
48. Barabási AL, Gulbahce N. et al Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease, Nat Rev Genet 2011;12 (1): 56-68
49. Zmijewski MA.; Slominski, AT. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Dermatoendocrinology 2011; 3, 3–10.
50. Slominski A,Wortsman, J, Paus, R, Elias, PM, Tobin, DJ, Feingold, KR. Skin as an endocrine organ: Implications for its function. Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech. 2008; 5, 137–144.
51. Sevimoglu, T, Arga, KY. Computational systems biology of psoriasis: Are we ready for the age of omics and systems biomarkers? OMICS 2015;19, 669–687.
52. Carlen LM, Sanchez, F, Bergman, AC, Becker, S, Hirschberg, D, Franzen, B, Coffey, J, Jornvall H, Auer G, Alaiya AA, et al. Proteome analysis of skin distinguishes acute guttate from chronic plaque psoriasis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2005; 124, 63–69.
53. Gegotek A, Domingues P, Wronski A, Wojcik P, Skrzydlewska E. Proteomic plasma profile of psoriatic patients. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018;155, 185–193
54. Ryu J, Park SG, Park BC, Choe M, Lee KS, Cho JW. Proteomic analysis of psoriatic skin tissue for identification of differentially expressed proteins: Up-regulation of GSTP1, SFN and PRDX2 in psoriatic skin. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2011; 28, 785–792.
55. Plavina T, Hincapie M, Wakshull E, Subramanyam M, Hancock WS. Increased plasma concentrations of cytoskeletal and Ca2+-binding proteins and their peptides in psoriasis patients. Clin. Chem. 2008; 54, 1805–1814.
56. Yan D, Afifi L, Jeon C, Trivedi M, Chang HW, Lee K, Liao W. The metabolomics of psoriatic disease. Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) 2017; 7, 1–15
57. Lázár I. Üres niche-ek évadján A pszichoszomatikus diskurzus intézményesülésének kérdései (In the Season of Empty Niches; Questions of Institutionalization of Psychosomatic Discourse) Mentálhygiené és Pszichoszomatika 2018; 19:3 pp. 243-267.
58. Jafferany M. Psychodermatology: a guide to understanding common psycho-cutaneous disorders Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9(3):203-13.
59. Tennyson H, Levine N. Neurotropic and psychotropic drugs in dermato-logy. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19:179–197.
60. Antoni MH. Psychosocial stressors and stressmanagement with HIV1 seropositive and seronegative gay men, International Reviews in Psychiatry, 1991; 3, 385–402.
61. Goodkin, K. et al. A bereavement support group intervention is longitudinally associated with salutary effects on the CD4 cell count and number of physician visits, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 1998;382–391.
62. Lutgendorf, SK. et al. Host Factors and Cancer Progression: Biobehavioral Signaling Pathways and Interventions, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010; 28, 4094–4099.