Gender Differences in Sleep Duration and Socio-Demographic Factors: Insights from BRFSS Gender Differences in Sleep Duration
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Insufficient sleep or rest is a risk factors for cognitive impairment, reduced quality of life, mood disorders and impaired ability to fight infection.
Objectives: To examine and compare socio-demographic correlates of short sleep duration and insufficient rest among men and women, using a large, nationally-representative sample.
Methods: A cross-sectional examination was conducted using 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data (a nationwide telephone-administered survey). Multivariable linear and logistic regressions, incorporating survey weights, were used to estimate the sex-specific association of socio-demographic characteristics with sleep duration and frequency of feeling unrested.
Results: Among men (N=2,897), longer sleep duration was associated with higher education (p=0.0002) and snoring (p=0.02); among women (N=2,908), having children was inversely associated with sleep duration (p=0.002), while being unemployed (p=0.009) and having a higher household income (p=0.03) were associated with longer duration. Among women aged ≤45 years, the only variable associated with insufficient sleep duration was having children in the household, with each child increasing the odds by nearly 50% (95% CI=1.14, 1.87), an association absent among men (95% CI=0.62-1.43)
Conclusions: Factors associated with insufficient sleep and feeling unrested differed by sex, with children adversely affecting women’s sleep duration, particularly among those 45 years of age or younger.
Keywords:
gender differences, motherhood, prevalence, risk factors, sleep, socioeconomic status, well-being
Article Details
How to Cite
SULLIVAN, Kelly L; KEHOE, Aubrey D; MASUD, Nazish.
Gender Differences in Sleep Duration and Socio-Demographic Factors: Insights from BRFSS.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5499>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5499.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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35. Macarthur KE, Bradley TD, Ryan CM, Alshaer H. Dissociation between objectively quantified snoring and sleep quality. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2020; 41(1): 102283.
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40. Insana SP, Garfield CF, Montgomery-Downs HE. A mixed-method examination of maternal and paternal nocturnal caregiving. J Pediatr Health Care 2014; 28(4):313-21.
41. Doan T, Gardiner A, Gay CL, Lee KA. Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2007; 21(3): 200-6.
42. Acebo C, Sadeh A, Seifer R, Tzischinsky O, Hafer A, Carskadon MA. Sleep/wake patterns derived from activity monitoring and maternal report for healthy 1- to 5-year-old children. Sleep 2005; 28(12):1568-77.
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2. Foundation NS. National Sleep Foundation: 2005 Sleep in America® Poll - Adult Sleep Habits & Styles. In: Wb, Research AM, editors. 2 ed. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research; 2004.
3. Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Trends in self-reported sleep duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012. Sleep 2015; 38(5): 829-32.
4. Panel: CC, Watson NF, Badr MS, et al. Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2015; 11(8): 931-52.
5. Control CfD. CDC study reveals adults may not get enough rest or sleep. February; 2008.
6. Liu Y. Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults—United States, 2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2016; 65.
7. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations. Sleep health 2015; 1(4): 233-43.
8. Liu Y, Croft JB, Wheaton AG, et al. Association between perceived insufficient sleep, frequent mental distress, obesity and chronic diseases among US adults, 2009 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. BMC public health 2013; 13: 1-8.
9. Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Croft JB. Sleep duration and chronic diseases among US adults age 45 years and older: evidence from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Sleep 2013; 36(10): 1421-7.
10. Ford ES, Li C, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Perry GS, Croft JB. Sleep duration and body mass index and waist circumference among US adults. Obesity 2014; 22(2): 598-607.
11. Patterson RE, Emond JA, Natarajan L, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with higher energy intake and expenditure among African-American and non-Hispanic white adults. The Journal of nutrition 2014; 144(4): 461-6.
12. Gangwisch JE, Heymsfield SB, Boden-Albala B, et al. Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large US sample. Sleep 2007; 30(12): 1667-73.
13. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2009; 5(5): 253-61.
14. McNicholas W, Bonsignore M, B26 MCoECA. Sleep apnoea as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: current evidence, basic mechanisms and research priorities. European Respiratory Journal 2007; 29(1): 156-78.
15. Summer J, Singh A. Sleep Deprivation: Symptoms, Treatment, & Effects. 03/12/ 2024. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation .
16. Hasler G, Buysse DJ, Klaghofer R, et al. The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. Sleep 2004; 27(4): 661-6.
17. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Boden-Albala B, Heymsfield SB. Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep 2005; 28(10): 1289-96.
18. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity 2008; 16(3): 643-53.
19. Pien GW, Sammel MD, Freeman EW, Lin H, DeBlasis TL. Predictors of sleep quality in women in the menopausal transition. Sleep 2008; 31(7): 991-9.
20. Ursin R. Life style factors and sleep-a population study. Journal of sleep research; 2008: wiley-blackwell publishing, inc commerce place, 350 main st, malden 02148; 2008. p. 144-.
21. Baker FC, Wolfson AR, Lee KA. Association of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors with sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in women: findings from the 2007 National Sleep Foundation “Sleep in America Poll”. Journal of women's health 2009; 18(6): 841-9.
22. Ramsawh HJ, Stein MB, Belik S-L, Jacobi F, Sareen J. Relationship of anxiety disorders, sleep quality, and functional impairment in a community sample. Journal of psychiatric research 2009; 43(10): 926-33.
23. Soltani M, Haytabakhsh MR, Najman JM, et al. Sleepless nights: the effect of socioeconomic status, physical activity, and lifestyle factors on sleep quality in a large cohort of Australian women. Archives of women's mental health 2012; 15: 237-47.
24. Okubo N, Matsuzaka M, Takahashi I, et al. Relationship between self-reported sleep quality and metabolic syndrome in general population. BMC public health 2014; 14: 1-7.
25. Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N. Sleeping at the limits: the changing prevalence of short and long sleep durations in 10 countries. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177(8): 826-33.
26. Di H, Guo Y, Daghlas I, et al. Evaluation of sleep habits and disturbances among US adults, 2017-2020. JAMA network open 2022; 5(11): e2240788-e.
27. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: About BRFSS. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm (accessed 05.11. 2024).
28. Methodologic changes in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2011 and potential effects on prevalence estimates. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61(22): 410-3.
29. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep health 2015; 1(1): 40-3.
30. Sarchiapone M, Mandelli L, Carli V, et al. Hours of sleep in adolescents and its association with anxiety, emotional concerns, and suicidal ideation. Sleep medicine 2014; 15(2): 248-54.
31. Gruber CJ, Huber JC. Differential effects of progestins on the brain. Maturitas 2003; 46: 71-5.
32. Sherwin B. Progestogens used in menopause. Side effects, mood and quality of life. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1999; 44(2 Suppl): 227-32.
33. Varma P, Conduit R, Junge M, Lee VV, Jackson ML. A systematic review of sleep associations in parents and children. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2021; 30(9): 2276-88.
34. Lee YJ, Cho S-J, Cho IH, Kim SJ. Insufficient sleep and suicidality in adolescents. Sleep 2012; 35(4): 455-60.
35. Macarthur KE, Bradley TD, Ryan CM, Alshaer H. Dissociation between objectively quantified snoring and sleep quality. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2020; 41(1): 102283.
36. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. We are chronically sleep deprived. Sleep 1995; 18(10): 908-11.
37. Horne J. Why we sleep: the functions of sleep in humans and other mammals: Oxford University Press; 1988.
38. Epstein LJ. Improving sleep: A guide to a good night's rest: Harvard Health Publications; 2010.
39. Basics B. Understanding sleep. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda 2006.
40. Insana SP, Garfield CF, Montgomery-Downs HE. A mixed-method examination of maternal and paternal nocturnal caregiving. J Pediatr Health Care 2014; 28(4):313-21.
41. Doan T, Gardiner A, Gay CL, Lee KA. Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2007; 21(3): 200-6.
42. Acebo C, Sadeh A, Seifer R, Tzischinsky O, Hafer A, Carskadon MA. Sleep/wake patterns derived from activity monitoring and maternal report for healthy 1- to 5-year-old children. Sleep 2005; 28(12):1568-77.
43. Maume DJ, Sebastian RA, Bardo AR. Gender, Work-Family Responsibilities, and Sleep. Gender & Society 2010; 24(6): 746-768.
44. Foody C, James JE, Leader G. Parenting stress, salivary biomarkers, and ambulatory blood pressure: a comparison between mothers and fathers of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45(4):1084-95.
45. Wallbridge PD, Churchward TJ, Worsnop CJ. Accuracy of patient perception of supine sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2018; 14(7): 1205-8.