Narcissistic and Dependent Behaviors in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Main Article Content
Abstract
Interpersonal formulations are used to define, understand, and diagnose personality disorders. The accuracy of these formulations rests on a clear understanding of how those with personality pathology behave in interpersonal situations. To test these formulations, we conducted 4 experiments across 2 studies examining how participants with trait dependence and narcissism respond to predetermined strategies in an iterated prisoner's dilemma. These predetermined strategies were: always cooperate, cheat once then always cooperate (Study 1), always cheat, and cooperate once then always cheat (Study 2). Results indicated that trait dependency promoted cooperation, particularly against the cheat-once-then-always-cooperate strategy and in early interactions with the cooperate-once-then-always-cheat strategy. However, there was no evidence that trait narcissism reduces cooperation. Our results suggest a nuanced association between trait personality pathology and cooperation, which is influenced by others’ behavior over repeated interactions.
Keywords:
personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, interpersonal, prisoner’s dilemma
Article Details
How to Cite
KOROLEVSKAIA, Anastasiia; REED, Lawrence Ian; HOOLEY, Jill M..
Narcissistic and Dependent Behaviors in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 10, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5773>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i10.5773.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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35. Schulte Holthausen B, Habel U. Sex Differences in Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(12):107. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0975-y
36. Sherman ED, Miller JD, Few LR, et al. Development of a Short Form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory: The FFNI-SF. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):1110-1116. doi:10.1037/pas0000100
37. Rosenthal SA, Hooley JM, Montoya RM, Van Der Linden SL, Steshenko Y. The Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem. Assessment. 2020;27(3):487-507. doi:10.1177/107 3191119858410
38. Crowe ML, Edershile EA, Wright AGC, Campbell WK, Lynam DR, Miller JD. Development and validation of the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale: An adjective rating scale. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(7):978-983. doi:10.1037/pas0000578
39. Crego C, Widiger TA. Core traits of psychopathy. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(6):674-684. doi:10.1037/per0000550
40. Hopwood C, Pincus A, Wright A. The Interpersonal Situation. In: The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations. Oxford University Press; 2019:94-121.
41. Widiger TA, Hines A. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition alternative model of personality disorder. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(4):347-355. doi:10.1037/per0000524
42. Clark LA, Watson D. The trait model of the DSM–5 alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD): A structural review. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(4):328-336. doi:10.1037 /per0000568
2. Gunderson JG. Ten-Year Course of Borderline Personality Disorder: Psychopathology and Function From the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8) :827. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.37
3. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Fitzmaurice G. Time to Attainment of Recovery From Borderline Personality Disorder and Stability of Recovery: A 10-year Prospective Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):663-667. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081130
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed., Text Rev.). 5th ed., text rev.; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
5. Leary T. Interpersonal Diagnoses of Personality. Ronald; 1957.
6. McLemore CW, Benjamin LS. Whatever Happened to Interpersonal Diagnosis? Am Psychol. 1979;34 (1):17-34.
7. Sullivan H. The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. Norton; 1953.
8. Hopwood CJ, Wright AGC, Ansell EB, Pincus AL. The Interpersonal Core of Personality Pathology. J Personal Disord. 2013;27(3):270-295. doi:10.1521/ pedi.2013.27.3.270
9. Pincus AL. A contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality disorders. In: Major Theories of Personality Disorder. 2nd ed. Guilford press; 2005:282-331.
10. Pincus AL, Hopwood CJ. a contemporary interpersonal model of personality pathology and personality disorder. In: The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders. Oxford University Press; 2012:372-398.
11. Wright AGC, Pincus AL, Hopwood CJ. Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory: Integrating Structure, Dynamics, Temporal Scale, and Levels of Analysis. Published online 2023.
12. Wright AGC, Ringwald WR, Hopwood CJ, Pincus AL. It’s time to replace the personality disorders with the interpersonal disorders. Am Psychol. 2022;77(9):1085-1099. doi:10.1037/amp 0001087
13. Hopwood CJ, Wright AGC, Bleidorn W. Person–environment transactions differentiate personality and psychopathology. Nat Rev Psychol. 2022;1(1):55-63. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00004-0
14. Hopwood CJ, Pincus AL, Wright AGC. The Interpersonal Situation. In: The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations. Oxford University Press; 2020:94-121.
15. Haslam N, Reichert T, Fiske AP. Aberrant social relations in the personality disorders. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2002;75(1):19-31. doi:10.1348/147608302169526
16. Locke KD. Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values: Reliability, Validity, and Applicability to Interpersonal Problems and Personality Disorders. J Pers Assess. 2000;75(2):249-267. doi:10.1207/S1 5327752JPA7502_6
17. Monsen JT, Hagtvet KA, Havik OE, Eilertsen DE. Circumplex structure and personality disorder correlates of the Interpersonal Problems Model (IIP-C): Construct validity and clinical implications. Psychol Assess. 2006;18(2):165-173. doi:10.1037/ 1040-3590.18.2.165
18. Locke KD. Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values: Reliability, Validity, and Applicability to Interpersonal Problems and Personality Disorders. J Pers Assess. 2000;75(2):249-267. doi:10.1207/S1 5327752JPA7502_6
19. King-Casas B, Sharp C, Lomax-Bream L, Lohrenz T, Fonagy P, Montague PR. The Rupture and Repair of Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder.
20. Unoka Z, Seres I, Áspán N, Bódi N, Kéri S. Trust Game Reveals Restricted Interpersonal Transactions in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder. J Personal Disord. 2009;23(4):399-409. doi:10.1521/ pedi.2009.23.4.399
21. Mokros A, Menner B, Eisenbarth H, Alpers GW, Lange KW, Osterheider M. Diminished cooperativeness of psychopaths in a prisoner’s dilemma game yields higher rewards. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(2):406-413. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.406
22. Rilling JK, Glenn AL, Jairam MR, et al. Neural Correlates of Social Cooperation and Non-Cooperation as a Function of Psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(11):1260-1271. doi:10.1016/j. biopsych.2006.07.021
23. Simon L, Reed LI. Narcissistic and dependent behaviors in the Battle of the Sexes game. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2021;12(3):286-290. doi:10.1037/per0000437
24. Rapoport A, Chammah A. Prisoner’s Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation. Vol 165. University of Michigan Press; 1965.
25. Peer E, Rothschild D, Gordon A, Evernden Z, Damer E. Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research. Behav Res Methods. 2021;54(4):1643-1662. doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01694-3
26. Tyrer P, Morgan J, Cicchetti D. The Dependent Personality Questionnaire (DPQ): A Screening Instrument for Dependent Personality. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2004;50(1):10-17. doi:10.1177 /0020764004038754
27. Raskin RN, Hall CS. A Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Psychol Rep. 1979;45(2):590-590. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
28. Raskin R, Terry H. A principle-components analysis of the Narcissitic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:890-902.
29. Rhodewalt F, Morf CC. Self and interpersonal correlates of the narcissistic personality inventory: A review and new findings. Res Personal. 1995;29:1-23.
30. Miller BK, Nicols KM, Clark S, Daniels A, Grant W. Meta-analysis of coefficient alpha for scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Denissen J, ed. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208331. doi:10.137 1/journal.pone.0208331
31. Cohen P, Cohen J, Aiken LS, West SG. The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for POMP. Multivar Behav Res. 1999;34(3):315-346. doi:10.12 07/S15327906MBR3403_2
32. Rhodewalt F, Tragakis MW, Finnerty J. Narcissism and self-handicapping: Linking self-aggrandizement to behavior. J Res Personal. 2006;40(5):573-597. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.05.001
33. Kubarych TS, Aggen SH, Kendler KS, Torgersen S, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T, Neale MC. Measurement non‐invariance of DSM‐IV narcissistic personality disorder criteria across age and sex in a population‐based sample of Norwegian twins. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010;19(3):156-166. doi:10 .1002/mpr.318
34. Pulay A, Stinson FS, Dawson D, et al. Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Results From the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry.
35. Schulte Holthausen B, Habel U. Sex Differences in Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(12):107. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0975-y
36. Sherman ED, Miller JD, Few LR, et al. Development of a Short Form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory: The FFNI-SF. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):1110-1116. doi:10.1037/pas0000100
37. Rosenthal SA, Hooley JM, Montoya RM, Van Der Linden SL, Steshenko Y. The Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem. Assessment. 2020;27(3):487-507. doi:10.1177/107 3191119858410
38. Crowe ML, Edershile EA, Wright AGC, Campbell WK, Lynam DR, Miller JD. Development and validation of the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale: An adjective rating scale. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(7):978-983. doi:10.1037/pas0000578
39. Crego C, Widiger TA. Core traits of psychopathy. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(6):674-684. doi:10.1037/per0000550
40. Hopwood C, Pincus A, Wright A. The Interpersonal Situation. In: The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations. Oxford University Press; 2019:94-121.
41. Widiger TA, Hines A. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition alternative model of personality disorder. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(4):347-355. doi:10.1037/per0000524
42. Clark LA, Watson D. The trait model of the DSM–5 alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD): A structural review. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2022;13(4):328-336. doi:10.1037 /per0000568