Acceptance, Cognitive-Behavioural and Mindfulness-Based Psychological Interventions for Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), for treating symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Methods: PubMed, Cochrane and Science Direct electronic libraries were searched (from January 2015 to October 2023). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of CBT, ACT, and MBSR-based interventions for pain intensity, pain catastrophising, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, fatigue and health-related quality of life in people diagnosed with fibromyalgia were considered. Studies were selected and data was extracted by two independent reviewers using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist, while quality appraisals of the evidence was also conducted using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database and Cochrane Risk of Bias version 2 tools.
Results: Seven RCTs (n = 730 participants) were analysed. CBT was associated with improved pain intensity, sleep quality and quality of life, but not fatigue and uncertain for depression. MBSR reduced depression and anxiety and enhanced quality of life scores. Improvements in pain intensity, depression and quality of life were demonstrated with digital ACT, with superior participant adherence versus other face-to-face interventions. Considerable heterogeneity of interventions was apparent. The evidence for all interventions was equivocal with four studies deemed ‘high risk’ of bias and three with ‘some concerns’ following quality appraisal.
Conclusion: Cognitive-behaviour therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness based stress reduction demonstrate mostly small effects on fibromyalgia symptoms in favour of the intervention. However, when delivered in digital therapy format, these shows promise as a means of enhancing patient adherence to treatment, and potentially accelerating access to care with subsequent reduction of burden on waiting lists for health care providers.
Keywords:
Cognitive-behaviour therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, fibromyalgia, pain, quality of life
Article Details
How to Cite
HEAGNEY, Seán; ADAMS, Nicola.
Acceptance, Cognitive-Behavioural and Mindfulness-Based Psychological Interventions for Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5242>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5242.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014 Apr 16;311(15):1547-55.
2. Arnold LM. Management of fibromyalgia and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 Jan 1;69(2):14-9.
3. Maquet D, Croisier JL, Renard C, Crielaard JM. Muscle performance in patients with fibromyalgia. Joint Bone Spine. 2002 May 1;69(3):293-9.
4. Marques AP, Santo AD, Berssaneti AA, Matsutani LA, Yuan SL. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: literature review update. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia. 2017 Jul;57:356-63.
5. Guymer EK, Littlejohn GO, Brand CK, Kwiatek RA. Fibromyalgia onset has a high impact on work ability in Australians. Internal Medicine Journal. 2016 Sep;46(9):1069-74.
6. Siracusa R, Paola RD, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D. Fibromyalgia: pathogenesis, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment options update. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Apr 9;22(8):3891.
7. Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, Atzeni F, Häuser W, Fluß E, Choy E, Kosek E, Amris K, Branco J, Dincer Fİ. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2017 Feb 1;76(2):318-28.
8. Kundakci B, Kaur J, Goh SL, Hall M, Doherty M, Zhang W, Abhishek A. Efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for individual features of fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Pain. 2022 Aug 1;163(8):1432-45.
9. Paschali M, Lazaridou A, Paschalis T, Napadow V, Edwards RR. Modifiable psychological factors affecting functioning in fibromyalgia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021 Feb 17;10(4):803.
10. Alhowimel AS, Alotaibi MA, Alenazi AM, Alqahtani BA, Alshehri MA, Alamam D, Alodaibi FA. Psychosocial predictors of pain and disability outcomes in people with chronic low back pain treated conservatively by guideline-based intervention: a systematic review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021 Dec 30:3549-59.
11. Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain. 2004 Apr 1;127(4):835-43.
12. Thieme K, Mathys M, Turk DC. Evidenced-based guidelines on the treatment of fibromyalgia patients: are they consistent and if not, why not? Have effective psychological treatments been overlooked?. The Journal of Pain. 2017 Jul 1;18(7):747-56.
13. Buckhardt CS, Goldenberg D, Crofford L, Gerwin R, Gowens S, Jackson K, Kugel P, McCarberg W, Rudin N, Schanberg L, Taylor AG. Guideline for the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Adults and Children (2005). Glenview (IL): American Pain Society (APS).
14. Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, Abbey S, Choinière M, Ko G, Moulin DE, Panopalis P, Proulx J, Shir Y. 2012 Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Research and Management. 2013 May 1;18:119-26.
15. Dreher T, Häuser W, Schiltenwolf M. Fibromyalgia syndrome-updated s3 guidelines. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie. 2013 Dec 17;151(6):603-9.
16. Lami MJ, Martínez MP, Sánchez AI. Systematic review of psychological treatment in fibromyalgia. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2013 Jul;17:1-4.
17. Mascarenhas RO, Souza MB, Oliveira MX, Lacerda AC, Mendonça VA, Henschke N, Oliveira VC. Association of therapies with reduced pain and improved quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):104-12.
18. Haugmark T, Hagen KB, Smedslund G, Zangi HA. Mindfulness-and acceptance-based interventions for patients with fibromyalgia–A systematic review and meta-analyses. PloS One. 2019 Sep 3;14(9):e0221897.
19. Glombiewski JA, Sawyer AT, Gutermann J, Koenig K, Rief W, Hofmann SG. Psychological treatments for fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis. Pain. 2010 Nov 1;151(2):280-95.
20. Pate JW, Tran E, Radhakrishnan S, Leaver AM. The Importance of Perceived Relevance: A Qualitative Evaluation of Patient’s Perceptions of Value and Impact Following a Low-Intensity Group-Based Pain Management Program. Medicina. 2021 Jan 7;57(1):46.
21. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;2019(10).
22. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009 Aug 18;151(4):W-65.
23. Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, Altman DG, Barbour V, Macdonald H, Johnston M, Lamb SE. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014 Mar 7;348.
24. Sterne JA, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug 28;366.
25. Moseley AM, Elkins MR, Van der Wees PJ, Pinheiro MB. Using research to guide practice: the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro). Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2020 Sep 1;24(5):384-91.
26. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, Fam AG. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1990 Feb;33(2):160-72.
27. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Winfield JB, Yunus MB. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care & Research. 2010 May;62(5):600-10.
28. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Häuser W, Katz RL, Mease PJ, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Walitt B. 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. In: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2016 Dec 1 (Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 319-329). WB Saunders.
29. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RS. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP Journal Club. 1995 Nov 1;123(3):A12-3.
30. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press; 2013 Sep 3.
31. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare. York Publ. Services; 2009.
32. Cash E, Salmon P, Weissbecker I, Rebholz WN, Bayley-Veloso R, Zimmaro LA, Floyd A, Dedert E, Sephton SE. Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2015 Jun 1;49(3):319-30.
33. Karlsson B, Burell G, Anderberg UM, Svärdsudd K. Cognitive behaviour therapy in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2015 Oct 1;9(1):11-21.
34. Lami MJ, Martínez MP, Miro E, Sanchez AI, Prados G, Caliz R, Vlaeyen JW. Efficacy of combined cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2018 Feb;42:63-79.
35. Simister HD, Tkachuk GA, Shay BL, Vincent N, Pear JJ, Skrabek RQ. Randomized controlled trial of online acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia. The Journal of Pain. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):741-53.
36. McCrae CS, Williams J, Roditi D, Anderson R, Mundt JM, Miller MB, Curtis AF, Waxenberg LB, Staud R, Berry RB, Robinson ME. Cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia and pain in adults with comorbid chronic insomnia and fibromyalgia: clinical outcomes from the SPIN randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2019 Mar;42(3):zsy234.
37. Pérez-Aranda A, Feliu-Soler A, Montero-Marín J, García-Campayo J, Andrés-Rodríguez L, Borràs X, Rozadilla-Sacanell A, Peñarrubia-Maria MT, Angarita-Osorio N, McCracken LM, Luciano JV. A randomized controlled efficacy trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction compared with an active control group and usual care for fibromyalgia: The EUDAIMON study. Pain. 2019 Nov 1;160(11):2508-23.
38. Catella S, Gendreau RM, Kraus AC, Vega N, Rosenbluth MJ, Soefje S, Malhotra S, Luciano JV, McCracken LM, Williams DA, Arnold LM. Self-guided digital acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia management: results of a randomized, active-controlled, phase II pilot clinical trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2023 Jun 29:1-6.
39. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research. 1989 May 1;28(2):193-213.
40. Kinney M, Seider J, Beaty AF, Coughlin K, Dyal M, Clewley D. The impact of therapeutic alliance in physical therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2020 Aug 2;36(8):886-98.
41. Lakke SE, Meerman S. Does working alliance have an influence on pain and physical functioning in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain; a systematic review. Journal of Compassionate Health Care. 2016 Dec;3(1):1-0.
42. Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Latimer J, Adams RD. The therapeutic alliance between clinicians and patients predicts outcome in chronic low back pain. Physical Therapy. 2013 Apr 1;93(4):470-8.
43. Cardenas-Rojas A, Castelo-Branco L, Pacheco-Barrios K, Shaikh ES, Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Giannoni-Luza S, Felippe LV, Gonzalez-Mego P, Luna-Cuadros MA, Gianlorenco AC, Teixeira PE. Recruitment characteristics and non-adherence associated factors of fibromyalgia patients in a randomized clinical trial: a retrospective survival analysis. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2021 Dec 1;24:100860.
44. Kim Y. Missing data handling in chronic pain trials. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 2011 Feb 28;21(2):311-25.
45. Hughes LS, Clark J, Colclough JA, Dale E, McMillan D. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2017 Jun 1;33(6):552-68.
46. McCracken LM, Sato A, Taylor GJ. A trial of a brief group-based form of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for chronic pain in general practice: pilot outcome and process results. The Journal of Pain. 2013 Nov 1;14(11):1398-406.
47. Andrade A, Vilarino GT, Sieczkowska SM, Coimbra DR, Bevilacqua GG, Steffens RD. The relationship between sleep quality and fibromyalgia symptoms. Journal of Health Psychology. 2020 Aug;25(9):1176-86.
48. Keskindag B, Karaaziz M. The association between pain and sleep in fibromyalgia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2017 May;38(5):465.
49. Bigatti, S.M., Hernandez, A.M., Cronan, T.A. and Rand, K.L., 2008. Sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia syndrome: relationship to pain and depression. Arthritis Care & Research: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 59(7), pp.961-967.
50. Bernardy K, Klose P, Busch AJ, Choy EH, Häuser W. Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013(9).
51. Hróbjartsson A, Emanuelsson F, Skou Thomsen AS, Hilden J, Brorson S. Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2014 Aug 1;43(4):1272-83.
2. Arnold LM. Management of fibromyalgia and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 Jan 1;69(2):14-9.
3. Maquet D, Croisier JL, Renard C, Crielaard JM. Muscle performance in patients with fibromyalgia. Joint Bone Spine. 2002 May 1;69(3):293-9.
4. Marques AP, Santo AD, Berssaneti AA, Matsutani LA, Yuan SL. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: literature review update. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia. 2017 Jul;57:356-63.
5. Guymer EK, Littlejohn GO, Brand CK, Kwiatek RA. Fibromyalgia onset has a high impact on work ability in Australians. Internal Medicine Journal. 2016 Sep;46(9):1069-74.
6. Siracusa R, Paola RD, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D. Fibromyalgia: pathogenesis, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment options update. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Apr 9;22(8):3891.
7. Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, Atzeni F, Häuser W, Fluß E, Choy E, Kosek E, Amris K, Branco J, Dincer Fİ. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2017 Feb 1;76(2):318-28.
8. Kundakci B, Kaur J, Goh SL, Hall M, Doherty M, Zhang W, Abhishek A. Efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for individual features of fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Pain. 2022 Aug 1;163(8):1432-45.
9. Paschali M, Lazaridou A, Paschalis T, Napadow V, Edwards RR. Modifiable psychological factors affecting functioning in fibromyalgia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021 Feb 17;10(4):803.
10. Alhowimel AS, Alotaibi MA, Alenazi AM, Alqahtani BA, Alshehri MA, Alamam D, Alodaibi FA. Psychosocial predictors of pain and disability outcomes in people with chronic low back pain treated conservatively by guideline-based intervention: a systematic review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021 Dec 30:3549-59.
11. Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain. 2004 Apr 1;127(4):835-43.
12. Thieme K, Mathys M, Turk DC. Evidenced-based guidelines on the treatment of fibromyalgia patients: are they consistent and if not, why not? Have effective psychological treatments been overlooked?. The Journal of Pain. 2017 Jul 1;18(7):747-56.
13. Buckhardt CS, Goldenberg D, Crofford L, Gerwin R, Gowens S, Jackson K, Kugel P, McCarberg W, Rudin N, Schanberg L, Taylor AG. Guideline for the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Adults and Children (2005). Glenview (IL): American Pain Society (APS).
14. Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, Abbey S, Choinière M, Ko G, Moulin DE, Panopalis P, Proulx J, Shir Y. 2012 Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Research and Management. 2013 May 1;18:119-26.
15. Dreher T, Häuser W, Schiltenwolf M. Fibromyalgia syndrome-updated s3 guidelines. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie. 2013 Dec 17;151(6):603-9.
16. Lami MJ, Martínez MP, Sánchez AI. Systematic review of psychological treatment in fibromyalgia. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2013 Jul;17:1-4.
17. Mascarenhas RO, Souza MB, Oliveira MX, Lacerda AC, Mendonça VA, Henschke N, Oliveira VC. Association of therapies with reduced pain and improved quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):104-12.
18. Haugmark T, Hagen KB, Smedslund G, Zangi HA. Mindfulness-and acceptance-based interventions for patients with fibromyalgia–A systematic review and meta-analyses. PloS One. 2019 Sep 3;14(9):e0221897.
19. Glombiewski JA, Sawyer AT, Gutermann J, Koenig K, Rief W, Hofmann SG. Psychological treatments for fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis. Pain. 2010 Nov 1;151(2):280-95.
20. Pate JW, Tran E, Radhakrishnan S, Leaver AM. The Importance of Perceived Relevance: A Qualitative Evaluation of Patient’s Perceptions of Value and Impact Following a Low-Intensity Group-Based Pain Management Program. Medicina. 2021 Jan 7;57(1):46.
21. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;2019(10).
22. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009 Aug 18;151(4):W-65.
23. Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, Altman DG, Barbour V, Macdonald H, Johnston M, Lamb SE. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014 Mar 7;348.
24. Sterne JA, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug 28;366.
25. Moseley AM, Elkins MR, Van der Wees PJ, Pinheiro MB. Using research to guide practice: the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro). Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2020 Sep 1;24(5):384-91.
26. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, Fam AG. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1990 Feb;33(2):160-72.
27. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Winfield JB, Yunus MB. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care & Research. 2010 May;62(5):600-10.
28. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Häuser W, Katz RL, Mease PJ, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Walitt B. 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. In: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2016 Dec 1 (Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 319-329). WB Saunders.
29. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RS. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP Journal Club. 1995 Nov 1;123(3):A12-3.
30. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press; 2013 Sep 3.
31. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare. York Publ. Services; 2009.
32. Cash E, Salmon P, Weissbecker I, Rebholz WN, Bayley-Veloso R, Zimmaro LA, Floyd A, Dedert E, Sephton SE. Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2015 Jun 1;49(3):319-30.
33. Karlsson B, Burell G, Anderberg UM, Svärdsudd K. Cognitive behaviour therapy in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2015 Oct 1;9(1):11-21.
34. Lami MJ, Martínez MP, Miro E, Sanchez AI, Prados G, Caliz R, Vlaeyen JW. Efficacy of combined cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2018 Feb;42:63-79.
35. Simister HD, Tkachuk GA, Shay BL, Vincent N, Pear JJ, Skrabek RQ. Randomized controlled trial of online acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia. The Journal of Pain. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):741-53.
36. McCrae CS, Williams J, Roditi D, Anderson R, Mundt JM, Miller MB, Curtis AF, Waxenberg LB, Staud R, Berry RB, Robinson ME. Cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia and pain in adults with comorbid chronic insomnia and fibromyalgia: clinical outcomes from the SPIN randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2019 Mar;42(3):zsy234.
37. Pérez-Aranda A, Feliu-Soler A, Montero-Marín J, García-Campayo J, Andrés-Rodríguez L, Borràs X, Rozadilla-Sacanell A, Peñarrubia-Maria MT, Angarita-Osorio N, McCracken LM, Luciano JV. A randomized controlled efficacy trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction compared with an active control group and usual care for fibromyalgia: The EUDAIMON study. Pain. 2019 Nov 1;160(11):2508-23.
38. Catella S, Gendreau RM, Kraus AC, Vega N, Rosenbluth MJ, Soefje S, Malhotra S, Luciano JV, McCracken LM, Williams DA, Arnold LM. Self-guided digital acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia management: results of a randomized, active-controlled, phase II pilot clinical trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2023 Jun 29:1-6.
39. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research. 1989 May 1;28(2):193-213.
40. Kinney M, Seider J, Beaty AF, Coughlin K, Dyal M, Clewley D. The impact of therapeutic alliance in physical therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2020 Aug 2;36(8):886-98.
41. Lakke SE, Meerman S. Does working alliance have an influence on pain and physical functioning in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain; a systematic review. Journal of Compassionate Health Care. 2016 Dec;3(1):1-0.
42. Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Latimer J, Adams RD. The therapeutic alliance between clinicians and patients predicts outcome in chronic low back pain. Physical Therapy. 2013 Apr 1;93(4):470-8.
43. Cardenas-Rojas A, Castelo-Branco L, Pacheco-Barrios K, Shaikh ES, Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Giannoni-Luza S, Felippe LV, Gonzalez-Mego P, Luna-Cuadros MA, Gianlorenco AC, Teixeira PE. Recruitment characteristics and non-adherence associated factors of fibromyalgia patients in a randomized clinical trial: a retrospective survival analysis. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2021 Dec 1;24:100860.
44. Kim Y. Missing data handling in chronic pain trials. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 2011 Feb 28;21(2):311-25.
45. Hughes LS, Clark J, Colclough JA, Dale E, McMillan D. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2017 Jun 1;33(6):552-68.
46. McCracken LM, Sato A, Taylor GJ. A trial of a brief group-based form of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for chronic pain in general practice: pilot outcome and process results. The Journal of Pain. 2013 Nov 1;14(11):1398-406.
47. Andrade A, Vilarino GT, Sieczkowska SM, Coimbra DR, Bevilacqua GG, Steffens RD. The relationship between sleep quality and fibromyalgia symptoms. Journal of Health Psychology. 2020 Aug;25(9):1176-86.
48. Keskindag B, Karaaziz M. The association between pain and sleep in fibromyalgia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2017 May;38(5):465.
49. Bigatti, S.M., Hernandez, A.M., Cronan, T.A. and Rand, K.L., 2008. Sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia syndrome: relationship to pain and depression. Arthritis Care & Research: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 59(7), pp.961-967.
50. Bernardy K, Klose P, Busch AJ, Choy EH, Häuser W. Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013(9).
51. Hróbjartsson A, Emanuelsson F, Skou Thomsen AS, Hilden J, Brorson S. Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2014 Aug 1;43(4):1272-83.