Managing obesity with lifestyle modification, outcomes, and recommendations
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a chronic illness affecting people from all regions and socioeconomic classes. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the measure used to define overweight and obese individuals. A BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight and more than 30 is considered obese. The prevalence of obesity has increased drastically in the last few decades making it an important health problem worldwide.
Objectives: The objective of this research paper is to identify various recent scholarly sources that focus on the importance of lifestyle modifications in the prevention of obesity and associated illnesses.
Methods: The articles were searched using databases such as PubMed, NCBI, UpToDate, BMJ, and other sources. The keywords used were obesity, overweight, lifestyle modifications, dietary modifications, exercise, modifiable factors, and other related words. Articles published after 2000, those with a high number of citations, larger sample size, experimental evidence, and done in larger institutes were selected.
Results: The studies provided evidence that lifestyle modifications as the most important factor in the reduction of overweight and obesity. Dietary modifications such as low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean diet, etc., done regularly or intermittently helped in weight loss. Exercise and physical activity were identified as the second-best interventions for weight management. Additionally, behavior and cognitive therapy is another intervention. The research paper also identifies outcomes of lifestyle modifications and the challenges and barriers faced by individuals.
Conclusion: Obesity can be successfully reduced by modification of dietary habits, improving patient-physician relationships, educating the masses about management strategies, and most importantly, inculcating more physical activity in daily life.
Article Details
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
2. Fruh SM. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017. 10.1002/2327-6924.12510
3. Salam RA, Padhani ZA, Das JK, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification interventions to prevent and manage child and adolescent obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020, 12(8):2208. 10.3390/nu12082208
4. Safaei M, Sundararajan EA, Driss M, Boulila W, Shapi’i A. A systematic literature review on Obesity: Understanding the Causes & Consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity. Comput Biol Med. 2021, 136:104754.
10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104754
5. Seo YG, Lim H, Kim Y, et al. The effect of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on obesity status, body composition, physical fitness, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents with obesity. Nutrients. 2019, 11(1): 137. 10.3390/nu11010137
6. Psaltopoulou T, Tzanninis S, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses. World J Pediatr. 2019, 15:350-381. 10.1007/s12519-019-00266-y
7. Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Butryn ML. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am Psychol. 2020, 75(2):235-251. 10.1037/amp0000517
8. Burke LE, Wang J. Treatment strategies for overweight and obesity. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011, 43(4):368-375. 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01424.x Enkhmaa B, Surampudi P, Anuurad E, Berglund L. Lifestyle changes: effect of diet, exercise, functional food, and obesity treatment on lipids and lipoproteins. Endotext [Internet]. Accessed May 30, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK326737/
9. Chen PS, Chang KC, Chang CH, et al. The effect of a multidisciplinary lifestyle modification program for obese and overweight children. J Formos Med Assoc. 2022, 121(9):1773-1785. 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.01.011
10. Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA. Lifestyle modification for Obesity. Circulation. 2012, 125(9):1157-1170. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453
11. Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, et al; PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144(7):485-495. 10.1001/jama.289.16.2083
12. Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Wilson C. Lifestyle modification for the management of Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2007, 132(6):2226-2238. 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.051
13. Md Yusop NB, Mohd Shariff Z, Hwu TT, Abd Talib R, Spurrier N. The effectiveness of a stage-based lifestyle modification intervention for obese children. BMC Public Health. 2018, 18(1): 299. 10.1186/s12889-018-5206-2
14. Hwalla N, Jaafar Z. Dietary management of obesity: a review of the evidence. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020, 11(1):24. 10.3390/diagnostics11010024
15. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011, 364(25):2392-2404. 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296