Snakebites and their Impact on Disability
Main Article Content
Abstract
Snakebites represent one of the main causes of mortality and according to some estimations there are three times the number of disabilities in victims of poisoning by the bites. Disability can be classified as total if it prevents the victim from performing his/her productive routine activities or requires long term physiotherapy to recover part of the function. Partial disability can be related to the time, or the degree of lost function related to her/his productive activity. In general, snakebites are classified as neglected diseases, and its study focuses on the immediate morbidity or mortality while the consequences in the long term are less studied. A neglected disability is related to mental health, wherein many victims suffer the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or changes in self-image because of deformities left by the ophidic accident. The review of the topic had the objective to identify the level of discussion of disability issues caused by snakebites and for this purpose publications in Medline (English literature) and Scielos (Spanish, Portuguese and English publications) were explored. The results were obtained around the terms Snakebites and disabilities, snakebites and permanent sequelae, and Snakebites and rehabilitation. The results were organized according to type of disability, world region and type of snake-species. Disability can be the product of local damage (muscle and local tissue loss), or neurological loss reflected in different degrees of sensorial loss or partial/total loss of motricity. Particular interest must be given to the loss of productivity of individuals affected in their muscular, neurological, and mental conditions. Mental health sequelae can also prevent people from restoring their productive activity. Describing the consequences of snakebites in the long term serves a purpose as education to those affected by snakebites in often neglected areas of the world.
Keywords:
snakebites, disability, envenoming, organic and functional disorders
Article Details
How to Cite
FERNANDEZ, Eduardo Alberto; FUNES, Ivan F.; YOUSSEF, Peter.
Snakebites and their Impact on Disability.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 6, june 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5556>. Date accessed: 02 july 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i6.5556.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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32. Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Oct 5; 3:17079. Doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.79. Erratum for: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Sep 14; 3:17063. PMID: 28980622.
33. Kallel H, Mayence C, Houcke S, Mathien C, Mehdaoui H, Gutiérrez JM, Megarbane B, Hommel D, Resiere D. Severe snakebite envenomation in French Guiana: When antivenom is not available. Toxicon. 2018 May; 146:87-90. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxi-con.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 Apr 3. PMID: 29621529.
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35. Abubakar, S. B., Habib, A. G., & Mathew, J. Amputation and disability following snakebite in Nigeria. Tropical Doctor, (2010). 40(2), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2009.090266
36. Stephen S, Mohanty CR, Radhakrishnan RV, et al. Clinico-Epidemiological Profile, Trends, and Health-Related Outcomes of Snakebite Victims: A One-Year Prospective Study from Eastern
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2. Afroz A, Siddiquea BN, Chowdhury HA, Jackson TN, Watt AD. Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 Apr 4;18(4):e0012080. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080. PMID: 38574167; PMCID: PMC11020954.
3. Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, Gunawardena NK, Pathmeswaran A, Premaratna R, Savioli L, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ. The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Med. 2008 Nov 4;5(11): e218. Doi: 10.1371/jour-nal.pmed.0050218. PMID: 18986210; PMCID: PMC2577696.
4. World Health Organization (WHO). Snakebite envenoming+(who.int).2017 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming
5. Fernández C, E.A., Youssef, P. Snakebites in the Americas: A Neglected Problem in Public Health. Curr Trop Med Rep 11, 19–27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-023-00300-5
6. Isbister, G.K.; Brown, S.G.A.; Page, C.B.; McCoubrie, D.L.; Greene, S.L.; Buckley, N.A. Snakebite in Australia: A practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med. J. Aust. 2013, 199, 763–768. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Fernandez Cerna E, F. Funes I. Impact of the Im-plementation of Sustainable Development Goals on Neglected Tropical Diseases [Internet]. Sus¬tainable Development. IntechOpen; 2023. Avail¬able_from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112774
8. Kasturiratne A, Lalloo DG, Janaka de Silva H. Chronic health effects and cost of snakebite. Tox¬icon X. 2021 Jul 17;9-10:100074. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100074. PMID: 34355162; PMCID: PMC8321925.
9. Jayawardana S, Arambepola C, Chang T, Gnanathasan A. Long-term health complications following snake envenoming. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018 Jun 26; 11:279-285. Doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S126648. PMID: 29983571; PMCID: PMC6027691.
10. Bieber, A.L. Metal and nonprotein constituents in snake venoms. In Snake Venoms; Lee, C.-Y., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1979; pp. 295–306
11. Rabies and envenomings, A neglected public health issue: Report of a consultative meeting, 2007, WHO Available: http://www.who.int/ bloodprod¬ucts/animal_sera/Rabies.pdf. Accessed 9 Octo¬ber 2008
12. Bittenbinder, M.A., van Thiel, J., Cardoso, F.C. et al. Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 7, 358 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06019-6
13. D. Mebs, C.L. Ownby, Myotoxic components of snake venoms: Their biochemical and biological activities,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 48, Issue 2,1990, Pages 223-236, ISSN 0163-7258,_https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(90)90081-
14. C.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016372589090081C)
15. Visith Sitprija, Ponnampalam Gopalakrishna¬kone, Manuel Martinez-Maldonado,Snake Bite, Rhabdomyolysis, and Renal Failure, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Volume 31, Issue 6,1998, Pages l-lii,ISSN 0272-6386, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(14)70010-1.
16. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272638614700101)
17. José María Gutiérrez, Alexandra Rucavado, Snake venom metalloproteinases:Their role in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage, Biochimie, Volume 82, Issues 9–10,2000, Pages 841- 850, ISSN_0300-9084, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(00)01163-
18. 9.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908400011639)
19. Sitprija, V. Animal toxins and the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 4, 616–627 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0941
20. Waiddyanatha S, Silva A, Siribaddana S, Isbis-ter GK. Long-term Effects of Snake Envenoming. Toxins. 2019; 11(4):193.-----------------------------https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040193
21. F.A. Nogueira Júnior, A.R. Coelho Jorge, Mari-nho, A. D., de, J. A., N.T. Queiroz Alves, P.H. Sá Costa, Silva, A.J. Maia Chaves-Filho, Lima, D. B., Sampaio, T. L., G.B. de Morais, Monteiro, A.,
22. A.M. Costa Martins, R.S. Ferreira Júnior, Macedo, D. S., R.J. Bezerra Jorge, & H.S. Azul Monteiro. Bothrops alternatus Snake Venom Induces Cyto¬kine Expression and Oxidative Stress on Renal Function. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, (2023). 19(22), 2058–2068._______________ https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/100236
23. Waiddyanatha S, Silva A, Siribaddana S, Isbis-ter GK. Long-term Effects of Snake Envenoming. Toxins. 2019; 11(4):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040193
24. Magalhães SFV, Peixoto HM, Freitas LRS, Mon-teiro WM, Oliveira MRF. Snakebites caused by the genera Bothrops and Lachesis in the Brazilian Amazon: a study of factors associated with severe cases and death. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2022 Jul 25;55: e05582021. Doi: 10.1590/0037- 8682-0558-2021. PMID: 35894402; PMCID: PMC9359338
25. Williams HF, Vaiyapuri R, Gajjeraman P, Hutchinson G, Gibbins JM, Bicknell AB, Vaiyapuri S. Challenges in diagnosing and treating snakebites in a rural population of Tamil Nadu, India: The views of clinicians. Toxicon. 2017 May; 130:44-46.
Doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.025. Epub 2017 Feb 24. PMID: 28238804.
26. Jayawardana S, Gnanathasan A, Arambepola C, Chang. Chronic Musculoskeletal Disabilities following Snake Envenoming in Sri Lanka: A Population-Based Study. PLOS Neglected Tropi¬cal Diseases (2016010(11): e0005103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005103
27. Leslie Mawuli Aglanu, John Humphrey Amuasi, Schut, B. A., Steinhorst, J., Beyuo, A., Chrisantus Danaah Dari, Melvin Katey Agbogbatey, Emmanuel Steve Blankson, Punguyire, D., Lalloo, D. G., Jörg Blessmann, Kabiru Mohammed Abass, Harrison, R. A., & Stienstra, Y. (2022). What the snake leaves in its wake: Functional limitations and disabilities among snakebite victims in Ghanaian communities. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(5), e0010322– e0010322. https://doi.org/10.1371/jour-nal.pntd.0010322
28. Aglanu LM, Amuasi JH, Schut BA, Steinhorst J, Beyuo A, et al. What the snake leaves in its wake: Functional limitations and disabilities among snakebite victims in Ghanaian communities. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2022)16(5): e0010322. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010322
29. Jalink, M. B., Jory van Thiel, Wouters, R. M., Vonk, F. J., & Robert P.L. Wisse. Ocular sequelae of snakebite envenoming: a review of the indirect effects of snakebite envenoming on the eye. Toxin Reviews, (2023) 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2023.2277732
30. Chang K-C, Huang Y-K, Chen Y-W, Chen M-H, Tu AT, Chen Y-C. Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom. Toxins. 2020; 12(9):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/tox¬ins12090576
31. Silva A, Kalana Maduwage, Sedgwick M, et al. Neuromuscular Effects of Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) Envenoming in Sri Lanka. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2016;10(2): e0004368-e0004368. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/jour-nal.pntd.0004368
32. Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Oct 5; 3:17079. Doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.79. Erratum for: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Sep 14; 3:17063. PMID: 28980622.
33. Kallel H, Mayence C, Houcke S, Mathien C, Mehdaoui H, Gutiérrez JM, Megarbane B, Hommel D, Resiere D. Severe snakebite envenomation in French Guiana: When antivenom is not available. Toxicon. 2018 May; 146:87-90. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxi-con.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 Apr 3. PMID: 29621529.
34. Bhaumik S, Kallakuri S, Kaur A, Devarapalli S, Daniel M. Mental health conditions after snakebite: a scoping review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Nov;5(11): e004131. Doi: 10.1136/bmjgh- 2020-004131. PMID: 33257419; PMCID: PMC7705584.
35. Abubakar, S. B., Habib, A. G., & Mathew, J. Amputation and disability following snakebite in Nigeria. Tropical Doctor, (2010). 40(2), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2009.090266
36. Stephen S, Mohanty CR, Radhakrishnan RV, et al. Clinico-Epidemiological Profile, Trends, and Health-Related Outcomes of Snakebite Victims: A One-Year Prospective Study from Eastern
37. India. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2024;35(2):155-165. Doi:10.1177/10806032241239628
38. World Health Organization (WHO). Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Treatment of snakebites envenoming. https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-ne-glected-tropical- diseases/snakebite-envenom-ing/treatment
39. Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Maya Gopalakrishnan, and Priti Meena. "Mitigating the chronic burden of snakebite: turning the tide for survivors." The Lancet 398.10309 (2021): 1389-1390.
40. Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, et al. Mental health con¬ditions after snakebite: a scoping review. BMJ Global Health, 2020, vol. 5, no 11, p. e004131.
41. White J. Snake venom and coagulopathy. Toxi-con. 2005 Jun 15;45(8):951-67. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.030. Epub 2005 Apr 12. PMID: 15922768.
42. Ranawaka UK, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ. Neuro-toxicity in snakebite--the limits of our knowledge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Oct 10;7(10): e2302. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002302. PMID: 24130909; PMCID: PMC3794919.