LiDAR and X-ray: A Retrospective Comparison of Spinal Alignment
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study explores the potential of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology as a non-invasive alternative for measuring spinal alignment, particularly focusing on the correlation between LiDAR generated data and traditional X-ray measurements. The research involved 275 patients who underwent both full spine X-rays and LiDAR scans. The study compared measurements of Cobb angle, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis derived from X-rays and the Spine3D LiDAR system by Sensor Medica. The results demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LiDAR and X-ray measurements across all conditions. The findings suggest that while LiDAR cannot replace X-rays for initial diagnostic purposes, it offers a promising tool for ongoing monitoring of spinal deformities, potentially reducing the frequency of exposure to ionising radiation, and improving patient compliance through engagement. This research highlights the potential for integrating LiDAR technology into clinical practice.
Keywords:
LiDAR, X-ray, ionising radiation, Cobb angle, scoliosis, non-invasive measurement, spine, spinal, posture, deep learning, spinal deformities.
Article Details
How to Cite
POTTS, Dr Matthew ABJ.
LiDAR and X-ray: A Retrospective Comparison of Spinal Alignment.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 9, sep. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5722>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i9.5722.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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31. Prestigiacomo FG, Hulsbosch MHHM, Bruls VEJ, Nieuwenhuis JJ. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of Cobb angle measurements in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform. 2022 Jan;10(1):79-86.
32. Côté P, Kreitz BG, Cassidy JD, Dzus AK, Martel J. A study of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the Scoliometer and Adam's forward bend test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Apr 1;23(7): 796-802; discussion 803.
2. Osita Okpala, F. Comparison of Four Radiographic Angular Measures of Lumbar Lordosis. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018 Jul-Sep; 9(3): 298–304.
3. Taka´cs M, Orlovits Z, Ja´ger B, Kiss RM. Comparison of spinal curvature parameters as determined by the ZEBRIS spine examination method and the Cobb method in children with scoliosis. PLoS ONE 2018 13(7): e0200245
4. Doody MM, Ronckers CM, Land CE et al. Cancer mortality among women frequently exposed to radiographic examinations for spinal disorders. Radiat Res 2010;174:83-90.
5. Simony A, Carreon LY, Jensen KE et al. Incidence of cancer and infertility, in patients treated for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 25 years prior. Eur Spine J 2015;24:S740
6. Pace N, Ricci L, Negrini S. A comparison approach to explain risks related to X-ray imaging for scoliosis, 2012 SOSORT award winner. Scoliosis 2013;8:11.
7. Luan FJ, Wan Y, Mak KC, Ma CJ, Wang HQ. Cancer and mortality risks of patients with scoliosis from radiation exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2020 Dec; 29(12):3123-3134.
8. Demirel A, Pedersen PH, Eiskjær SP. Cumulative radiation exposure during current scoliosis management. Dan Med J. 2020 Feb; 67(2):A06190366.
9. Gregerson E. lidar scientific technique. July 24, 2024 Accessed on August 8, 2024.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/lidar
10. Pelc M, Vilimkova Kahankova R, Blaszczyszyn M, Mikolajewski D, Konieczny M, Khoma V, Bara G, Zygarlicki J, Martinek R, Gupta MK, Gorzelanczyk EJ, Pawłowski M, Czapiga B, Zygarlicka M, Kawala-Sterniuk A. Initial study on an expert system for spine diseases screening using inertial measurement unit. Sci Rep 2023 13; 10440.
11. Molinaro L, Russo L, Cubelli F, Taborri J, Rossi S. Reliability analysis of an innovative technology for the assessment of spinal abnormalities. Conference: June 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA)
12. Martin LR, Williams SL, Haskard KB, Dimatteo MR. The challenge of patient adherence. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2005 Sep;1(3):189-99.
13. Marin L, Lovecchio N, Pedrotti L, Manzoni F, Febbi M, Albanese I, Patanè P, Carnevale Pellino V, Vandoni M. Acute Effects of Self-Correction on Spine Deviation and Balance in Adolescent Girls with Idiopathic Scoliosis. Sensors 2022, 22, 1883.
14. Kotwicki T. Evaluation of scoliosis today: Examination, X-rays and beyond. Disability and Rehabilitation, 2008 30(10), 742–751.
15. Hare T, Masson M, Russell B. High-Density LiDAR Mapping of the Ancient City of Mayapán. Remote Sensing. 2014; 6(9):9064-9085.
16. Rosenswig R, López-Torrijos R, Antonelli CE, Mendelsohn RR. Lidar mapping and surface survey of the Izapa state on the tropical piedmont of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2013; 40(3):1493-1507.
17. Engelkemeir, RM, Khan SD. Lidar mapping of faults in Houston, Texas, USA. Geosphere 2008; 4 (1): 170–182
18. Raber GT, Jensen JR, Schlll SR, Schuckman, K. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing December 2002; 68(12): 1307-1315.
19. Arastounia M. Automated Recognition of Railroad Infrastructure in Rural Areas from LIDAR Data. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(11):14916-14938.
20. Patias P, Grivas T,, Kaspiris A, Angouris K, Drakoutos, E. A review of the back surface metrics used as scoliosis evaluation indices. Scoliosis. 2010; 5. 10.1186/1748-7161-5-S1-O4.
21. Berryman F, Pynsent P, Fairbank J, Disney S. A new system for measuring three-dimensional back shape in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2008 May;17 (5):663-72.
22. Drerup B, Hierholzer E. Automatic localization of anatomical landmarks on the back surface and construction of a body-fixed coordinate system. J Biomech. 1987;20(10):961-70.
23. Willner S. Moiré topography for the diagnosis and documentation of scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1979 Jun;50(3):295-302.
24. Ohlendorf D, Mickel C, Filmann N, Wanke EM, Groneberg DA. Standard values of the upper body posture and postural control: a study protocol. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2016 Jul 16;11:34.
25. Mukaka MM. Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med J. 2012 Sep; 24(3): 69-71.
26. Turner-Smith AR. A television/computer three-dimensional surface shape measurement system. Journal of Biomechanics. 1988; 21(6): 515-529.
27. Knott P, Pappo E, Cameron M, Demauroy J, Rivard C, Kotwicki T, Zaina F, Wynne J, Stikeleather L, Bettany-Saltikov J. et al. SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: Reducing X-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis. Scoliosis 2014; 9(4)
28. Luan, FJ., Wan, Y., Mak, KC. et al. Cancer and mortality risks of patients with scoliosis from radiation exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 2020; 29, 3123–3134
29. Hoffman DA, Lonstein JE, Morin MM, Visscher W, Harris BSH, Boice JD. Breast Cancer in Women With Scoliosis Exposed to Multiple Diagnostic X Rays, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989; 81(17):1307–1312.
30. Gstoettner M, Sekyra K, Walochnik N, Winter P, Wachter R, Bach CM. Inter- and intraobserver reliability assessment of the Cobb angle: manual versus digital measurement tools. Eur Spine J. 2007 Oct;16(10):1587-92.
31. Prestigiacomo FG, Hulsbosch MHHM, Bruls VEJ, Nieuwenhuis JJ. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of Cobb angle measurements in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform. 2022 Jan;10(1):79-86.
32. Côté P, Kreitz BG, Cassidy JD, Dzus AK, Martel J. A study of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the Scoliometer and Adam's forward bend test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Apr 1;23(7): 796-802; discussion 803.