Commonalities and Specificities in Cognitive and Psychosocial Effects in the Elderly Population During COVID-19 Lockdown in Inúbia Paulista-SP and Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, in 2020-2022
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the routine of the Brazilian population, significantly affecting mental health, especially among the elderly, a growing demographic. Therefore, understanding these characteristics is crucial to improving health services.
Aims: To describe and analyze the cognitive (ability to calculate, identify one's own and others' emotions, linguistic skills, attention, concentration, and memory) and psychosocial (sense of humor, feeling of loneliness, fear, worry, and relationships with the environment) effects in individuals over 60 years old in the cities of InúbiaPaulista-SP and RibeirãoPreto-SP, Brazil, during the COVID-19 lockdown between 2020 and 2022.
Methodology: This was a basic, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study with a mixed approach. It evaluated 674 elderly individuals (257 in InúbiaPaulista-SP and 417 in RibeirãoPreto-SP, Brazil) using an AD-HOC questionnaire with 46 questions in the last quarter of 2022. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic profile, functionality, cognitive and psychosocial effects, and use of mental health services, excluding health professionals and individuals with severe neurological or psychiatric conditions.
Results: The majority of participants were female. Functionality was similar in both cities, with approximately half of the participants declaring independence and the other half partial dependence, with few declaring total dependence. In InúbiaPaulista, women had a 17% higher probability of having chronic diseases (p=0.003), whereas no such association was found in RibeirãoPreto. Cognitive effects were higher in RibeirãoPreto, while InúbiaPaulista showed greater psychosocial effects. In InúbiaPaulista, there was a positive association between gender and cognitive effects (p<0.05), with females being more affected. In RibeirãoPreto, there was a significant association between COVID-19 exposure and cognitive effects (p<0.001), as well as between chronic diseases and cognitive effects. Both cities showed a significant association between functionality and cognitive/psychosocial effects (p<0.001), with dependents being more affected. Although nearly all participants had contact during the lockdown, most experienced loneliness. Only 5% acknowledged the need for mental health services.
Conclusion: Despite differences between cities, identifying common aspects is crucial for developing specific public mental health policies for the elderly, thereby improving their quality of life through prevention and health promotion.
Keywords:
COVID-19, elderly, social lockdown, functionality, public health
Article Details
How to Cite
CENEDESI JÚNIOR, Mario Angelo et al.
Commonalities and Specificities in Cognitive and Psychosocial Effects in the Elderly Population During COVID-19 Lockdown in Inúbia Paulista-SP and Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, in 2020-2022.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 9, sep. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5766>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i9.5766.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Wu B. Social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global challenge. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5:27.
2. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
3. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. 2020. Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/news/11-3.
4. Werminghoff FN. A brief essay on the political economy of globalization and the political geography of COVID-19. Rev Ensaios Geogr. 2020;5(9):75-80.
5. Preciado P. Je suis un monstre qui vous parle. Paris: Editions Grasset et Fasquelle; 2020.
6. Frasquilho D, Matos MG, Salonna F, Guerreiro D, Storti CC, Gaspar T, Caldas-de-Almeida JM. Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health. 2015;16:115.
7. Faro A, Bahiano MA, Nakano TC, Reis C, Silva BFP, Vitti LS. COVID-19 and mental health: the emergence of care. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2020;387. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0275202037e200074.
8. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman D. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020;27. DOI: 10.1093/ jtm/taaa020.
9. Smith DT, Mouzon DM, Elliott M. Reviewing the assumptions about men's mental health: an exploration of the gender binary. Am J Mens Health. 2018 Jan;12(1):78-89. DOI: 10.1177/155 7988316630953.
10. Borim FS, Barros MB, Botega NJ. Common mental disorders in the elderly population: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013 Jul;29(7):1350-8. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X2013000700015.
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Required actions to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and service delivery systems in the WHO European Region. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
12. Daniel F, Antunes A, Amaral I. Social representations of old age. Análise Psicológica. 2015;33(3):291-301.
13. United Nations Population Fund. 2012.
14. Calasanti T. Feminist gerontology and older men. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59.
15. Cobos FM, Almendro JME. Active aging and gender inequalities. Aten Prim. 2008;40:305-9.
16. World Health Organization (WHO). Men, ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
17. World Health Organization (WHO). Active ageing: a policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
18. International Longevity Centre Brazil. Active ageing: a political framework in response to the longevity revolution. Rio de Janeiro: International Longevity Centre; 2016.
19. Theme Filha MM, Souza Júnior PRB, Damacena GN, Szwarcwald CL. Prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases and association with self-rated health: National Health Survey, 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015;18(Suppl 2):83-96.
20. Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Lima MG, Araújo SSC, Silva MMA, Freitas MIF, et al. Non-communicable chronic diseases and the use of health services: analysis of the National Health Survey in Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51(Suppl 1):4s.
21. Gong JB, Yu XW, Yi XR, Wang CH, Tuo XP. Epidemiology of non-communicable chronic diseases and quality of life in the elderly.Aging Med (Milton). 2018;1(1):64-6. DOI: 10.1002/agm2. 12009. PMID: 31942482; PMCID: PMC688.
22. Marmamula S, Modepalli SB, Kumbham TR, Challa R, Keeffe JE. Prevalence of disabilities and non-communicable diseases in an elderly population in Telangana State, India: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2).
23. World Health Organization (WHO). Health statistics and information systems: estimates for 2000-2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014a. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.
24. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014b. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/.
25. Brazil. Health Information.Vital Statistics. Brasília: Ministry of Health; 2016.
26. World Health Organization (WHO). From burden to “best buys”: reducing the economic impact of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: executive summary 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; World Economic Forum; 2014c. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/best_buys_summary/en/.
27. Ferreira DA, Silva WB, da Silva AP, Eloy MA, de Andrade Júnior FP. Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) resulting from COVID-19 in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Saúde (Sta. Maria) [Internet]. 2022 Feb 24 [cited 2024 Aug 23];47(1). Available from: https://periodicos.ufsm.br/revistasaude/article/view/67011.
28. Freidin B, Ballesteros M, Wilner A. Navigating public health services: experiences of women from disadvantaged sectors in the periphery of Buenos Aires. Saúde Soc. 2019 Oct-Dec;28(4):691-703. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-12902019170987.
29. Hämmig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and among the young, middle-aged, and elderly. PLoS One. 2019;14(7).
30. Araujo B, Bof Chiamulera G, Saretto MFB. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical frailty and functional capacity of the elderly. RFS. 2021;9(1):16-30. DOI: 10.22298/rfs.2021.v.9.n.1.
31. Philip K, Cumella A, Farrington-Douglas J, Laffan M, Hopkinson N. Respiratory patient experience with measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19: findings from a cross-sectional UK-wide survey. BMJ. 2020;10(9).
32. Barros EJ, Santos SS, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Educational gerontechnology aimed at elderly stoma patients through the lens of complexity. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2012;33(2):95-101. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.
33. Barbosa AR, Souza JM, Lebrão ML, Laurenti R, Marucci MF. Functional limitations of Brazilian elderly by age and gender differences: data from SABE Survey. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2005;21(4):177-85. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000400020.
34. Barguilla A, Fernández-Lebrero A, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Baquero M, Puertas-Martín V, Moreno-Calle L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic confinement in patients with cognitive impairment. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2020;11:5899 01. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.589901. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7732426/.
35. Ismail II, Kamel WA, Al-Hashel JY. Association of COVID-19 pandemic and rate of cognitive decline in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study. Gerontol Geriatr Med [Internet]. 2021;7:23337214 211005223. DOI: 10.1177/23337214211005223. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995295/.
36. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, De Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168-76.
37. Menze I, Mueller P, Mueller NG, et al. Age-related cognitive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and associated mental health changes in Germans. Sci Rep. 2022;12:81 72. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11283-9.
38. Paolini S, Devita M, Epifania OM, Anselmi P, Sergi G, Mapelli D, Coin A. Perception of stress and cognitive efficiency in older adults with mild and moderate dementia during the COVID-19-related lockdown. J Psychosom Res. 2021;149:1 10584. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110584.
39. Fiorenzato E, Zabberoni S, Costa A, Cona G. Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. PLoS One. 2021;16(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246204.
40. Park S, Lee JH, Lee J, et al. Interactions between subjective memory complaint and objective cognitive deficit on memory performances. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:294. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1322-9.
41. Neto JG, Temelini MG, Forlenza OV. Differential diagnosis of dementias. Rev Psiquiatr Clín. 2005;32(3):119-30.
42. Machado JC, Ribeiro RCL, Leal PFG, Cotta RMM. Evaluation of cognitive decline and its relationship with socioeconomic characteristics of the elderly in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007;10(4). DOI: 10.1590/S1415-790X2007000400017.
43. Dourado M, Lima M, Campos J, Almeida E, Lima J. Awareness of the disease in dementia: preliminary results in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2005;63(1):114-8.
44. Silva TC, Scarmagnan GS, Batiston AP, Santos MLM, Christofoletti G. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cognitive and motor functions of older people: a 3-year cohort study. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2022;25(2).
45. Kiely KM, Brady B, Byles J. Gender, mental health and ageing. Maturitas. 2019;129:76-84.
46. Barber SJ, Kim H. COVID-19 worries and behavior changes in older and younger men and women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021;76(2). DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa068. PMID: 32427341; PMCID: PMC7313781.
47. Silva L, Figueiredo Filho D, Fernandes A. The effect of lockdown on the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: evidence from an interrupted time series design. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(10). DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00213920.
48. Lyons A, Alba B, Heywood W, Fileborn B, Minichiello V, Barrett C, Hinchliff S, Malta S, Dow B. Experiences of ageism and the mental health of older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(11):145 6-1464. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1364347.
49. Vrach IT, Tomar R. Mental health impacts of social isolation in older people during COVID pandemic. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2020;24(4):25-9.
50. Santos Filho A, Dourado P, Vieira L, Lima A. COVID-19 – Epidemiological Impact of Vaccination. Subsecretaria de Saúde do Estado de Goiás. Gerência de Informações Estratégicas em Saúde - CONECTA-SUS. Available from: https://www.saude.go.gov.br/files//banner_coronavirus/protocolos-notas/S%C3%ADnteses%20de%20Evid%C3%AAncias/2021/Vacinas%20-%20Impacto%20Epidemiol%C3%B3gico.pdf.pdf. Accessed: 2023 Apr 02.
51. Brooks S, Thompson R, Majeed A, Shaikh M, Dunning S, Chetna R. Social and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with Parkinson's disease: a scoping review. Public Health. 2021;77-86.
52. Souza Filho ZA, Nemer CRB, Teixeira E, Neves ALM, Nascimento MHM, Medeiros HP, Panarra BAC, Lima PAV, Gigante VCG, Oliveira VLG. Factors associated with coping with the COVID-19 pandemic by older adults with comorbidities. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(spe).
53. Local Government Association (LGA). Public mental health and wellbeing and COVID-19 [Internet]. 2019. Available from: www.local.gov.uk/public-mental-health-and-wellbeing-and-covid-19 . Accessed: 2023 Jul 02.
54. O’Connor M. PTSD in older bereaved people. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(6):670-8.
55. Eckholdt L, Watson L, O’Connor M. Prolonged grief reactions after old age spousal loss and centrality of the loss in post-loss identity. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:338-44.
56. Lebrasseur A, Fortin-Bédard N, Lettre J, Raymond E, Bussières EL, Lapierre N, Faieta J, Vincent C, Duchesne L, Ouellet MC, Gagnon E, Tourigny A, Lamontagne MÈ, Routhier F. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults: Rapid Review. JMIR Aging. 2021;4(2):e26474. DOI: 10.2196/26474.
57. Emerson KG. Coping with being cooped up: Social distancing during COVID-19 among 60+ in the United States. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e81. DOI: 10.26633/RPSP.2020.81.
58. Wong SY, Zhang D, Sit RWS, Yip BHK, Chung RY, Wong CK, Chan DCC, Sun W, Kwok KO, Mercer SW. Impact of COVID-19 on loneliness, mental health, and health service utilization: a prospective cohort study of older adults with multimorbidity in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70(700). DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20X713021. PM ID: 32988955; PMCID: PMC7523921.
59. Bobes-Bascarán T, Sáiz PA, Velasco A, Martínez-Cao C, Pedrosa C, Portilla A, de la Fuente-Tomas L, García-Alvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Bobes J. Early psychological correlates associated with COVID-19 in a Spanish older adult sample. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(12):1287-1298. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.09.005. Epub 202 0 Sep 07. PMID: 32951996; PMCID: PMC7476442.
60. Oliveira JT de, Lira TB de, Abreu CRC de C. A saúde mental dos idosos em tempos de pandemia - COVID-19. Rev Coleta Científica. 2021;5(9):20-30. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5034787.
61. Goulart JL, Troian A, Quispe JN. Observatórios sociais e sua importância para a gestão pública na Região Sul do Brasil. Desenvolv Quest. 2020;1 8(51):113-28.
62. Whatley MC, Siegel ALM, Schwartz ST, Silaj KM, Castel AD. Younger and older adults' mood and expectations regarding aging during COVID-19. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020;6:2333721420960 259. DOI: 10.1177/2333721420960259. PMID: 32984443.
63. López J, Perez-Rojo G, Noriega C, Carretero I, Velasco C, Martinez-Huertas J, et al. Psychological well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak: a comparative study of the young-old and the old-old adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2020;32(1 1):1365-1370. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610220000964.
64. Röhr S, Reininghaus U, Riedel-Heller SG. Mental wellbeing in the German old age population largely unaltered during COVID-19 lockdown: results of a representative survey. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:489. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01889-x.
65. Philip K, Cumella A, Farrington-Douglas J, Laffan M, Hopkinson N. Respiratory patient experience of measures to reduce risk of COVID-19: findings from a descriptive cross-sectional UK-wide survey. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9). DOI: 10.1136 /bmjopen-2020-040951.PMID: 32912958; PMCID: PMC7568295.
66. Knepple Carney A, Graf A, Hudson G, Wilson E. Age moderates perceived COVID-19 disruption on well-being. Gerontologist. 2021;61(1):30-35. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa106. PMID: 32808660.
67. Eiguren A, Idoiaga N, Berasategi N, Picaza M. Exploring the social and emotional representations used by the elderly to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;11:586560. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586560.
68. Arpasi-Quispe O, Fernandes-Molocho L, Mocarro-Aguilar MR, Díaz-Orihuela MM, Fhon JRS. Stress in the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors. Cogitare Enferm [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ce.v28i0.8747.
69. Araújo CK, Cardoso CMC, Moreira EPM, Wegner E, Areosa SVC. Vínculos familiares e sociais nas relações dos idosos. Rev Jovens Pesquisadores. 2012;1:97-107.
70. Pantell M, Rehkopf DH, Jutte DP, Syme SL, Balmes J, Adler N. Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:2056-62.
71. Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B. Loneliness, social isolation and risk of cardiovascular disease in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25:1387-96.
72. Bauman Z. Amor líquido: sobre a fragilidade dos laços humanos. Translated by Carlos Alberto Medeiros. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Jorge Zahar Ed.; 2004. 88 p.
73. Figueira SMB, Ferreira CJ. Solitude and the liquidity of interpersonal relationships in postmodern Japanese society: an analysis of Kawakami Hiromi's novel, The Nakano Thrift Shop. Curitiba. 2022;10(18).
74. Barcelos LB. Entrevista para o site: https://extra.globo.com/noticias/saude-e-ciencia/conheca-os-beneficios-da-leitura-para-criancas-idosos-21778085.html. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
75. Crespi LRS, Silva K, Lima M. Contribuições de Vigotsky e Luria para a neurociência cognitiva e para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem no ambiente escolar. In: Anais IV CONEDU... Campina Grande: Realize Editora; 2017.
76. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Analfabetismo cai em 2017, mas segue acima da meta para 2015. Available from: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/21255-analfabetismo-cai-em-2017-mas-segue-acima-da-meta-para-2015. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
77. Ferreira JS, Cruz RPV, Assis TC, Dellagrana RA. Sedentary behavior of adults and elderly people during COVID-19 pandemic. J Health Biol Sci. 2021;9(1):1-5. DOI: 10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v9i1 .3816.p1-5.2021.
78. Martins JS, Torres MGR, Oliveira RA. Comportamento sedentário associado ao tempo de tela em acadêmicos de Educação Física. Rev Cienc Mov Reabilit Saude. 2017;19(38):27-37.
79. Margaça C, Rodrigues D. Spirituality and resilience in adulthood and old age: a revision. Fractal, Rev Psicol. 2019;31(2). DOI: 10.22409 /1984-0292/v31i2/5690.
80. Khorany H, Takzare E, Mohammai F, Motalebi SA. The role of spiritual well-being in predicting fear of COVID-19 among community-dwelling older adults in Iran.Iranian J Ageing. 2023;17(4):492-505.
81. Derrer-Merk E, Ferson S, Mannis A, Bentall R, Bennett K. Older people’s family relationships in disequilibrium during the COVID-19 pandemic: what really matters? Ageing Soc. 2022;1-18. DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X22000435.
82. Instituto IPSOS and The Policy Institute & King’s College London.World Mental Health Day 2019. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
83. Costa ML, Costa EG. Envelhecimento, comunicação e suas relações. In: Marchesan IQ, editor. Desenvolvimento da comunicação humana nos diferentes ciclos de vida. Barueri (SP): Pró Fono; 2015. p. 213-27.
84. Nascimento AA de A, Ribeiro SEA, Marinho ACL, Azevedo VD de, Moreira ME de M, Azevedo IC de C. Repercussões da pandemia de COVID-19 na formação em enfermagem: Scoping Review. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2023;31:e6414. DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.6414.3911.
85. Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, et al. An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(4):e2014564118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118.
86. World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-oncovid-19-final-report.pdf.
87. Almeida AP, Naffah Neto A. The feeling of loneliness in contemporaneity: revisiting Melanie Klein. Psic Rev São Paulo. 2019;28(2):421-442. DOI: 10.23925/2594-3871.2019v28i2p421-442.
88. Cardoso et al. Avaliação Psicológica. [Internet]. 2021. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2021.2002.
89. Souza C. Políticas Públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias. 2006;8(16).
2. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
3. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. 2020. Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/news/11-3.
4. Werminghoff FN. A brief essay on the political economy of globalization and the political geography of COVID-19. Rev Ensaios Geogr. 2020;5(9):75-80.
5. Preciado P. Je suis un monstre qui vous parle. Paris: Editions Grasset et Fasquelle; 2020.
6. Frasquilho D, Matos MG, Salonna F, Guerreiro D, Storti CC, Gaspar T, Caldas-de-Almeida JM. Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health. 2015;16:115.
7. Faro A, Bahiano MA, Nakano TC, Reis C, Silva BFP, Vitti LS. COVID-19 and mental health: the emergence of care. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2020;387. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0275202037e200074.
8. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman D. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020;27. DOI: 10.1093/ jtm/taaa020.
9. Smith DT, Mouzon DM, Elliott M. Reviewing the assumptions about men's mental health: an exploration of the gender binary. Am J Mens Health. 2018 Jan;12(1):78-89. DOI: 10.1177/155 7988316630953.
10. Borim FS, Barros MB, Botega NJ. Common mental disorders in the elderly population: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013 Jul;29(7):1350-8. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X2013000700015.
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Required actions to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and service delivery systems in the WHO European Region. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
12. Daniel F, Antunes A, Amaral I. Social representations of old age. Análise Psicológica. 2015;33(3):291-301.
13. United Nations Population Fund. 2012.
14. Calasanti T. Feminist gerontology and older men. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59.
15. Cobos FM, Almendro JME. Active aging and gender inequalities. Aten Prim. 2008;40:305-9.
16. World Health Organization (WHO). Men, ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
17. World Health Organization (WHO). Active ageing: a policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
18. International Longevity Centre Brazil. Active ageing: a political framework in response to the longevity revolution. Rio de Janeiro: International Longevity Centre; 2016.
19. Theme Filha MM, Souza Júnior PRB, Damacena GN, Szwarcwald CL. Prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases and association with self-rated health: National Health Survey, 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015;18(Suppl 2):83-96.
20. Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Lima MG, Araújo SSC, Silva MMA, Freitas MIF, et al. Non-communicable chronic diseases and the use of health services: analysis of the National Health Survey in Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51(Suppl 1):4s.
21. Gong JB, Yu XW, Yi XR, Wang CH, Tuo XP. Epidemiology of non-communicable chronic diseases and quality of life in the elderly.Aging Med (Milton). 2018;1(1):64-6. DOI: 10.1002/agm2. 12009. PMID: 31942482; PMCID: PMC688.
22. Marmamula S, Modepalli SB, Kumbham TR, Challa R, Keeffe JE. Prevalence of disabilities and non-communicable diseases in an elderly population in Telangana State, India: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2).
23. World Health Organization (WHO). Health statistics and information systems: estimates for 2000-2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014a. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.
24. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014b. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/.
25. Brazil. Health Information.Vital Statistics. Brasília: Ministry of Health; 2016.
26. World Health Organization (WHO). From burden to “best buys”: reducing the economic impact of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: executive summary 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; World Economic Forum; 2014c. Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/best_buys_summary/en/.
27. Ferreira DA, Silva WB, da Silva AP, Eloy MA, de Andrade Júnior FP. Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) resulting from COVID-19 in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Saúde (Sta. Maria) [Internet]. 2022 Feb 24 [cited 2024 Aug 23];47(1). Available from: https://periodicos.ufsm.br/revistasaude/article/view/67011.
28. Freidin B, Ballesteros M, Wilner A. Navigating public health services: experiences of women from disadvantaged sectors in the periphery of Buenos Aires. Saúde Soc. 2019 Oct-Dec;28(4):691-703. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-12902019170987.
29. Hämmig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and among the young, middle-aged, and elderly. PLoS One. 2019;14(7).
30. Araujo B, Bof Chiamulera G, Saretto MFB. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical frailty and functional capacity of the elderly. RFS. 2021;9(1):16-30. DOI: 10.22298/rfs.2021.v.9.n.1.
31. Philip K, Cumella A, Farrington-Douglas J, Laffan M, Hopkinson N. Respiratory patient experience with measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19: findings from a cross-sectional UK-wide survey. BMJ. 2020;10(9).
32. Barros EJ, Santos SS, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Educational gerontechnology aimed at elderly stoma patients through the lens of complexity. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2012;33(2):95-101. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.
33. Barbosa AR, Souza JM, Lebrão ML, Laurenti R, Marucci MF. Functional limitations of Brazilian elderly by age and gender differences: data from SABE Survey. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2005;21(4):177-85. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000400020.
34. Barguilla A, Fernández-Lebrero A, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Baquero M, Puertas-Martín V, Moreno-Calle L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic confinement in patients with cognitive impairment. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2020;11:5899 01. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.589901. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7732426/.
35. Ismail II, Kamel WA, Al-Hashel JY. Association of COVID-19 pandemic and rate of cognitive decline in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study. Gerontol Geriatr Med [Internet]. 2021;7:23337214 211005223. DOI: 10.1177/23337214211005223. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995295/.
36. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, De Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168-76.
37. Menze I, Mueller P, Mueller NG, et al. Age-related cognitive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and associated mental health changes in Germans. Sci Rep. 2022;12:81 72. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11283-9.
38. Paolini S, Devita M, Epifania OM, Anselmi P, Sergi G, Mapelli D, Coin A. Perception of stress and cognitive efficiency in older adults with mild and moderate dementia during the COVID-19-related lockdown. J Psychosom Res. 2021;149:1 10584. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110584.
39. Fiorenzato E, Zabberoni S, Costa A, Cona G. Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. PLoS One. 2021;16(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246204.
40. Park S, Lee JH, Lee J, et al. Interactions between subjective memory complaint and objective cognitive deficit on memory performances. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:294. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1322-9.
41. Neto JG, Temelini MG, Forlenza OV. Differential diagnosis of dementias. Rev Psiquiatr Clín. 2005;32(3):119-30.
42. Machado JC, Ribeiro RCL, Leal PFG, Cotta RMM. Evaluation of cognitive decline and its relationship with socioeconomic characteristics of the elderly in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007;10(4). DOI: 10.1590/S1415-790X2007000400017.
43. Dourado M, Lima M, Campos J, Almeida E, Lima J. Awareness of the disease in dementia: preliminary results in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2005;63(1):114-8.
44. Silva TC, Scarmagnan GS, Batiston AP, Santos MLM, Christofoletti G. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cognitive and motor functions of older people: a 3-year cohort study. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2022;25(2).
45. Kiely KM, Brady B, Byles J. Gender, mental health and ageing. Maturitas. 2019;129:76-84.
46. Barber SJ, Kim H. COVID-19 worries and behavior changes in older and younger men and women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021;76(2). DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa068. PMID: 32427341; PMCID: PMC7313781.
47. Silva L, Figueiredo Filho D, Fernandes A. The effect of lockdown on the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: evidence from an interrupted time series design. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(10). DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00213920.
48. Lyons A, Alba B, Heywood W, Fileborn B, Minichiello V, Barrett C, Hinchliff S, Malta S, Dow B. Experiences of ageism and the mental health of older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(11):145 6-1464. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1364347.
49. Vrach IT, Tomar R. Mental health impacts of social isolation in older people during COVID pandemic. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2020;24(4):25-9.
50. Santos Filho A, Dourado P, Vieira L, Lima A. COVID-19 – Epidemiological Impact of Vaccination. Subsecretaria de Saúde do Estado de Goiás. Gerência de Informações Estratégicas em Saúde - CONECTA-SUS. Available from: https://www.saude.go.gov.br/files//banner_coronavirus/protocolos-notas/S%C3%ADnteses%20de%20Evid%C3%AAncias/2021/Vacinas%20-%20Impacto%20Epidemiol%C3%B3gico.pdf.pdf. Accessed: 2023 Apr 02.
51. Brooks S, Thompson R, Majeed A, Shaikh M, Dunning S, Chetna R. Social and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with Parkinson's disease: a scoping review. Public Health. 2021;77-86.
52. Souza Filho ZA, Nemer CRB, Teixeira E, Neves ALM, Nascimento MHM, Medeiros HP, Panarra BAC, Lima PAV, Gigante VCG, Oliveira VLG. Factors associated with coping with the COVID-19 pandemic by older adults with comorbidities. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(spe).
53. Local Government Association (LGA). Public mental health and wellbeing and COVID-19 [Internet]. 2019. Available from: www.local.gov.uk/public-mental-health-and-wellbeing-and-covid-19 . Accessed: 2023 Jul 02.
54. O’Connor M. PTSD in older bereaved people. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(6):670-8.
55. Eckholdt L, Watson L, O’Connor M. Prolonged grief reactions after old age spousal loss and centrality of the loss in post-loss identity. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:338-44.
56. Lebrasseur A, Fortin-Bédard N, Lettre J, Raymond E, Bussières EL, Lapierre N, Faieta J, Vincent C, Duchesne L, Ouellet MC, Gagnon E, Tourigny A, Lamontagne MÈ, Routhier F. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults: Rapid Review. JMIR Aging. 2021;4(2):e26474. DOI: 10.2196/26474.
57. Emerson KG. Coping with being cooped up: Social distancing during COVID-19 among 60+ in the United States. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e81. DOI: 10.26633/RPSP.2020.81.
58. Wong SY, Zhang D, Sit RWS, Yip BHK, Chung RY, Wong CK, Chan DCC, Sun W, Kwok KO, Mercer SW. Impact of COVID-19 on loneliness, mental health, and health service utilization: a prospective cohort study of older adults with multimorbidity in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70(700). DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20X713021. PM ID: 32988955; PMCID: PMC7523921.
59. Bobes-Bascarán T, Sáiz PA, Velasco A, Martínez-Cao C, Pedrosa C, Portilla A, de la Fuente-Tomas L, García-Alvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Bobes J. Early psychological correlates associated with COVID-19 in a Spanish older adult sample. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(12):1287-1298. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.09.005. Epub 202 0 Sep 07. PMID: 32951996; PMCID: PMC7476442.
60. Oliveira JT de, Lira TB de, Abreu CRC de C. A saúde mental dos idosos em tempos de pandemia - COVID-19. Rev Coleta Científica. 2021;5(9):20-30. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5034787.
61. Goulart JL, Troian A, Quispe JN. Observatórios sociais e sua importância para a gestão pública na Região Sul do Brasil. Desenvolv Quest. 2020;1 8(51):113-28.
62. Whatley MC, Siegel ALM, Schwartz ST, Silaj KM, Castel AD. Younger and older adults' mood and expectations regarding aging during COVID-19. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020;6:2333721420960 259. DOI: 10.1177/2333721420960259. PMID: 32984443.
63. López J, Perez-Rojo G, Noriega C, Carretero I, Velasco C, Martinez-Huertas J, et al. Psychological well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak: a comparative study of the young-old and the old-old adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2020;32(1 1):1365-1370. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610220000964.
64. Röhr S, Reininghaus U, Riedel-Heller SG. Mental wellbeing in the German old age population largely unaltered during COVID-19 lockdown: results of a representative survey. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:489. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01889-x.
65. Philip K, Cumella A, Farrington-Douglas J, Laffan M, Hopkinson N. Respiratory patient experience of measures to reduce risk of COVID-19: findings from a descriptive cross-sectional UK-wide survey. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9). DOI: 10.1136 /bmjopen-2020-040951.PMID: 32912958; PMCID: PMC7568295.
66. Knepple Carney A, Graf A, Hudson G, Wilson E. Age moderates perceived COVID-19 disruption on well-being. Gerontologist. 2021;61(1):30-35. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa106. PMID: 32808660.
67. Eiguren A, Idoiaga N, Berasategi N, Picaza M. Exploring the social and emotional representations used by the elderly to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;11:586560. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586560.
68. Arpasi-Quispe O, Fernandes-Molocho L, Mocarro-Aguilar MR, Díaz-Orihuela MM, Fhon JRS. Stress in the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors. Cogitare Enferm [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ce.v28i0.8747.
69. Araújo CK, Cardoso CMC, Moreira EPM, Wegner E, Areosa SVC. Vínculos familiares e sociais nas relações dos idosos. Rev Jovens Pesquisadores. 2012;1:97-107.
70. Pantell M, Rehkopf DH, Jutte DP, Syme SL, Balmes J, Adler N. Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:2056-62.
71. Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B. Loneliness, social isolation and risk of cardiovascular disease in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25:1387-96.
72. Bauman Z. Amor líquido: sobre a fragilidade dos laços humanos. Translated by Carlos Alberto Medeiros. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Jorge Zahar Ed.; 2004. 88 p.
73. Figueira SMB, Ferreira CJ. Solitude and the liquidity of interpersonal relationships in postmodern Japanese society: an analysis of Kawakami Hiromi's novel, The Nakano Thrift Shop. Curitiba. 2022;10(18).
74. Barcelos LB. Entrevista para o site: https://extra.globo.com/noticias/saude-e-ciencia/conheca-os-beneficios-da-leitura-para-criancas-idosos-21778085.html. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
75. Crespi LRS, Silva K, Lima M. Contribuições de Vigotsky e Luria para a neurociência cognitiva e para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem no ambiente escolar. In: Anais IV CONEDU... Campina Grande: Realize Editora; 2017.
76. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Analfabetismo cai em 2017, mas segue acima da meta para 2015. Available from: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/21255-analfabetismo-cai-em-2017-mas-segue-acima-da-meta-para-2015. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
77. Ferreira JS, Cruz RPV, Assis TC, Dellagrana RA. Sedentary behavior of adults and elderly people during COVID-19 pandemic. J Health Biol Sci. 2021;9(1):1-5. DOI: 10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v9i1 .3816.p1-5.2021.
78. Martins JS, Torres MGR, Oliveira RA. Comportamento sedentário associado ao tempo de tela em acadêmicos de Educação Física. Rev Cienc Mov Reabilit Saude. 2017;19(38):27-37.
79. Margaça C, Rodrigues D. Spirituality and resilience in adulthood and old age: a revision. Fractal, Rev Psicol. 2019;31(2). DOI: 10.22409 /1984-0292/v31i2/5690.
80. Khorany H, Takzare E, Mohammai F, Motalebi SA. The role of spiritual well-being in predicting fear of COVID-19 among community-dwelling older adults in Iran.Iranian J Ageing. 2023;17(4):492-505.
81. Derrer-Merk E, Ferson S, Mannis A, Bentall R, Bennett K. Older people’s family relationships in disequilibrium during the COVID-19 pandemic: what really matters? Ageing Soc. 2022;1-18. DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X22000435.
82. Instituto IPSOS and The Policy Institute & King’s College London.World Mental Health Day 2019. Accessed: 2023 Jun 23.
83. Costa ML, Costa EG. Envelhecimento, comunicação e suas relações. In: Marchesan IQ, editor. Desenvolvimento da comunicação humana nos diferentes ciclos de vida. Barueri (SP): Pró Fono; 2015. p. 213-27.
84. Nascimento AA de A, Ribeiro SEA, Marinho ACL, Azevedo VD de, Moreira ME de M, Azevedo IC de C. Repercussões da pandemia de COVID-19 na formação em enfermagem: Scoping Review. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2023;31:e6414. DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.6414.3911.
85. Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, et al. An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(4):e2014564118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118.
86. World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-oncovid-19-final-report.pdf.
87. Almeida AP, Naffah Neto A. The feeling of loneliness in contemporaneity: revisiting Melanie Klein. Psic Rev São Paulo. 2019;28(2):421-442. DOI: 10.23925/2594-3871.2019v28i2p421-442.
88. Cardoso et al. Avaliação Psicológica. [Internet]. 2021. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2021.2002.
89. Souza C. Políticas Públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias. 2006;8(16).