Anti-neurodegenerative activity of Panax ginseng, a Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng including white ginseng and red ginseng prepared by air-drying and steaming or heating processes, respectively, are widely used herbal medicines which require rigorous quality control to assure their consistent bioactivities. Therefore, many analytical methodologies have been developed, primarily with a focus on high performance liquid chromatography. On the contrary, monoclonal antibodies against ginsenosides such as ginsenosides -Rb1, -Rg1, -Re, and notoginsenoside R1 were applied to newly developed techniques like the eastern blotting system, one-step separation method, and preparation of knockout extract from ginseng. Cognitive activities of major ginsenosides and their mechanisms were also widely confirmed. Clinical trials of ginseng administered to Alzheimer’s patients confirmed its activity without side effects, with the result that ginseng may be a potential new medicine to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
Article Details
How to Cite
SAKAMOTO, Seiichi et al.
Anti-neurodegenerative activity of Panax ginseng, a Review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5385>. Date accessed: 05 aug. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5385.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Garriques SS. On panaquilon, a new vegetable substance. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 1854; 9 0: 2 3 1-2 3 4.
2. Shibata S, Tanaka O, Nagai M, Ishii T. Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese crude drugs. XII. Panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng roots. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1963; 11: 762‒765.
3. Shibata S, Ando T, Tanaka O, Meguro Y, Soma K, Iida Y. Saponins and sapogenins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and some other Panax spp. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1965; 85:753‒755.
4. Shibata S, Tanaka O, Soma K, Ando T, Iida Y, Nakamura H. Studies on saponins and sapogenins of ginseng. The structure of panaxatriol. Tetrahedron Letter. 1965;42:207-213.
5. Yang WZ, Hu Y, Wu WY, Ye M, Guo DA. Saponins in the genus Panax L.( Araliaceae ): a systematic review of their chemical diversity. Phytochemistry. 2014;106:7-24.
6. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2013 Basic Survey of National Living Standards, by level of care required in Japan
7. Shoyama Y, Sakata R, Isobe R, Murakami H, Kusai A, Nojima K. Direct determination of forskolin-bovine serum albumin conjugate by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1993;28:987-988.
8. Shoyama Y, Fukada T, Kusai A, Nojima K. Direct Determination of opium alkaloid-bovineserm albumin conjugate by matrix-assisied laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993;16: 1051-1053.
9. Goto Y, Shima Y, Morimoto S, Shoyama Y, Murakami H, Kusai A, Nojima K. Determination of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-carrier protein conjugate by matrix-assisted laster desorption /Ionization mass spectrometry and antibody formation. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1994;29: 668-671.
10. Shoyama Y. Studies on natural products using monoclonal antibodies: a review, Antibodies. 2021; 10:43.
11. Tanaka H. Fukuda N, Shoyama Y. Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rb1 and its characterization. Cytotechnology. 1999; 29:115–120.
12. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rg1 and its characterization. Cytotechnology. 2000;34:197–204.
13. Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Detection and quantification of ginsenoside Re in ginseng samples by a chromatographic immunostaining method using monoclonal antibody against ginsenoside Re. Journal of Chromatography B. 2006; 830:100–104.
14. Eun JJ, Young WH, Heungsop S, Sung HS, Yeong SK. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody to Ginsenoside Rg3. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2009;32: 548-552.
15. Limsuwanchote S, Wungsintawekul J, Yusakul G, Han JY, Sasaki-Tabata K, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Morimoto S. Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against notoginsenoside R1, a distinctive saponin from Panax notoginseng, and its application to indirect competitive ELISA. Planta Medica. 2014; 80:1-6.
16. Shan SJ, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for glycyrrhizin using anti-glycyrrhizin monoclonal antibody and a new eastern blotting for glucronides of glycyrrhetinic acid. Analytical Chemistry. 2001;73:5784-5790.
17. Lin Y, Jiang D, Li Y, Han X, Yu D, Park JH, Jin YH. Effect of sun ginseng potentiation on epirubicin and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Journal of Ginseng Research. 2015; 39:22-28.
18. Yamaguchi Y, Higashi M, Kobayashi H. Effects of ginsenosides on impaired performance caused by scopolamine in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996;312:149‒151.
19. Sugiura M, Shoyama Y, Saito H. Crocin (crocetin di-gentiobiose ester) prevents the inhibitory effect of ethanol on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1994;271: 703-707.
20. Shimada K, Ishii N, Ohishi K. Structure-activity relationship of cardiac steroids having a double linked sugar and related compounds for the inhibition of Na+,K +-adenosine triphosphatase. Journal of Pharmaco-Dynamics. 1986;755-759.
21. Takemoto T, Ueyama T, Saito H. Potentiation of nerve growth factor-mediated nerve fiber production in organ cultures of chicken embryonic ganglia by ginseng saponins: structure-activity relationship. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1984;32: 3128-3133.
22. Abe H, Sakaguchi M, Konishi H. The effects of saikosaponins on biological membranes. 1. The relationship between the structures of saikosaponins and haemolytic activity. Planta Medica. 1978; 34:160-166.
23. Voutquenne L, Lavaud C, Massiot G. Structure activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2002;40: 253-262.
24. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Isolation of the pharmacologically active saponin ginsenoside Rb1 from ginseng by immunoaffinity column chromatography. Journal Natural Product. 2000; 63:283-285.
25. Uto T, Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Analysis of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and other constituents in licorice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production using knock-out extract. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication. 2012;417:473-478.
26. Hsu YC, Chang PJ, Tung CW, Shih YH, Ni WC, Li YC, Uto T, Shoyama Y, Ho C, Lin CL. De-glycyrrhizinated licorice extract attenuates high glucose-stimulated renal tubular epithelial- mesenchymal transition via suppressing the Notch2 signaling pathway. Cells. 2020; 9:125.
27. Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Planta Medica. 2001; 67: 533‒537.
28. Lee TF, Shiao YJ, Chen CF, Wang LC. Effect of ginseng saponins on β-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices Planta Medic. 2001; 67:634‒637.
29. Itoh T, Zang YF, Murai S, Saito H. Effects of Panax ginseng root on the vertical and horizontal motor activities and on brain monoamine-related substances in mice. Planta Medica. 1989;55:429‒433.
30. Zhang G, Liu A, Zhou Y, San X, Jin T, Jin Y., Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via antiapoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;12:441-448.
31. Liu L, Zhu L, Zou Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Wei X, Hu B, Chen J. Panax notoginseng saponins promotes stroke recovery by influencing expression of Nogo-A, NgR and p75NGF in vitro and in vivo. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2014; 37:560-568.
32. Li Z, Li H, Zhao C, Zhong C, Xin W, Zhang W. Protective Effect of Notoginsenoside R1 on an APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Up-Regulating Insulin Degrading Enzyme and Inhibiting Aβ Accumulation. CNS Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets. 2015; 14:360‒369.
33. Zou S, Zhang M, Feng L, Zhou Y, Ban L. Protective effects of notoginsenoside R1 on cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury in rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2017;14:6012-6016.
34. Lee ST. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2008;22:222-226.
35. Heo JH. Heat-processed Ginseng Enhances the Cognitive Function in Patients with Moderately Severe Alzheimer's Disease. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2012;15:278‒282.
36. Huang Q, Su H, Qi B, Wang Y, Li X, Zhao D. A SIRT1 activator, ginsenoside Rc, promotes energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2021; 143:1416-1427.
37. Qin W, Yang T, Ho L. Neuronal SIRT1 activation as a novel mechanism underlying the prevention of Alzheimer disease amyloid neuropathology by calorie restriction. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006;281:21745-21754.
38. Kim D, Nguyen MD, Dobbin MM. SIRT1 deacetylase protects against neurodegeneration in models for Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, EMMBO Journal. 2007; 26:3169‒3179.
39. Shoyama Y. Will ginsenoside Rc act as adjuvant treatment for dementia. Traditional Medicine Research. 2021; 6:21.
40. National Institute of Public Health (2015). NHLW GRANTS AYSTEM (in Japanese) https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/node/55558Accessed April 26, 2021.
41. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 'Project for Promotion of Information Dissemination, etc. on "Integrated Medicine"', Health and Labour Book homepage in Japan.
2. Shibata S, Tanaka O, Nagai M, Ishii T. Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese crude drugs. XII. Panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng roots. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1963; 11: 762‒765.
3. Shibata S, Ando T, Tanaka O, Meguro Y, Soma K, Iida Y. Saponins and sapogenins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and some other Panax spp. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1965; 85:753‒755.
4. Shibata S, Tanaka O, Soma K, Ando T, Iida Y, Nakamura H. Studies on saponins and sapogenins of ginseng. The structure of panaxatriol. Tetrahedron Letter. 1965;42:207-213.
5. Yang WZ, Hu Y, Wu WY, Ye M, Guo DA. Saponins in the genus Panax L.( Araliaceae ): a systematic review of their chemical diversity. Phytochemistry. 2014;106:7-24.
6. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2013 Basic Survey of National Living Standards, by level of care required in Japan
7. Shoyama Y, Sakata R, Isobe R, Murakami H, Kusai A, Nojima K. Direct determination of forskolin-bovine serum albumin conjugate by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1993;28:987-988.
8. Shoyama Y, Fukada T, Kusai A, Nojima K. Direct Determination of opium alkaloid-bovineserm albumin conjugate by matrix-assisied laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993;16: 1051-1053.
9. Goto Y, Shima Y, Morimoto S, Shoyama Y, Murakami H, Kusai A, Nojima K. Determination of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-carrier protein conjugate by matrix-assisted laster desorption /Ionization mass spectrometry and antibody formation. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1994;29: 668-671.
10. Shoyama Y. Studies on natural products using monoclonal antibodies: a review, Antibodies. 2021; 10:43.
11. Tanaka H. Fukuda N, Shoyama Y. Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rb1 and its characterization. Cytotechnology. 1999; 29:115–120.
12. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rg1 and its characterization. Cytotechnology. 2000;34:197–204.
13. Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Detection and quantification of ginsenoside Re in ginseng samples by a chromatographic immunostaining method using monoclonal antibody against ginsenoside Re. Journal of Chromatography B. 2006; 830:100–104.
14. Eun JJ, Young WH, Heungsop S, Sung HS, Yeong SK. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody to Ginsenoside Rg3. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2009;32: 548-552.
15. Limsuwanchote S, Wungsintawekul J, Yusakul G, Han JY, Sasaki-Tabata K, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Morimoto S. Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against notoginsenoside R1, a distinctive saponin from Panax notoginseng, and its application to indirect competitive ELISA. Planta Medica. 2014; 80:1-6.
16. Shan SJ, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for glycyrrhizin using anti-glycyrrhizin monoclonal antibody and a new eastern blotting for glucronides of glycyrrhetinic acid. Analytical Chemistry. 2001;73:5784-5790.
17. Lin Y, Jiang D, Li Y, Han X, Yu D, Park JH, Jin YH. Effect of sun ginseng potentiation on epirubicin and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Journal of Ginseng Research. 2015; 39:22-28.
18. Yamaguchi Y, Higashi M, Kobayashi H. Effects of ginsenosides on impaired performance caused by scopolamine in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996;312:149‒151.
19. Sugiura M, Shoyama Y, Saito H. Crocin (crocetin di-gentiobiose ester) prevents the inhibitory effect of ethanol on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1994;271: 703-707.
20. Shimada K, Ishii N, Ohishi K. Structure-activity relationship of cardiac steroids having a double linked sugar and related compounds for the inhibition of Na+,K +-adenosine triphosphatase. Journal of Pharmaco-Dynamics. 1986;755-759.
21. Takemoto T, Ueyama T, Saito H. Potentiation of nerve growth factor-mediated nerve fiber production in organ cultures of chicken embryonic ganglia by ginseng saponins: structure-activity relationship. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1984;32: 3128-3133.
22. Abe H, Sakaguchi M, Konishi H. The effects of saikosaponins on biological membranes. 1. The relationship between the structures of saikosaponins and haemolytic activity. Planta Medica. 1978; 34:160-166.
23. Voutquenne L, Lavaud C, Massiot G. Structure activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2002;40: 253-262.
24. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Isolation of the pharmacologically active saponin ginsenoside Rb1 from ginseng by immunoaffinity column chromatography. Journal Natural Product. 2000; 63:283-285.
25. Uto T, Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Analysis of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and other constituents in licorice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production using knock-out extract. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication. 2012;417:473-478.
26. Hsu YC, Chang PJ, Tung CW, Shih YH, Ni WC, Li YC, Uto T, Shoyama Y, Ho C, Lin CL. De-glycyrrhizinated licorice extract attenuates high glucose-stimulated renal tubular epithelial- mesenchymal transition via suppressing the Notch2 signaling pathway. Cells. 2020; 9:125.
27. Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Planta Medica. 2001; 67: 533‒537.
28. Lee TF, Shiao YJ, Chen CF, Wang LC. Effect of ginseng saponins on β-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices Planta Medic. 2001; 67:634‒637.
29. Itoh T, Zang YF, Murai S, Saito H. Effects of Panax ginseng root on the vertical and horizontal motor activities and on brain monoamine-related substances in mice. Planta Medica. 1989;55:429‒433.
30. Zhang G, Liu A, Zhou Y, San X, Jin T, Jin Y., Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via antiapoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;12:441-448.
31. Liu L, Zhu L, Zou Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Wei X, Hu B, Chen J. Panax notoginseng saponins promotes stroke recovery by influencing expression of Nogo-A, NgR and p75NGF in vitro and in vivo. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2014; 37:560-568.
32. Li Z, Li H, Zhao C, Zhong C, Xin W, Zhang W. Protective Effect of Notoginsenoside R1 on an APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Up-Regulating Insulin Degrading Enzyme and Inhibiting Aβ Accumulation. CNS Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets. 2015; 14:360‒369.
33. Zou S, Zhang M, Feng L, Zhou Y, Ban L. Protective effects of notoginsenoside R1 on cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury in rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2017;14:6012-6016.
34. Lee ST. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2008;22:222-226.
35. Heo JH. Heat-processed Ginseng Enhances the Cognitive Function in Patients with Moderately Severe Alzheimer's Disease. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2012;15:278‒282.
36. Huang Q, Su H, Qi B, Wang Y, Li X, Zhao D. A SIRT1 activator, ginsenoside Rc, promotes energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2021; 143:1416-1427.
37. Qin W, Yang T, Ho L. Neuronal SIRT1 activation as a novel mechanism underlying the prevention of Alzheimer disease amyloid neuropathology by calorie restriction. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006;281:21745-21754.
38. Kim D, Nguyen MD, Dobbin MM. SIRT1 deacetylase protects against neurodegeneration in models for Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, EMMBO Journal. 2007; 26:3169‒3179.
39. Shoyama Y. Will ginsenoside Rc act as adjuvant treatment for dementia. Traditional Medicine Research. 2021; 6:21.
40. National Institute of Public Health (2015). NHLW GRANTS AYSTEM (in Japanese) https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/node/55558Accessed April 26, 2021.
41. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 'Project for Promotion of Information Dissemination, etc. on "Integrated Medicine"', Health and Labour Book homepage in Japan.