On the efficacy of facial masks to suppress the spreading of pathogen-carrying saliva particles during human respiratory events: Insights gained via high-fidelity numerical modeling
Main Article Content
Abstract
Respiratory fluid dynamics is integral to comprehending the transmission of infectious diseases and the effectiveness of interventions such as face masks and social distancing. In this research, we present our recent studies that investigate respiratory particle transport via high-fidelity large eddy simulation coupled with the Lagrangian particle tracking method. Based on our numerical simulation results for human respiratory events with and without face masks, we demonstrate that facial masks could significantly suppress particle spreading. The studied respiratory events include coughing and normal breathing through mouth and nose. Using the Lagrangian particle tracking simulation results, we elucidated the transport pathways of saliva particles during inhalation and exhalation of breathing cycles, contributing to our understanding of respiratory physiology and potential disease transmission routes. Our findings underscore the importance of respiratory fluid dynamics research in informing public health strategies to reduce the spread of respiratory infections. Combining advanced mathematical modeling techniques with experimental data will help future research on airborne disease transmission dynamics and the effectiveness of preventive measures such as face masks.
Keywords:
Bio-fluids dynamics, Vortex dynamics, Saliva particle transport, Human breathing, Coughing
Article Details
How to Cite
SEYEDZADEH, Hossein; CRAIG, Jonathan; KHOSRONEJAD, Ali.
On the efficacy of facial masks to suppress the spreading of pathogen-carrying saliva particles during human respiratory events: Insights gained via high-fidelity numerical modeling.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 5, may 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5441>. Date accessed: 30 june 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i5.5441.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Diseases G, Collaborators I. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-1222.
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6. Boulos L, Curran JA, Gallant A, et al. Effectiveness of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid systematic review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 2023;381(2257):20 230133.
7. Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, et al. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;36:101751.
8. Sharma SK, Mishra M, Mudgal SK. Efficacy of cloth face mask in prevention of novel coronavirus infection transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2020;9:192.
9. Qureshi Z, Jones N, Temple R, Larwood JP, Greenhalgh T, Bourouiba L. What is the evidence to support the 2-metre social distancing rule to reduce COVID-19 transmission?. 2020. Last accessed 9 March 2024.
10. Bourouiba L. Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19. 2020;323(18):1837-1838.
11. Wells W. On Air-borne Infection. Study II. Droplets and Droplet Nuclei. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1934;20(3):611-618.
12. Fontes D, Reyes J, Ahmed K, Kinzel M. A study of fluid dynamics and human physiology factors driving droplet dispersion from a human sneeze. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32 (11):111904.
13. Olsen SJ, Chang HL, Cheung TYY, et al. Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Aircraft. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;349(25):2416-2422.
14. Khosronejad A, Kang S, Wermelinger F, Koumoutsakos P, Sotiropoulos F. A computational study of expiratory particle transport and vortex dynamics during breathing with and without face masks. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(6):066605.
15. Fabregat A, Gisbert F, Vernet A, Dutta S, Mittal K, Pallares J. Direct numerical simulation of´ the turbulent flow generated during a violent expiratory event. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(3).
16. Pendar MR, Pascoa JC. Numerical modeling of the distribution of virus carrying saliva´ droplets during sneeze and cough. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(8):083305.
17. D’Alessandro V, Falone M, Giammichele L, Ricci R. Eulerian–Lagrangian modeling of cough droplets irradiated by ultraviolet–C light in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(3):031905.
18. Li Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Wu T, Yang X. Effects of space sizes on the dispersion of coughgenerated droplets from a walking person. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(12):121705.
19. A review on the transmission of COVID-19 based on cough/sneeze/breath flows. European Physics Journal Plus. ;137(1).
20. Salati H, Fletcher DF, Khamooshi M, et al. Exhaled Jet and Viral-Laden Aerosol Transport from Nasal Sneezing. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2022;22(4):2071-1409.
21. Mittal R, Meneveau C, Wu W. A mathematical framework for estimating risk of airborne transmission of COVID-19 with application to face mask use and social distancing. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(10):101903.
22. Wedel J, Steinmann P, Strakl M, Hriberˇ sek M, Ravnik J. Can CFD establish a connection toˇ a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow. Computational Mechanics. 2021;67(5):1497-1513.
23. Wei J, Tang JW, Borojeni AA, et al. Low re-inhalation of the exhaled flow during normal nasal breathing in a pediatric airway replica. Building and Environment. 2016;97:40-47.
24. Renzi E, Clarke A. Life of a droplet: Buoyant vortex dynamics drives the fate of micro-particle expiratory ejecta. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(12):123301.
25. Dbouk T, Drikakis D. On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(5):053310.
26. Dbouk T, Drikakis D. On respiratory droplets and face masks. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(6):063303.
27. Katre P, Banerjee S, Balusamy S, Sahu) KC. Fluid dynamics of respiratory droplets in the context of COVID-19: Airborne and surfaceborne transmissions. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(8):081302.
28. Zeng G, Chen L, Yuan H, Yamamoto A, Chen H, Maruyama S. Analysis of airborne sputum droplets flow dynamic behaviors under different ambient conditions and aerosol size effects. Chemosphere. 2022;307 (Pt 1):135708.
29. Li H, Leong FY, Xu G, Ge Z, Kang CW, Lim KH. Dispersion of evaporating cough droplets in tropical outdoor environment. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(11):113301.
30. Leonard S, Strasser W, Whittle JS, et al. Reducing aerosol dispersion by high flow therapy in COVID-19: High resolution computational fluid dynamics simulations of particle behavior during high velocity nasal insufflation with a simple surgical mask. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open. 2020;1(4):578-591.
31. Mittal R, Hee Seo RN. The flow physics of COVID-19. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2020;894:F2.
32. Amahjour N, Garc´ıa-Sanchez G, Agaoglou M, Mancho AM. Analysis of the spread of SARS-´ CoV-2 in a hospital isolation room using CFD and Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2023;453:133825.
33. Zhang Z, Han T, Yoo KH, Capecelatro J, Boehman AL, Maki K. Disease transmission through expiratory aerosols on an urban bus. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(1):015116.
34. Talaat K, Abuhegazy M, Mahfoze OA, Anderoglu O, Poroseva SV. Simulation of aerosol transmission on a Boeing 737 airplane with intervention measures for COVID-19 mitigation. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(3):033312.
35. Mirikar D, Palanivel S, Arumuru V. Droplet fate, efficacy of face mask, and transmission of virus-laden droplets inside a conference room. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(6):065108.
36. Hu Y, Shen J, Zhang JJ, Gao Z. A CFD approach to reduce the risk of Covid-19 airborne transmission in a typical office. in E3S Web of Conferences;396:01063EDP Sciences 2023.
37. Abuhegazy M, Talaat K, Anderoglu O, Poroseva SV. Numerical investigation of aerosol transport in a classroom with relevance to COVID-19. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(10):103311.
38. He R, Liu W, Elson J, Vogt R, Maranville C, Hong J. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and mitigation using box fan air cleaners in a poorly ventilated classroom. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33.
39. Liu H, He S, Shen L, Hong J. Simulation-based study of COVID-19 outbreak associated with air-conditioning in a restaurant. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(5):057107.
40. Li Z, Zhang X, Wu T, Zhu L, Qin J, Yang X. Effects of slope and speed of escalator on the dispersion of cough-generated droplets from a passenger. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(4):041701.
41. Li Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Wu T, Yang X. Effects of space sizes on the dispersion of coughgenerated droplets from a walking person. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32(12):121705.
42. Sen N, Singh KK. When the doorbell rings in COVID-19 times: Numerical insights into some possible scenarios. Physics of Fluids. 2021;33(4):045128.
43. Khosronejad A, Santoni C, Flora K, et al. Fluid dynamics simulations show that facial masks can suppress the spread of COVID-19 in indoor environments. AIP Advances. 2020;10(12):125109.
44. Bhat SP, Kumar BVR, Kalamkar SR, Kumar V, Pathak S, Schneider W. Modeling and simulation of the potential indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus through respiratory droplets. Physics of Fluids. 2022;34(3):031909.
45. Song Y, Yang C, Li H, et al. Aerodynamic performance of a ventilation system for droplet control by coughing in a hospital isolation ward. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(29):73812-73824.
46. Kumar S, Crowley C, Khan MF, Bustamante MD, Cahill RA, Nolan K. Understanding surgical smoke in laparoscopy through Lagrangian Coherent Structures. PLOS One. 2023;18(11):e0293287.
47. Islam MS, Rahman MM, Arsalanloo A, et al. How SARS-CoV-2 Omicron droplets transport and deposit in realistic extrathoracic airways. Physics of Fluids. 2022;34(11):11320.
48. Ijaz M, Fhrighil SN, Brett R, et al. Computational design and experimental analysis of a novel visor for COVID-19 patients receiving high-flow nasal oxygen therapy. European Journal of Mechanics / B Fluids. 2023;97:93-110.
49. Fischer EP, Grass D, Warren WS, , Westman E. Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances. 2020;6( 36):eabd3083.
50. Haller G. Distinguished material surfaces and coherent structures in three-dimensional fluid flows. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2000;149(4):248-277.
51. Haller G. Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2015;47( Volume 47, 2015):137-162.
52. Oaks W, Kang S, Yang X, Khosronejad A. Lagrangian dynamics of contaminant particles released from a point source in New York City. Physics of Fluids. 2022;34(7):073303.
53. Peacock T, Haller G. Lagrangian coherent structures: The hidden skeleton of fluid flows. Physics Today. 2013;66(2):41-47.
54. Spedding G, Jacobs G, Hemati M. Control of Lagrangian Coherent Structures at Stagnation and Separation Locations on Airfoils. Tech. Rep. AFRL-AFOSR-VA-TR-2020 0074University of Southern Carolina 2019.
55. Beneitez M, Duguet Y, Schlatter P, Henningson DS. Edge manifold as a Lagrangian coherent structure in a high-dimensional state space. Physical Review Research. 2020;2(3):033258.
56. Lagares C, Araya G. A GPU-Accelerated Particle Advection Methodology for 3D Lagrangian Coherent Structures in High-Speed Turbulent Boundary Layers. Energies. 2023;16(12):4800.
57. Interaction between swarming active matter and flow: The impact on Lagrangian coherent structures. Physical Review Fluids. 2024;9(3):033101.
58. Rempel EL, Chian ACL, S. A. Silva GV, Miranda RA, Gosiˇ c M. Lagrangian coherent struc-´ tures in space plasmas. Reviews of Modern Plasma Physics. 2023;7(1):32.
59. Ahmed D, Javed A, Zaman SU, Mahsud M, Hanifatu MN. Efficient Sensor Location for HVAC Systems Using Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2023;2023:6059900.
60. Oaks WR, Craig J, Duran C, Sotiropoulos F, Khosronejad A. On the Lagrangian dynamics of saliva particles during normal mouth breathing. Physics of Fluids. 2022;34( 4):041904.
61. Seyedzadeh H, Oaks W, Craig J, Aksen M, Sanchez-Sanz M, Khosronejad A. Lagrangian dynamics of particle transport in oral and nasal breathing. Physics of Fluids. 2023;35(8):081903.
62. Mahesh K. The Interaction of Jets with Crossflow. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2013;45:379-407.
63. Abdallah W, Darwish A, Garcia J, Kadem L. Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Coherent Structures in Patients with Aortic Regurgitation. Physics of Fluids. 2024;36(1):011702.
64. Badza A, Mattner TW, Balasuriya S. How sensitive are Lagrangian coherent structures to uncertainties in data. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2023;444:133580.
65. Hayat I, Black RT, Park GI. Reference map technique for Lagrangian exploration of coherent structures. arXiv preprint arXiv:240 1.06303. 2024.
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