Sex Differences in Maturity Offset, Peak Height Velocity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Overweight Children Nearing Adolescence
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study aimed to assess maturity offset in overweight children nearing adolescence and investigate potential differences in peak height velocity and fitness levels within this population.
Methodology: The study involved 28 individuals (14 boys and 14 girls) aged 8-11 years with a body mass index >85th percentile. Maturity offset, peak height velocity, and cardiovascular fitness were measured for all subjects.
Results: The study revealed that the average age of peak height velocity for girls was 10.69 ± 2.51 years, while for boys it was 13.40 ± 2.29 years. Differences were observed in age of peak height velocity, maturity offset, leg length, and cardiorespiratory fitness, with girls having higher means for the maturity offset and leg length and boys having higher means for peak height velocity and cardiorespiratory fitness.
Conclusions: In late childhood, boys with an elevated body mass index have higher cardiorespiratory fitness as compared to girls. Girls who are overweight tend to reach maturity earlier than boys with a similar body mass index. Additionally, girls experience an early growth spurt in terms of height compared to boys, although boys demonstrate a superior overall peak height gain compared to girls.
Abbreviations: BMI- Body Mass Index, PHV- Peak High Velocity, VO2 max - Maximal oxygen consumption
Keywords:
Late childhood, Overweight, Maturity offset, Peak height velocity, Fitness.
Article Details
How to Cite
KAUR, Amreen et al.
Sex Differences in Maturity Offset, Peak Height Velocity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Overweight Children Nearing Adolescence.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, dec. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5400>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5400.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00139.x
25. Glass NA, Torner JC, Letuchy EM, et al. The relationship between greater prepubertal adiposity, subsequent age of maturation, and bone strength during adolescence. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2016;31(7):1455-1465. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2809
26. Hammoud AO, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Hamilton BD, Carrell DT. Obesity and male reproductive potential. Journal of Andrology. 2006; 27(5):619-626. doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.000125
27. Chen L, Su B, Zhang Y, et al. Association between height growth patterns in puberty and stature in late adolescence: A longitudinal analysis in Chinese children and adolescents from 2006 to 2016. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.882840
2. Chaput J ‐P., Barnes JD, Tremblay MS, et al. Inequality in physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep duration and risk of obesity in children: A 12‐country study. Obesity Science & Practice. 2018;4(3):229-237. doi:10.1002/osp4.271
3. KATZMARZYK PT, BARREIRA TV, BROYLES ST, et al. Physical activity, sedentary time, and obesity in an international sample of children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2015;47 (10):2062-2069. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000649
4. Vancampfort D, Probst M, Sweers K, Maurissen K, Knapen J, De Hert M. Relationships between obesity, functional exercise capacity, physical activity participation and physical self-perception in people with schizophrenia: Functional exercise capacity between schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Internet]. 2011;123(6):423–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01666.x
5. Nemeth BA, Carrel AL, Eickhoff J, Clark RR, Peterson SE, Allen DB. Submaximal Treadmill Test Predicts V̇O2max in Overweight Children. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(5):677-681.e671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.032
6. Wallymahmed ME, Morgan C, Gill GV, MacFarlane IA. Aerobic fitness and hand grip strength in Type 1 diabetes: relationship to glycaemic control and body composition: Short report. Diabet Med [Internet]. 2007;24(11):1296–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02257.x
7. Jiménez-Daza P, Teba del Pino L, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Sáez de Villarreal E. Maturity offset, anthropometric characteristics and vertical force–velocity profile in youth basketball players. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2023; 8(4):160. doi:10.3390/jfmk8040160
8. Baxter-Jones AD. Growth and development of young athletes. Should competition levels be age related? Sports Med. 1995;20(2):59-64. doi:10.2165/00007256-199520020-00001
9. Malina RM, Kozieł SM, Králik M, Chrzanowska M, Suder A. Prediction of maturity offset and age at peak height velocity in a longitudinal series of boys and girls. American Journal of Human Biology. 2020;33(6). doi:10.1002/ajhb.23551
10. Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones AD, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):689-694. doi:10.1097/00005768-200204000-00020
11. Malina RM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martinho DV, et al. Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254659
12. Zhou X, Hu Y, Yang Z, et al. Overweight/ obesity in childhood and the risk of early puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.795596
13. Elias CF, Purohit D. Leptin signaling and circuits in puberty and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2013) 70:841–62. doi: 10.1007/s00018-012-1095-1
14. Li W, Liu Q, Deng X, Chen Y, Liu S, Story M. Association between Obesity and Puberty Timing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(10). doi:10.3390/ijerph14101266
15. Burt Solorzano CM, McCartney CR. Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys. Reproduction. 2010;140(3):399-410. doi:10.1530/rep-10-0119
16. Rinaldo N, Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L. Influence of size and maturity on injury in young elite soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3120. doi:10.3390/ijerph18063120
17. Malina, R.M.; Meleski, B.W.; Shoup, R.F. Anthropometric, Body Composition, and Maturity Characteristics of Selected School-Age Athletes. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 1982, 29, 1305–1323
18. Lee JM, Wasserman R, Kaciroti N, et al. Timing of Puberty in Overweight Versus Obese Boys. Pediatrics. 2016;137(2):e20150164. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0164
19. Glass NA, Torner JC, Letuchy EM, et al. The Relationship Between Greater Prepubertal Adiposity, Subsequent Age of Maturation, and Bone Strength During Adolescence. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31 (7):1455-1465. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2809
20. Pojskic H, Eslami B. Relationship Between Obesity, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels in Children and Adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Analysis of Gender Differences. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1734. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01734
20. Ahmed ML, Ong KK, Dunger DB. Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2009;20(5):237-242.
21. Ekelund U, Neovius M, Linné Y, Brage S, Wareham NJ, Rössner S. Associations between physical activity and fat mass in adolescents: the Stockholm Weight Development Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;81(2):355-360. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.355
22. Kondapalli A, G Devpura, S Manohar. Cardio Respiratory Fitness among Normal, Overweight and Obese Adolescent Girls of Hyderabad. International journal of health science and research. 2019; 9(3): 65-70
23. Huldani, Asnawati, Auliadina D, Amilia FR, Nuarti N, Jayanti R. Abdominal circumference, body fat percent, and vo2 max in pilgrims of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019;1374(1):012058. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1374/1/012058
24. Berndtsson G, Mattsson E, Marcus C, Larsson UE. Age and gender differences in VO2max in Swedish obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96(4):567-571.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00139.x
25. Glass NA, Torner JC, Letuchy EM, et al. The relationship between greater prepubertal adiposity, subsequent age of maturation, and bone strength during adolescence. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2016;31(7):1455-1465. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2809
26. Hammoud AO, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Hamilton BD, Carrell DT. Obesity and male reproductive potential. Journal of Andrology. 2006; 27(5):619-626. doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.000125
27. Chen L, Su B, Zhang Y, et al. Association between height growth patterns in puberty and stature in late adolescence: A longitudinal analysis in Chinese children and adolescents from 2006 to 2016. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.882840