Near Infra Imaging (NIFI), a safe and non-invasive innovation significantly decreasing the post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The number of thyroid surgeries especially due to malignant indications has risen in past few decades in India as well as across the globe. The most common complication after Total Thyroidectomy is hypocalcemia from hypoparathyroidism which occurs majorly due to inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands or injury leading to devascularization of Parathyroid Glands. Post surgery hypocalcaemia is assessed by evaluating the value of post-surgery 24-48 hr Serum Calcium level. Majority of times the Post surgery hypocalcaemia is transient, it recovers in few weeks to months, only if it persists for > 6 months it is labelled as permanent hypocalcemia. According to literature incidence of transient and permanent Post surgery hypocalcaemia is 20–35 % and 1–10%, respectively. Post surgery hypocalcaemia can be symptomatic and morbid. It can only be prevented/decreased by early identification and preservation of Parathyroid Glands. The standard methodology is visual analysis of surgical field by operating surgeon. Parathyroid Glands are small in size, with colour similar to brown fat and their position in thyroid bed is also not consistent. They are difficult to identify and success in this method depends on the experience of operating team. This study evaluates the use of Near Infra- Red Imaging during thyroidectomy to preserve the Parathyroid Glands. Based on its inherent autofluorescence, when viewed through Near Infra-Red Imaging, at wavelength of 785 nm, there is a spontaneous and immediate emission of fluorescent light at 820–830 nm from Parathyroid Glands which is 2- to 11-fold enhanced signal over that of the surrounding tissue. The study consists of 7 patients who underwent Total or Completion Thyroid surgeries with use of Near-infrared imaging along with review of literature. None of the seven patients experienced Post surgery hypocalcaemia and in one patient Intrathyroidal Parathyroid Gland was identified with thyroid gland in-situ. The study advocates the use of Near-infrared imaging to make thyroid surgery safer.
Keywords:
Near Infrared Imaging (NIFI), Thyroidectomy, Hypocalcemia, Parathyroid Glands, Autofluorescence, Post-surgery complications, Parathyroid gland preservation
Article Details
How to Cite
SINGH, Mandeep et al.
Near Infra Imaging (NIFI), a safe and non-invasive innovation significantly decreasing the post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5337>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5337.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Christou N, Mathonnet M. Complications after total thyroidectomy. J Visc Surg 2013;150:249–56.
4. Benmiloud F, Godiris-Petit G, Gras R, Gillot JC, Turrin N, Penaranda G, et al. Association of autofluorescence-based detection of the parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy with postoperative hypocalcemia risk: results of the PARAFLUO multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 2020;155: 106–12.
5. Binder-Foucard F, Bossard N, Delafosse P, Belot A, Woronoff AS, Remontet L. French Network of Cancer Registries (Francim). Cancer incidence and mortality in France over the 1980–2012 period: solid tumors. Rev Epidémiol Santé Publique 2014;62: 95–108
6. Lorente-Poch L, Sancho JJ, Ruiz S, Sitges-Serra A. Importance of in situ preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. BJS (Br J Surg) 2015;102:359–67.
7. Lorente-Poch L, Sancho JJ, Muñoz-Nova JL, Sánchez-Velázquez P, Sitges-Serra A. Defining the syndromes of parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy. Gland Surg 2015;4:82–90
8. Mittendorf E, McHenry C. Complications and sequelae of thyroidectomy and an analysis of surgeon experience and outcome. Surg Technol Int 2004;12:152–7.
9. André N, Pascual C, Baert M, Biet-Hornstein A, Page C. Impact of incidental parathyroidectomy and mediastinal-recurrent cellular and lymph-node dissection on parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2020; 137:107–10.
10. Paras C, Keller M, Mahadevan-Jansen A, White L, Phay J. Nearinfrared autofluorescence for the detection of parathyroid glands. J Biomed Opt 2011;16:1–5
11. McWade MA, Paras C, White LM, Phay JE, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Broome JT. A novel optical approach to intraoperative detection of parathyroid glands. Surgery 2013;154:1371–7.
12. National trends in thyroid surgery and the effect of volume on short-term outcomes. Myriam loyo MD,Ralph P. Tufano MD MBA, Christine G. Gourin MD,MPH,https:doi.org/10.1002/lary.23923.
13. Mokrysheva N.G., Eremkina A.K., Kovaleva E.V. Hypoparathyroidism: etiology, clinical manifestation, current diagnostics and treatment. Alʹmanah klinicheskoj mediciny 2016; 44(4): 477–492.
14. Bilezikian J.P., Khan A., Potts J.T. Jr., Brandi M.L., Clarke B.L., Shoback D., Jüppner H., D’Amour P., Fox J., Rejnmark L., Mosekilde L., Rubin M.R., Dempster D., Gafni R., Collins M.T., Sliney J., Sanders J. Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26(10): 2317–2337, https://doi. org/10.1002/jbmr.483.
15. Chadwick D. The British association of endocrine and thyroid surgeons, fifth national audit report. Oxfordshire: Dendrite Clinical Systems, 2017.
16. Hypocalcemia after Thyroidectomy: The Need for Improved Definitions Jessie WU, Barney Harrison Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield Correspondence: Barney Harrison, Consultant Surgeon, Department of Endocrine Surgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Room J38, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK, Phone: 0044 (0)114 2261302, e-mail: [email protected].
17. Asari R., Passler C., Kaczirek K., Scheuba C., Niederle B. Hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy: a prospective study. Arch Surg 2008; 143(2): 132–138, https:// doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2007.55.
18. Stack BC Jr, Bimston DN, Bodenner DL, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: postoperative hypoparathyroidism--definitions and management. Endocr Pract 2015;21:674-85.
19. Mokrysheva N.G., Eremkina A.K., Kovaleva E.V. Hypoparathyroidism: etiology, clinical manifestation, current diagnostics and treatment. Alʹmanah klinicheskoj mediciny 2016; 44(4): 477–492.
20. Agarwal P., Prakash M., Singhal M., Bhadada S.K., Gupta Y., Khandelwal N. To assess vascular calcification in the patients of hypoparathyroidism using multidetector computed tomography scan. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19(6): 785–790, https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.167545.
21. Edafe O., Antakia R., Laskar N., Uttley L., Balasubramanian S.P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. Br J Surg 2014; 101(7): 883–884, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9538.
22. Cho N.L., Moalem J., Chen L., Lubitz C.C., Moore F.D. Jr., Ruan D.T. Surgeons and patients disagree on the potential consequences from hypoparathyroidism. Endocr Pract 2014; 20(5): 427–446, https://doi.org/10.4158/ep13321.
23. Almquist M, Ivarsson K, Nordenström E, Bergenfelz A. Mortality in patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy. Br J Surg. 2018;105(10):1313-1318. doi:10.1002/bjs.10843.
24. Powers J., Joy K., Ruscio A., Lagast H. Prevalence and incidence of hypoparathyroidism in the United States using a large claims database. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28(12): 2570– 2576, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2004.
25. Pesce C.E., Shiue Z., Tsai H.L., Umbricht C.B., Tufano R.P., Dackiw A.P., Kowalski J., Zeiger M.A. Postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease. Thyroid 2010; 20(11): 1279–1283, https://doi. org/10.1089/thy.2010.0047.
26. McCullough M., Weber C., Leong C., Sharma J. Safety, efficacy, and cost savings of single parathyroid hormone measurement for risk stratification after total thyroidectomy. Am Surg 2013; 79(8): 768–774.
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