Bidirectional Relationship Between Obesity, Psychiatric Disorders, and Renal

Abstract

The rapid growth of obesity worldwide has made it a major health problem. In contrast, the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity has had a significant impact on the magnitude of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in developing countries. A vast number of researchers have reported a strong relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease, and obesity can serve as an independent risk factor for kidney disease. The histological changes of kidneys in obesity-induced renal injury include glomerular or tubular hypertrophy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or bulbous sclerosis. Furthermore, inflammation, renal hemodynamic changes, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorders are all involved in the development and progression of obesity-induced nephropathy. However, there is no targeted treatment for obesity-related kidney disease. Despite the apt acknowledgment of the physical comorbidity burden in obesity, its correlation to both mental health and renal health has received relatively less research attention. However, in the last 20 years, there has been a progressive collection of evidence concerning the correlation between obesity, renal disorders, and different psychiatric disorders, especially in individuals who have sought treatment for the conditions. Regardless of this, there are still significant knowledge gaps linked to the strengths as well as directions of the correlations between obesity, psychiatric disorders, and renal disorders. Moreover, owing to the methodological variances between different studies, it is essential to synthesize the existing evidence in these areas to enable researchers and clinicians to have improved comprehension of the extant correlations between obesity, psychiatric disorders, and renal disorders. This will positively impact the clinical assessment and identification of additional research targets in these areas, including the potential neurobiological correlations between psychiatric disorders and obesity. From the management point of view, it has been indicated that early identification and subsequent management of both widespread psychiatric challenges and renal disorders may optimize the outcomes in obese and overweight patients presenting for treatments. As such, there is a need for practicing politicians to have a better understanding of the bidirectional correlations between obesity, psychiatric disorders, and renal disorders. With this background, the present systematic review and meta-analysis have been performed to review and synthesize the extant data and evidence on the bidirectional correlations between obesity, psychiatric disorders, and renal disorders.