Challenges with Systems Level Recovery Transformation in Westernized Cultures: Inpatient Psychiatric Settings in Public Mental Health and Avenues for Hope and Change
Main Article Content
Abstract
There has been much written now in the field on recovery-oriented care, its empirical impact, and the need for systems transformation for working with those with serious mental illness across the globe. However, there is still a dearth of that systems level recovery transformation occurring within inpatient settings, as opposed to outpatient, in public mental health and effectively, as the literature reflects. There are even questions of whether it is possible to engage in systems level recovery transformation within inpatient settings that are so structured and set in form, while there is more evidence of recovery transformation systemwide within outpatient services in mental health. This article highlights challenges for recovery-oriented systems change and how inpatient psychiatric settings within public mental health may be experienced, including issues of power and control, violation of basic human rights, racist experiences and overuse of seclusion and restraints for patients with racial minority identities, exacerbation of intersecting oppressive experiences, challenges with civil commitment and conservatorship, arbitrary and inhumane rules, and a strong focus still on diagnosis, medications and symptom amelioration. Despite barriers this article advocates for continuing hope and effort into providing systems level recovery transformation and discusses mechanisms of change in the direction of that transformative process for systems and providers to engage. Such mechanisms include involving senior administration and others throughout systems towards this overall goal and effective manners of collaborative change across disciplines. The article details those skillful systems change strategies in leadership and practical applications to help systems conceptualize how they may make such transformation.
Keywords:
Recovery-oriented care and systems change, serious mental illness, inpatient psychiatric care
Article Details
How to Cite
CARR, Erika.
Challenges with Systems Level Recovery Transformation in Westernized Cultures: Inpatient Psychiatric Settings in Public Mental Health and Avenues for Hope and Change.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5386>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5386.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Piat, M, Sofouli, E, Wainwright, M, Albert, H, Rivest, MP, Casey, R et al. Translating mental health recovery guidelines into recovery-oriented innovations: A strategy combining implementation teams and a facilitated planning process. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2022; 91, 102054.
2. Davidson, L, Rowe, M, Tondora, J, O'Connell, MJ, & Lawless, MS. A Practical Guide To Recovery-oriented Practice: Tools For Transforming Mental Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
3. Removed for peer review. A pilot study: Positive behavioral support assessment and intervention for individuals with serious mental illness and criminal justice involvement. Psychological services, 2022,19:225-233. doi: 10.1037/ser0000614
4. Kidd, SA, McKenzie, KJ, & Virdee, G. Mental health reform at a systems level: widening the lens on recovery-oriented care. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014; 59(5):243-249.
5. Frueh, BC., Dalton, ME, Johnson, MR, Hiers, TG, Gold, PB, Magruder, KM, & Santos, AB. Trauma within the psychiatric setting: Conceptual framework, research directions, and policy implications. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2005; 28(2):147-154.
6. Weiss, EM, Altimari, D, Blint, DF, & Megan, K. Deadly restraint: nationwide pattern of death. Hartford Courant. 1998; Oct. 11-15.
7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Promoting Alternatives to the Use of Seclusion and Restraint—Issue brief #1: A National Strategy to Prevent Seclusion and Restraint in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
8. Inskeep, S, & Garsd, J. NYC’s mayor faces backlash for planning to involuntarily hospitalize homeless people. National Public Radio. January 3, 2023. Accessed February 5, 2024.
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/03/1146620873/nycs-mayor-faces-backlash-for-planning-
9. Tutu, D. (1931). Personal Quote. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191843730.001.0001/q-oro-ed5-00016497;jsessionid=83E2BDDF5F558EEFF624AC06522A5CD9 Accessed January 10, 2024.
10. O’Dwyer, C, Tarzia, L, Fernbacher, S, & Hegarty, K. Health professionals’ experiences of providing care for women survivors of sexual violence in psychiatric inpatient units. BMC Health Services Research, 2019;19, 1-9.
11. Keski-Valkama, A, Sailas, E, Eronen, M, Koivisto, A M, Lönnqvist, J, & Kaltiala-Heino, R The reasons for using restraint and seclusion in psychiatric inpatient care: A nationwide 15-year study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 64(2), 136-144.
12. Wu, KK, Cheng, JP, Leung, J, Chow, LP, & Lee, CC. Patients’ reports of traumatic experience and posttraumatic stress in psychiatric settings. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2020;30(1), 3. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-
13. Removed for peer review. Women with Serious Mental Illness: Gender-sensitive and Recovery-oriented Care. New York: Oxford; 2021.
14. Dixon, LB, Holoshitz, Y, & Nossel, I. Treatment engagement of individuals experiencing mental illness: review and update. World Psychiatry. 2016; 15(1), 13-20.
15. Removed for peer review. Supporting mental health recovery, citizenship, and social justice. Community Mental Health Journal.2022; 1-9.
16. Schnitzer, K, Merideth, F, Macias-Konstantopoulos, W, Hayden, D, Shtasel, D., Bird, S. Disparities in care: the role of race on the utilization of physical restraints in the emergency setting. Academy of Emergency Medicine. 2020; 27, 943-950.
17. Bor, J, Venkataramani, AS, Williams, DR, & Tsai, AC. Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet. 2018;392, 302–310.
18. Dotson, S, Ogbu-Nwobodo, L, & Shtasel, D. Demilitarizing hospital restraints: recognizing the stones in our glass houses. Psychiatric Services. 2022;3(1), 100-102.
19. Menand, E, & Moster, R. Racial disparities in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: How far have we come? Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. 2021; (8)179-186. doi: 10.1007/s40473-021-00236-7
20. Pan, I. Association between race/ethnicity and the receipt of outpatient second-generation antipsychotic agents stratified by metabolic effects. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin; 2016.
21. Waldemar, AK, Arnfred, SM, Petersen, L, & Korsbek, L. Recovery-oriented practice in mental health inpatient settings: A literature review. Psychiatric Services. 2016;67, 596-602.
22. Council of Europe, United Nations. Statement on Seclusion and Restraint. 2006;
http://www.un.org>esa>socdev>enable>rights
23. Substance abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2023). Promoting Alternatives to the use of seclusion and restraint.
https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/trauma_and_violence/seclusion-restraints-1.pdf
24. American Psychiatric Association. New APA resource document highlights quality and safety considerations in the use of seclusion and restraint. 2023; https://www.psychiatry.org/News-room/APA-Blogs/APA-Resource-on-Seclusion-or-restraint.
25. Fazel, S, & Seewald, K. Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012; 200(5), 364-373.
26. Fellner, J. A corrections quandary: Mental illness and prison rules. Harvard Civil Rights- Civil Liberties Law Review. 2006; 41, 391.
27. Hall, D, Lee, LW, Manseau, MW, Pope, L, Watson, AC, & Compton, MT. Major mental illness as a risk factor for incarceration. Psychiatric Services. 2019; 70(12), 1088-1093.
28. Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, Case, B, & Samuels, S. Prevalence of serious mental Illness among jail inmates. Psychiatric Services. 2009; 60, 761–765.
29. Silva, B, Golay, P, & Morandi, S. Factors associated with involuntary hospitalization for psychiatric patients in Switzerland: a retrospective study. BMC Psychiatry, 2018; 18, 1-10.
30. Morris, NP. Detention without data: Public tracking of civil commitment. Psychiatric Services. 2020; 71.
31. Brooks, RA. Psychiatrists’ opinions about involuntary civil commitment: Results of a national survey. Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35, 219-228.
32. Barnett, P, Matthews, H, Llyod-Evans, B, Mackay, E, Pilling, S, & Johnson, S. Compulsory community treatment to reduce readmission to hospital and increase engagement with community care in people with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5, 1013-1022.
33. Victorian State Government. Mental Health Act (Vic). Victorian Parliament, Melbourne, Austrailia; 1986.
34. Civil Code in the version promulgated on 2 January 2002 (Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt]I page 42, 2909; 2003 I page 738, last amended by Article 1 of the Act of 10 August 2021 (Federal Law Gazette I p.3515). Accessed from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html
35. Juríčková, L, Filka, J, & Ivanová, K. Identification of topical problems in performance of public custodian function. Health & Social Sciences. 2012.
36. Barton, R., Lau, S., & Lockett, L.L. (2014). The use of conservatorships and adult guardianships and other options in the care of the mentally ill in the United States. World Guardianship Congress. Accessed from:
http://www.guardianship.org/IRL/Resources/Handouts/Family%20Members%20as%20Guardians_Handout.pdf
37. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act; 2017.
https://www.guardianship.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/UGCOPPAAct_UGPPAct.pdf
38. Dalton, A. Judge dissolves Brittney Spears’ conservatorship. PBS News Hour. 2021; https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/judge-dissolves-britney-spears-conservatorship
39. Ireland, J, & Snowdon, P. Bullying in Secure Hospitals. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology. 2002;13(3):538–554.
40. Pescosolido, BA, Halpern-Manners, A, Luo, L, & Perry, B. Trends in public stigma of mental illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA network open, 2021; 4(12), e2140202-e2140202.
41. Barret, R. J. The Psychiatric Team and the Social Definition of schizophrenia: Anthropological Study of Person and Illness. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
42. Strauss, A. Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions. London: Collier Macmillan; 2017.
43. Thibeault, CA, Trudeau, K, d’Entremont, M, & Brown, T. Understanding the milieu experiences of patients on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Archives of psychiatric nursing. 2010; 24(4), 216-226.
44. Bowser, A, Link, W, Dickson, M, Collier, L, & Donovan-Hall, MK. A qualitative study exploring the causes of boredom for men with a psychosis in a forensic setting. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 2018;34, 32–48.
45. Kanyeredzi, A, Brown, SD, McGrath, L, Reavey, P, & Tucker, I. The atmosphere of the ward: Attunements and attachments of everyday life for patients on a medium-secure forensic psychiatric unit. The Sociological Review. 2019; 67(2), 444-466.
46. Sumartojo, S, Pink, S, Duque, M, & Vaughan, L. Atmospheres of care in a psychiatric inpatient unit. Design for Health. 2020; 4(1), 24-42.
47. O’Connor, N, Zantos, K, & Sepulveda-Flores, V. Use of personal electronic devices by psychiatric inpatients: Benefits, risks and attitudes of patients and staff. Australasian Psychiatry. 2018; 26(3), 263-266.
48. Parrott, FR. ‘Real Relationships’: sociable interaction, material culture and imprisonment in a secure psychiatric unit. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 2010; 34, 555-570.
49. Shattell, MM, Andes, M, & Thomas, SP. How patients and nurses experience the acute care psychiatric environment. Nursing inquiry. 2008; 15(3), 242-250.
50. Mohr, WK., & Pumariega, A J. Level systems: Inpatient programming whose time has passed. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2004;17(3), 113-125.
51. West, M. Why depression can make it hard to shower and maintain personal hygiene. Medical News Today. 2022; https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cant-shower-depression.
52. Greenberg, WM & Attia, S. Nonemergent forcible medication in an acute hospital. Bulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 1993; 21(4), 465–473.
53. Jarrett, M, Bowers, L, & Simpson, A. Coerced medication in psychiatric inpatient care: literature review. Journal of advanced nursing. 2008;64(6), 538-548.
54. Gong, N. “That proves you mad, because you know it not”: impaired insight and the dilemma of governing psychiatric patients as legal subjects. Theory and Society. 2017;46, 201-228.
55. McCann, E, Donohue, G, de Jager, J, Nugter, A, Stewart, J, & Eustace-Cook, J. Sexuality and intimacy among people with serious mental illness: a qualitative systematic review. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2019; 17(1), 74-125.
56. Bonfils KA, Firmin RL, Salyers MP, & Wright ER. Sexuality and intimacy among people living with serious mental illnesses: Factors contributing to sexual activity. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2015; 38(3):249.
57. Mernyi L, Hölzle P, & Hamann J. Berufstätigkeit und Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz bei stationär-psychiatrisch behandelten Patienten. Psychiatr Prax. 2018;45:197–205.
58. Provencher, HL, Gregg, R, Mead, S, & Mueser, KT. The role of work in the recovery of persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2002; 26, 132–44.
59. Compton, MT, Reed, T, Broussard, B, Powell, I, Thomas, GV, Moore, A, Cito, K, & Haynes, N. Development, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a recovery-based curriculum for community navigation specialists working with individuals with serious mental illnesses and repeated hospitalizations. Community Mental Health Journal. 2014;50, 383-387.
60. Salyers, MP, & Tsemberis, S. ACT and recovery: integrating evidence-based practice and recovery orientation on assertive community treatment teams. Community Mental Health Journal. 2007; 43, 619-641.
61. Whitley, R, Gingerich, S, Lutz, WJ, & Mueser, KT. Implementing the illness management and recovery program in community mental health settings: Facilitators and barriers. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60, 202-209. journals/patients-reports-traumatic-experience/docview/2581860840/se-2
62. Aston, V, Coffey, M. Recovery: What mental health nurses and service users say about the concept of recovery. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2012;19, 257-263.
63. Chen, SP, Krupa, T, Lysaght, R., McCay, E., & Piat, M. The development of recovery Competencies for in-patient mental health providers working with people with serious mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 2013;40,96-116.
64. Cleary, M. The realities of mental health nursing in acute inpatient environments. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2004;13, 53-60.
65. Cleary, M, Horsfall, J, O’Hara-Aarons, M, & Hunt, GE. Mental health nurses’ views of Recovery within an acute setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2013;22, 205-212.
66. Berg, DN. Levels of analysis: Diagnosis & Intervention. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. https://ysph.yale.edu/ghli/what/research/4g.levels
67. Wachtel, PL. Cyclical psychodynamics and the contextual self: The inner world, the intimate world, and the world of culture and society. Routledge; 2014.
68. Jacobowitz, W. PTSD in psychiatric nurses and other mental health providers: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2013;34, 787-795. doi: 10.3109/01612840.824053
69. Yoshizawa, K, Sugawara, N, Yasui-Furukori, N, Danjo, K, Furukori, H, Sato, Y. et al. Relationship between occupational stress and depression among psychiatric nurses in Japan. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2016; 71 (1) 10- 15, 10.1080/19338244.2014.927345
70. King, M.L., (1965). Commencement. Oberlin College Archives.
https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/KingAutograph.html#
71. Ward-Ciesielski, EF, & Rizvi, SL. The potential iatrogenic effects of psychiatric hospitalization for suicidal behavior: A critical review and recommendations for research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2011;28(1), 60
71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12332
72. Marchand, K, Beaumont, S, Westfall, J, MacDonald, S, Harrison, S, Marsh, DC, ... & Oviedo-Joekes, E. Conceptualizing patient-centered care for substance use disorder treatment: findings from a systematic scoping review. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy. 2019; 14(1), 1-15.
73. Drake, RE, Cimpean, D, & Torrey, WC. Shared decision making in mental health: prospects for personalized medicine. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2022; 11(4), 455-463.
74. Dunn, EC, Wewiorski, NJ, & Rogers, ES. The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: results of a qualitative study. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal. 2018;32(1), 59.
75. Lucksted, A, Essock, SM, Stevenson, J, Mendon, SJ, Nossel, IR, & Goldman, HH. Client views of engagement in the RAISE Connection Program for early psychosis recovery. Psychiatric Services. 2015;66, 699-704.
76. Lewis, J. Speech atop the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Selma, Alabama; March 1, 2020.
77. Rowe, M. Citizenship and mental health. NY: Oxford University Press; 2015.
78. Shalaby, RAH, & Agyapong, VI. Peer support in mental health: literature review. JMIR mental health. 2020;7(6), e15572.
79. Removed for peer review. Positive behavioral support planning in the inpatient treatment of severe disruptive behaviors: A description of service features. Psychological Services. 2016;13 (2), 178.
80. Holcomb, EL. Asking the right questions: Techniques for collaboration and school change. Corwin Press; 2001.
81. Howes, L. 10 Lessons for Entrepreneurs from Coach John Wooden. Forbes. 2012;October 19.
82. Moore, G. The Outfit. [Film.]Focus Features Universal Pictures; 2022.
2. Davidson, L, Rowe, M, Tondora, J, O'Connell, MJ, & Lawless, MS. A Practical Guide To Recovery-oriented Practice: Tools For Transforming Mental Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
3. Removed for peer review. A pilot study: Positive behavioral support assessment and intervention for individuals with serious mental illness and criminal justice involvement. Psychological services, 2022,19:225-233. doi: 10.1037/ser0000614
4. Kidd, SA, McKenzie, KJ, & Virdee, G. Mental health reform at a systems level: widening the lens on recovery-oriented care. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014; 59(5):243-249.
5. Frueh, BC., Dalton, ME, Johnson, MR, Hiers, TG, Gold, PB, Magruder, KM, & Santos, AB. Trauma within the psychiatric setting: Conceptual framework, research directions, and policy implications. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2005; 28(2):147-154.
6. Weiss, EM, Altimari, D, Blint, DF, & Megan, K. Deadly restraint: nationwide pattern of death. Hartford Courant. 1998; Oct. 11-15.
7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Promoting Alternatives to the Use of Seclusion and Restraint—Issue brief #1: A National Strategy to Prevent Seclusion and Restraint in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
8. Inskeep, S, & Garsd, J. NYC’s mayor faces backlash for planning to involuntarily hospitalize homeless people. National Public Radio. January 3, 2023. Accessed February 5, 2024.
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/03/1146620873/nycs-mayor-faces-backlash-for-planning-
9. Tutu, D. (1931). Personal Quote. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191843730.001.0001/q-oro-ed5-00016497;jsessionid=83E2BDDF5F558EEFF624AC06522A5CD9 Accessed January 10, 2024.
10. O’Dwyer, C, Tarzia, L, Fernbacher, S, & Hegarty, K. Health professionals’ experiences of providing care for women survivors of sexual violence in psychiatric inpatient units. BMC Health Services Research, 2019;19, 1-9.
11. Keski-Valkama, A, Sailas, E, Eronen, M, Koivisto, A M, Lönnqvist, J, & Kaltiala-Heino, R The reasons for using restraint and seclusion in psychiatric inpatient care: A nationwide 15-year study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 64(2), 136-144.
12. Wu, KK, Cheng, JP, Leung, J, Chow, LP, & Lee, CC. Patients’ reports of traumatic experience and posttraumatic stress in psychiatric settings. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2020;30(1), 3. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-
13. Removed for peer review. Women with Serious Mental Illness: Gender-sensitive and Recovery-oriented Care. New York: Oxford; 2021.
14. Dixon, LB, Holoshitz, Y, & Nossel, I. Treatment engagement of individuals experiencing mental illness: review and update. World Psychiatry. 2016; 15(1), 13-20.
15. Removed for peer review. Supporting mental health recovery, citizenship, and social justice. Community Mental Health Journal.2022; 1-9.
16. Schnitzer, K, Merideth, F, Macias-Konstantopoulos, W, Hayden, D, Shtasel, D., Bird, S. Disparities in care: the role of race on the utilization of physical restraints in the emergency setting. Academy of Emergency Medicine. 2020; 27, 943-950.
17. Bor, J, Venkataramani, AS, Williams, DR, & Tsai, AC. Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet. 2018;392, 302–310.
18. Dotson, S, Ogbu-Nwobodo, L, & Shtasel, D. Demilitarizing hospital restraints: recognizing the stones in our glass houses. Psychiatric Services. 2022;3(1), 100-102.
19. Menand, E, & Moster, R. Racial disparities in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: How far have we come? Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. 2021; (8)179-186. doi: 10.1007/s40473-021-00236-7
20. Pan, I. Association between race/ethnicity and the receipt of outpatient second-generation antipsychotic agents stratified by metabolic effects. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin; 2016.
21. Waldemar, AK, Arnfred, SM, Petersen, L, & Korsbek, L. Recovery-oriented practice in mental health inpatient settings: A literature review. Psychiatric Services. 2016;67, 596-602.
22. Council of Europe, United Nations. Statement on Seclusion and Restraint. 2006;
http://www.un.org>esa>socdev>enable>rights
23. Substance abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2023). Promoting Alternatives to the use of seclusion and restraint.
https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/topics/trauma_and_violence/seclusion-restraints-1.pdf
24. American Psychiatric Association. New APA resource document highlights quality and safety considerations in the use of seclusion and restraint. 2023; https://www.psychiatry.org/News-room/APA-Blogs/APA-Resource-on-Seclusion-or-restraint.
25. Fazel, S, & Seewald, K. Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012; 200(5), 364-373.
26. Fellner, J. A corrections quandary: Mental illness and prison rules. Harvard Civil Rights- Civil Liberties Law Review. 2006; 41, 391.
27. Hall, D, Lee, LW, Manseau, MW, Pope, L, Watson, AC, & Compton, MT. Major mental illness as a risk factor for incarceration. Psychiatric Services. 2019; 70(12), 1088-1093.
28. Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, Case, B, & Samuels, S. Prevalence of serious mental Illness among jail inmates. Psychiatric Services. 2009; 60, 761–765.
29. Silva, B, Golay, P, & Morandi, S. Factors associated with involuntary hospitalization for psychiatric patients in Switzerland: a retrospective study. BMC Psychiatry, 2018; 18, 1-10.
30. Morris, NP. Detention without data: Public tracking of civil commitment. Psychiatric Services. 2020; 71.
31. Brooks, RA. Psychiatrists’ opinions about involuntary civil commitment: Results of a national survey. Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35, 219-228.
32. Barnett, P, Matthews, H, Llyod-Evans, B, Mackay, E, Pilling, S, & Johnson, S. Compulsory community treatment to reduce readmission to hospital and increase engagement with community care in people with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5, 1013-1022.
33. Victorian State Government. Mental Health Act (Vic). Victorian Parliament, Melbourne, Austrailia; 1986.
34. Civil Code in the version promulgated on 2 January 2002 (Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt]I page 42, 2909; 2003 I page 738, last amended by Article 1 of the Act of 10 August 2021 (Federal Law Gazette I p.3515). Accessed from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html
35. Juríčková, L, Filka, J, & Ivanová, K. Identification of topical problems in performance of public custodian function. Health & Social Sciences. 2012.
36. Barton, R., Lau, S., & Lockett, L.L. (2014). The use of conservatorships and adult guardianships and other options in the care of the mentally ill in the United States. World Guardianship Congress. Accessed from:
http://www.guardianship.org/IRL/Resources/Handouts/Family%20Members%20as%20Guardians_Handout.pdf
37. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act; 2017.
https://www.guardianship.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/UGCOPPAAct_UGPPAct.pdf
38. Dalton, A. Judge dissolves Brittney Spears’ conservatorship. PBS News Hour. 2021; https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/judge-dissolves-britney-spears-conservatorship
39. Ireland, J, & Snowdon, P. Bullying in Secure Hospitals. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology. 2002;13(3):538–554.
40. Pescosolido, BA, Halpern-Manners, A, Luo, L, & Perry, B. Trends in public stigma of mental illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA network open, 2021; 4(12), e2140202-e2140202.
41. Barret, R. J. The Psychiatric Team and the Social Definition of schizophrenia: Anthropological Study of Person and Illness. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
42. Strauss, A. Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions. London: Collier Macmillan; 2017.
43. Thibeault, CA, Trudeau, K, d’Entremont, M, & Brown, T. Understanding the milieu experiences of patients on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Archives of psychiatric nursing. 2010; 24(4), 216-226.
44. Bowser, A, Link, W, Dickson, M, Collier, L, & Donovan-Hall, MK. A qualitative study exploring the causes of boredom for men with a psychosis in a forensic setting. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 2018;34, 32–48.
45. Kanyeredzi, A, Brown, SD, McGrath, L, Reavey, P, & Tucker, I. The atmosphere of the ward: Attunements and attachments of everyday life for patients on a medium-secure forensic psychiatric unit. The Sociological Review. 2019; 67(2), 444-466.
46. Sumartojo, S, Pink, S, Duque, M, & Vaughan, L. Atmospheres of care in a psychiatric inpatient unit. Design for Health. 2020; 4(1), 24-42.
47. O’Connor, N, Zantos, K, & Sepulveda-Flores, V. Use of personal electronic devices by psychiatric inpatients: Benefits, risks and attitudes of patients and staff. Australasian Psychiatry. 2018; 26(3), 263-266.
48. Parrott, FR. ‘Real Relationships’: sociable interaction, material culture and imprisonment in a secure psychiatric unit. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 2010; 34, 555-570.
49. Shattell, MM, Andes, M, & Thomas, SP. How patients and nurses experience the acute care psychiatric environment. Nursing inquiry. 2008; 15(3), 242-250.
50. Mohr, WK., & Pumariega, A J. Level systems: Inpatient programming whose time has passed. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2004;17(3), 113-125.
51. West, M. Why depression can make it hard to shower and maintain personal hygiene. Medical News Today. 2022; https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cant-shower-depression.
52. Greenberg, WM & Attia, S. Nonemergent forcible medication in an acute hospital. Bulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 1993; 21(4), 465–473.
53. Jarrett, M, Bowers, L, & Simpson, A. Coerced medication in psychiatric inpatient care: literature review. Journal of advanced nursing. 2008;64(6), 538-548.
54. Gong, N. “That proves you mad, because you know it not”: impaired insight and the dilemma of governing psychiatric patients as legal subjects. Theory and Society. 2017;46, 201-228.
55. McCann, E, Donohue, G, de Jager, J, Nugter, A, Stewart, J, & Eustace-Cook, J. Sexuality and intimacy among people with serious mental illness: a qualitative systematic review. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2019; 17(1), 74-125.
56. Bonfils KA, Firmin RL, Salyers MP, & Wright ER. Sexuality and intimacy among people living with serious mental illnesses: Factors contributing to sexual activity. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2015; 38(3):249.
57. Mernyi L, Hölzle P, & Hamann J. Berufstätigkeit und Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz bei stationär-psychiatrisch behandelten Patienten. Psychiatr Prax. 2018;45:197–205.
58. Provencher, HL, Gregg, R, Mead, S, & Mueser, KT. The role of work in the recovery of persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2002; 26, 132–44.
59. Compton, MT, Reed, T, Broussard, B, Powell, I, Thomas, GV, Moore, A, Cito, K, & Haynes, N. Development, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a recovery-based curriculum for community navigation specialists working with individuals with serious mental illnesses and repeated hospitalizations. Community Mental Health Journal. 2014;50, 383-387.
60. Salyers, MP, & Tsemberis, S. ACT and recovery: integrating evidence-based practice and recovery orientation on assertive community treatment teams. Community Mental Health Journal. 2007; 43, 619-641.
61. Whitley, R, Gingerich, S, Lutz, WJ, & Mueser, KT. Implementing the illness management and recovery program in community mental health settings: Facilitators and barriers. Psychiatric Services. 2009;60, 202-209. journals/patients-reports-traumatic-experience/docview/2581860840/se-2
62. Aston, V, Coffey, M. Recovery: What mental health nurses and service users say about the concept of recovery. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2012;19, 257-263.
63. Chen, SP, Krupa, T, Lysaght, R., McCay, E., & Piat, M. The development of recovery Competencies for in-patient mental health providers working with people with serious mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 2013;40,96-116.
64. Cleary, M. The realities of mental health nursing in acute inpatient environments. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2004;13, 53-60.
65. Cleary, M, Horsfall, J, O’Hara-Aarons, M, & Hunt, GE. Mental health nurses’ views of Recovery within an acute setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2013;22, 205-212.
66. Berg, DN. Levels of analysis: Diagnosis & Intervention. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. https://ysph.yale.edu/ghli/what/research/4g.levels
67. Wachtel, PL. Cyclical psychodynamics and the contextual self: The inner world, the intimate world, and the world of culture and society. Routledge; 2014.
68. Jacobowitz, W. PTSD in psychiatric nurses and other mental health providers: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2013;34, 787-795. doi: 10.3109/01612840.824053
69. Yoshizawa, K, Sugawara, N, Yasui-Furukori, N, Danjo, K, Furukori, H, Sato, Y. et al. Relationship between occupational stress and depression among psychiatric nurses in Japan. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2016; 71 (1) 10- 15, 10.1080/19338244.2014.927345
70. King, M.L., (1965). Commencement. Oberlin College Archives.
https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/KingAutograph.html#
71. Ward-Ciesielski, EF, & Rizvi, SL. The potential iatrogenic effects of psychiatric hospitalization for suicidal behavior: A critical review and recommendations for research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2011;28(1), 60
71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12332
72. Marchand, K, Beaumont, S, Westfall, J, MacDonald, S, Harrison, S, Marsh, DC, ... & Oviedo-Joekes, E. Conceptualizing patient-centered care for substance use disorder treatment: findings from a systematic scoping review. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy. 2019; 14(1), 1-15.
73. Drake, RE, Cimpean, D, & Torrey, WC. Shared decision making in mental health: prospects for personalized medicine. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2022; 11(4), 455-463.
74. Dunn, EC, Wewiorski, NJ, & Rogers, ES. The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: results of a qualitative study. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal. 2018;32(1), 59.
75. Lucksted, A, Essock, SM, Stevenson, J, Mendon, SJ, Nossel, IR, & Goldman, HH. Client views of engagement in the RAISE Connection Program for early psychosis recovery. Psychiatric Services. 2015;66, 699-704.
76. Lewis, J. Speech atop the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Selma, Alabama; March 1, 2020.
77. Rowe, M. Citizenship and mental health. NY: Oxford University Press; 2015.
78. Shalaby, RAH, & Agyapong, VI. Peer support in mental health: literature review. JMIR mental health. 2020;7(6), e15572.
79. Removed for peer review. Positive behavioral support planning in the inpatient treatment of severe disruptive behaviors: A description of service features. Psychological Services. 2016;13 (2), 178.
80. Holcomb, EL. Asking the right questions: Techniques for collaboration and school change. Corwin Press; 2001.
81. Howes, L. 10 Lessons for Entrepreneurs from Coach John Wooden. Forbes. 2012;October 19.
82. Moore, G. The Outfit. [Film.]Focus Features Universal Pictures; 2022.