Nodular gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia: Two bedfellows with the same dream who wake up in different worlds
Main Article Content
Abstract
Nodular gastritis (NG) and gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) are both the aftermath of H. pylori infection. Despite vigorous attempts to eradicate H. pylori in the past 4 decades, the infection has dropped, rather unimpressively, from 58.2% to 43.1%. Prevalence has been reported as 5% for NG and 25% for GIM. NG affects children and young adults especially females, and the symptoms are those of non-specific dyspepsia, whereas GIM is asymptomatic. NG is usually diagnosed at endoscopy with classical multitudinous nodules covering the antrum but also the body, and confirmed by the histological feature of lymphoid follicles, the basis of the nodules. GIM is detected by multiple biopsies (8 has been proposed, particularly for regions with high gastric cancer rates), and is graded histologically as mild, moderate, and severe. NG is treated by eradication of the H. pylori infection; if untreated, there is a 5% chance that extensive NG could develop into diffuse gastric cancer in 3 to 5 years. GIM does not iimprove despite successful eradication of H. pylori, nor does it respond to any other medical treatment. If untreated, there is a 5.8% chance for severe GIM to develop into gastric cancer in 5 years. Management of GIM has been by surveillance, with treatment instituted once early cancer appears. Management, however, has been revolutionized recently with the introduction of endoscopic mucosal resection using Lam’s technique. It is proposed that once detected, both NG and GIM should be treated vigorously until they are healed, to prevent possible malignant change.
Article Details
How to Cite
LAM, Shiu Kum; LAU, George Ka Kit.
Nodular gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia: Two bedfellows with the same dream who wake up in different worlds.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 10, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5796>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i10.5796.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, RL, Laversanne, M, Soerjomataram, I, Jemal, A, Bray, F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021: 71: 209-249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.
2. Yan X, Lei L, Li H, Cao M, Yang F, He S, Zhang S, Teng Y, Li Q, Xia C, Chen W. Stomach cancer burden in China: Epidemiology and prevention. Chin J Cancer Res. 2023 Apr 30;35(2):81-91. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.10009604.2023.02.01. PMID: 37180831; PMCID: PMC10167608. iii Shao L, Li P, Ye J, Chen J, Han Y , Cai J, Lu X. Risk of gastric cancer among patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia. Int J Cancer 2018;143:1671–1677. PMID: 29707766, doi:10.1002/ijc.31571.
3. Butt J, Epplein M. How do global trends in Helicobacter pylori prevalence inform prevention planning? Lancet 2023;8:498-499.
4. Morgan E, Arnold M, Camargo MC, et al. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020-40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Apr 21;47:101404. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101404. PMID: 35497064; PMCID: PMC9046108.
5. Freedberg, A. Stone, "An Early Study of Human Stomach Bacteria" 1939, in Helicobacter Pioneers, pp. 25–28.
6. Freedberg, A.S.; L.E. Baron (1940). "The presence of spirochaetes in human gastric mucosa". American Journal of Digestive Diseases. 7 (10): 443–445. doi:10.1007/BF02997393
7. Haot J, Hamichi L, Wallez L, Mainguet P. Lymphocytic gastritis: a newly described entity: a retrospective endoscopic and histological study. Gut 1988;29:1258-64. htps://doi.org/10.1136/gut.29.9.1258 10.1136/gut.29.9.1258 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Moutier F. Martin J. Deaux cas de gastrite varioliforme. Arch Mal App Dig 1947;36:155-161.
9. Eastham EJ, Elliott TSJ, Berkeley D, Jones DM. Campylobacter pylori infection in children. J. Infect. 1988; 16: 77–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum S, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 1975 Jul 12;2(7924):58-60. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90498-5. PMID: 49653.
11. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 15;52(24):6735-40. PMID: 1458460.
12. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Hiyama T, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Nodular gastritis in adults is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 May;48(5):968-75. doi: 10.1023/a:1023016000096. PMID: 12772798.
13. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64: 1353-1367.
14. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30
15. Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Pittayanon R, et al. Thailand Consensus on Helicobacter pylori Treatment 2015.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016; 17: 2351-2360.
16. Authors. The frequency of nodular gastritis in adult patients and the relation of this type of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and histopathologic findings. The Eur Res J 2019;1-5. DOI: 10.18621/eurj.420164.
17. Pennelli G, Grillo F, Galuppini F, Ingravallo G, Pilozzi E, Rugge M, Fiocca R, Fassan M, Mastracci L. Gastritis: update on etiological features and histological practical approach. Pathologica. 2020 Sep;112(3):153-165. doi: 10.32074/1591-951X-163. PMID: 33179619; PMCID: PMC7931571.
18. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
19. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
20. Niknam, R. and Manafi, A. and Maghbool, M. and Kouhpayeh, A. and Mahmoudi, L. (2015) Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 73 (5). pp. 236-241.
21. Kim YJ, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung IK, Park HS. Nodular Gastritis as a Precursor Lesion of Atrophic and Metaplastic Gastritis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2019;73:332-340.
22. Kim JW, Lee SY, Kim JH,Sung IK, Park HS, Shim CS, Han HS. Nodule Regression in Adults With Nodular Gastritis. Gastroenterology Res. 2015;8:296–302. doi: 10.14740/gr692w
23. Bahú Mda G, da Silveira TR, Maguilnick I, Ulbrich-Kulczynski J. Endoscopic nodular gastritis: an endoscopic indicator of high-grade bacterial colonization and severe gastritis in children with Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Feb;36(2):217-22. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200302000-00011. PMID: 12548057.
24. Niknam R, Manafi A, Maghbool M, Kouhpayeh A, Mahmoudi L. Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Neth J Med. 2015 Jun;73(5):236-41. PMID: 26087803.
25. Kim YJ, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung IK, Park HS. Nodular Gastritis as a Precursor Lesion of Atrophic and Metaplastic Gastritis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2019;73:332-340.
26. Yalak S. The frequency of nodular gastritis in adult patients and the relation of this type of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and histopathologic findings. Eur Res J 2019;5:822-826.
27. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
28. Dwivedi, M., Misra, S.P. and Misra, V. (2008), Nodular gastritis in adults: Clinical features, endoscopic appearance, histopathological features, and response to therapy. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23: 943-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05044.x
29. Miyamoto, M.; Haruma, K.; Yoshihara, M.; et al. Nodular Gastritis in Adults is Caused by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2003, 48, 968–975.
30. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
31. Nakashima, R.; Nagata, N.; Watanabe, K.; et al. Histological Features of Nodular Gastritis and its Endoscopic Classification. J. Dig. Dis. 2011, 12, 436–442.
32. Önal İK, Sökmensüer C, Demir Önal E, Ersoy O, Yeniova Ö, Aydınlı M, et al. Clinical and pathological features of nodular gastritis in adults. Turk J Med Sci 2009;39:719-23.
33. Niknam R, Manafi A, Maghbool M, Kouhpayeh A, Mahmoudi L. Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Netherlands J Med 2015;73:236-241.
34. Maghidman S, Cok J, Bussalleu A. Histopathological findings in nodular gastritis. Experience at the Cayetano Heredia National Hospital. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2001;21:261-70.
35. Nishikawa I, Kato J, Terasoma S, Matsutani H, Tamaki H, Tamaki T, Kuwashima F, Nakata H, Tomeki T, Matsunaka H, Ibata Y, Yamashita Y, Maekita T, Higashi K, Ichinose M. Nodular gastritis in association with gastric cancer development before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication. JGH Open. 2018 Mar 25;2(3):80-86. doi: 10.1002/jgh3.12049. PMID: 30483568; PMCID: PMC6207053.
36. Kim JW, Lee SY, Kim JH,Sung IK, Park HS, Shim CS, Han HS. Nodule Regression in Adults With Nodular Gastritis. Gastroenterology Res. 2015;8:296–302. doi: 10.14740/gr692w
37. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Hiyama T, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Nodular gastritis in adults is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 May;48(5):968-75. doi: 10.1023/a:1023016000096. PMID: 12772798.
38. Tanabe J, Kawai N, Abe T, et al. A case of diffuse‐type early gastric cancer with nodular gastritis. Digestive Endoscopy 2006;18:67-70.
39. Shiotani A, Kamada T, Kumamoto M, Nakae Y, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K, Haruma K. Nodular gastritis in Japanese young adults: endoscopic and histological observations. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Aug;42(8):610-5. doi: 10.1007/s00535-007-2073-5. Epub 2007 Aug 24. PMID: 17701123.
40. Imai K, Mitsunaga A, Araida T, et al. Advanced gastric cancer associated with nodular gastritis in a young patient. Clin J Gastroenterol 2009;2:275-278.
41. Kako, S, Iwaya, Y, Nagaya, T, et al. Clinicopathological features of nodular gastritis in three classes of age. Helicobacter. 2021; 26:e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12845
42. Chen, MJ., Wang, TE., Chang, WH. et al. Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Dig Dis Sci 52, 2662–2666 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3
43. Chen X, Kang Y, Cen R, Yuan L, Liu BY. Clinical study on chronic nodular gastritis. Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2001;12. Article in Chinese, WPRIM, ID: WPR-527569.
44. Duo Y, Bai Y, Xie P, et al. Chronic gastritis in China: a national multicenter survey. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:21. PMC3922313. doi; 10.1186/1471-230X-14-21.
45. Kamada T, Tanaka A, Yamanaka Y. (2007), Nodular Gastritis With Helicobacter Pylori Infection Is Strongly Associated With Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer In Young Patients. Digestive Endoscopy 2007;19:180-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2007.00750.x
46. Eriksson NK, Karkkainen PA, Farkkila MA, Arkkila PET. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:355-360. DOI:htpps://doi.org 10.1016/j.did.2007.12.012.
47. Gupta S, Li D, El Serag HB, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology 2020;158:693-702. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.003. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31816298; PMCID: PMC7340330.
48. Marques-Silva L, Areia M, Elvas L, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Prevalence of gastric precancerous conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014 26:378–387. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000065.
49. Sonnenberg A, Lash RH, Genta RM. A national study of Helicobactor pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1894–1901. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.018.
50. Olmez S , Aslan M , Erten R , et al . The prevalence of gastric intestinal metaplasia and distribution of Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophy, dysplasia, and cancer in its subtypes. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015;2015:1–6. doi:10.1155/2015/434039.
51. Eriksson NK, Kärkkäinen PA, Färkkilä MA, Arkkila PE. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:355–60. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.12.012.
52. Eidt S, Stolte M. Prevalence of intestinal metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:607–10. PMID: 7939396, doi: 10.3109/00365529409092480.
53. Asaka M, Sugiyama T, Nobuta A, Kato M, Takeda H, Graham DY. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Japan: results of a large multicenter study. Helicobacter 2001;6:294–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00042.x.
54. Kim HJ, Choi BY, Byun TJ, Eun CS, Song KS, Kim YS, et al. The prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia according to gender, age and Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural population. J Prev Med Public Health 2008;41:373–9. PMID: 19037166, doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.6.373.
55. Du Y, Bai Y, Xie P, et al. Chronic gastritis in China: a national multi-center survey. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:21. PMID: 24502423, PMCID: PMC3922313, doi:10.1186/1471–230X-14-21.
56. Malik TH, Zhao C, AlAhmed JM, Alam SA, Xu H. Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is the Most Common Histopathological Phenotype among Endoscopically Diagnosed Atrophic Gastritis Patients in North-East China. Open J Gastroenterol 2017;7:65–74. doi.org/10.4236/ojgas.2017.72008.
57. Chen, S., Ying, L., Kong, M., Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Decreases with Older Age in Atrophic Gastritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013, Article ID: 494783. doi.org/10.1155/2013/494783.
58. Nagata N, Kishida Y, Mine S, et al. Nodular gastritis. Video J Encyclopedia GI Endos 2013;2:194-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2212-0971(13)70081-5.
59. Fukuta, N., Ida, K., Kato, T., Uedo, N., Ando, T., Watanabe, H., Shimbo, T. and (2013), Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric IM. Digestive Endoscopy, 25: 526-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12032.
60. Esposito G, Pimentel-Nunes P, Angeletti S, Castro R, Libânio D, Galli G, Lahner E, Di Giulio E, Annibale B, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia (EGGIM): a multicenter validation study. Endoscopy. 2019 Jun;51(6):515-521. doi: 10.1055/a-0808-3186. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30577062.
61. Redéen S, Petersson F, Jönsson KA et al. Relationship of gastroscopic features to histological findings in gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in a general population sample. Endoscopy 2003; 35:946 – 950.
62. Eshmuratov A, Nah JC, Kim N et al. The correlation of endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastric atrophy. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1364 –1375.
63. Misiewicz J, Tygat G, Goodwin C, et al. The Sydney system: a new classification of gastritis. Working Party Reports 1990:1–10.
64. El-Zimaity H, Graham D. Evaluation of gastric biopsy site and number of identification of H pylori or intestinal metaplasia. The role of Sydney system. Hum Pathol 1999;30:72–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65. Nakashima R, Nagata N, Watanabe K, et al. Histological features of nodular gastritis and its endoscopic classification. J Dig Dis 2011;12:436-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00532.x. PMID: 22118692.
66. N Nagata, Y Kishida, S Mine, et al. Nodular gastritis. Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy 2013;1: 194-195. ISSN 2212-0971, doi.org/10.1016/S2212-0971(13)70081-5.
67. Sokmensuer, C., Onal, I.K., Yeniova, O. et al. What Are the Clinical Implications of Nodular Gastritis? Clues from Histopathology. Dig Dis Sci 54, 2150–2154 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-0842-0
68. Spaander MCW. Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia: can we do it without pathologists? Endoscopy 2019; 51(06): 509-510. DOI: 10.1055/a-0831-2450.
69. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, Ter Borg F, de Vries RA, Bruno MJ, van Dekken H, Meijer J, van Grieken NC, Kuipers EJ. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:1150–1158.
70. Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, Areia M, Leja M, Esposito G, Garrido M, Kikuste I, Megraud F, Matysiak-Budnik T, Annibale B, Dumonceau JM, Barros R, Fléjou JF, Carneiro F, van Hooft JE, Kuipers EJ, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy. 2019 Apr;51(4):365-388. doi: 10.1055/a-0859-1883. Epub 2019 Mar 6. PMID: 30841008.
71. Rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, et al. Operative link for gastritis assessment vs operative link on intestinal metaplasia assessment. World J Gastroenterol 2011;7:4596-4661, doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i41.4596
72. Jencks DS et al. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2018;14(2):92-101.
73. Jass JR, Filipe MI. Histochem J. 1981;13(6):931-9.
74. Dixon MF et al. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20(10):1161-81.
75. Kang KP et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(1):140-8.
76. Gonzalez CA et al. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(11):2654-60.
77. Correa P, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia: clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar;105(3):493-8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.728. PMID: 20203636; PMCID: PMC2895407.
78. Matsukura N, Suzuki K, Kawachi T, et al. Distribution of marker enzymes and mucin in intestinal metaplasia in human stomach and relation to complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia to minute gastric carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1980;65:231–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Teglbjaerg PS, Nielsen HO. “Small intestinal type” and “colonic type” intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach, and their relationship to the histogenetic types of gastric adeno-carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1978;86A:351–5.
79. Wright NA. Gastric carcinogenesis: when is the point of no return? In: Hunt RH, Tytgat GNJ, eds. Helicobacter pylori: Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998:325-335.
80. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, et al. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:1150–1158. PMID: 20381801, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.029.
81. Matsukura N, Suzuki K, Kawachi T, et al. Distribution of marker enzymes and mucin in intestinal metaplasia in human stomach and relation to complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia to minute gastric carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:231–40. PMID: 6931245, doi: doi.org/10.1093/jnci/65.2.231
82. Pittayanon, R, Rerknimitr, R, Klaikaew, N, et al. The risk of gastric cancer in patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia in 5‐year follow‐up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46: 40– 45. doi: doi.org/10.1111/apt.14082.
83. Schlemper RJ, Riddell RH, Kato Y, Borchard F, Cooper HS, Dawsey SM, et al. The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Gut. 2000;47: 251–255. doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.251, pmid:10896917.
84. Sung JK . Diagnosis and management of gastric dysplasia. Korean J Intern Med 2016;31:201–9. doi:10.3904/kjim.2016.021.
85. Lauwers GY, Riddell RH. Gastric epithelial dysplasia. Gut 1999;45:784–790. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.45.5.784.
86. Zhao G, Xue M, Hu Y, Lai S, Chen S, Wang L. How Commonly Is the Diagnosis of Gastric Low Grade Dysplasia Upgraded following Endoscopic Resection? A Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE 2015;10: e0132699. doi: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132699.
87. Cho SJ, Choi IJ, Kim CG, etal. Risk factors associated with gastric cancer in patients with a duodenal ulcer. Helicobacter 2010;15:516–523. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00805.x.
88. Chen, S., Ying, L., Kong, M., Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Decreases with Older Age in Atrophic Gastritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013, Article ID: 494783. doi.org/10.1155/2013/494783.
89. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Gorrea P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1996; 20: 1161–
90. Wong, B. C., S. K. Lam, W. M. Wong, J. S. Chen, T. T. Zheng, R. E. Feng, K. C. Lai, W. H. Hu, S. T. Yuen, S. Y. Leung, D. Y. Fong, J. Ho, C. K. Ching, and J. S. Chen. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:187–194. PMID: 14722144, doi: 10.1001/jama.291.2.187.
91. Gupta S, Li D, el Serag HB, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology 2020;158:693–702.
92. Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019
93. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Inoue K, Chayama K. Five cases of nodular gastritis and gastric cancer: a possible association between nodular gastritis and gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis. 2002 Nov;34(11):819-20. doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(02)80078-0. PMID: 12546520.
94. Kamada T, Shiotani A, Haruma K. [Nodular gastritis and gastric cancer in young adult]. Nihon Rinsho. 2012 Oct;70(10):1807-11. Japanese. PMID: 23198566.
95. Choi HJ, Lee SY, Lee JH, Seol DC, Kim SY, Choi HJ, Park HS, Hong SN, Han HS. Two Atypical Cases of Nodular Gastritis: A Poorly Differentiated Gastric Adenocarcinoma and a Pseudo-Low Grade Gastric MALT Lymphoma. Gastroenterology Res. 2010 Feb;3(1):41-45. doi: 10.4021/gr2010.02.170w. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PMID: 27956984; PMCID: PMC5139839.
96. Tanabe J, Kawai N, Abe T, et al. A case of diffuse‐type early gastric cancer with nodular gastritis. Digestive Endoscopy 2006;18:67-70.
97. Imai K, Mitsunaga A, Araida T, et al. Advanced gastric cancer associated with nodular gastritis in a young patient. Clin J Gastroenterol 2009;2:275-278.
98. Okmaura T, Iwaya Y, Iwaya M, Koizumi T, Nagaya T. Gastric Cancer After Helicobacter pylori Eradication for Nodular Gastritis in an Adolescent. Cureus. 2022 Oct 6;14(10):e29984. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29984. PMID: 36381762; PMCID: PMC9637437.
99. Shao L, Li P, Ye J, Chen J, Han Y , Cai J, Lu X. Risk of gastric cancer among patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia. Int J Cancer 2018;143:1671–1677. PMID: 29707766, doi:10.1002/ijc.31571.
100. You W-C. Contribution from Cancer Epidemiological Studies in China. Chin J Cancer Res 2011;23:1–2. doi: 10.1007/s11670-011-0001-y.
101. Song H, Ekheden IG, Zheng Z, Ericsson J, Nyrén O, Ye W, et al. Incidence of gastric cancer among patients with gastric precancerous lesions: observational cohort study in a low risk Western population BMJ 2015;351:h3867. PMID: 26215280, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3867.
102. You W-C, Li Ji-You, Blot WJ, et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in a rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;83:615–619. PMID: 10521796, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991126)83:5<615::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-L
103. Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012;4(3):30–36. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v4.i3.30.
104. Kiriyama Y, Tahara T, Shibata T, al. (2016) Gastric-and-Intestinal Mixed Intestinal Metaplasia Is Irreversible Point with Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Open J Pathol 2016; 6: 93-104. doi: dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2016.62012.
105. Liu KSH, Wong IOL, Leung WK. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(3): 1311-1320. doi:dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1311.
106. de Vries AC, Haringsma J, de Vries RA, et al. The use of clinical, histologic, and serologic parameters to predict the intragastric extent of intestinal metaplasia: a recommendation for routine practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:18–25. PMID: 19249770, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.08.041
107. Cassaro M, Rugge M, Gutierrez O, Leandro G, Graham DY, Genta RM. Topographic patterns of intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1431–1438. PMID: 1089457,5 doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02074.x.
108. Tava F, Luinetti O, Ghigna MR, Alvisi C, Perego M, Trespi E, Klersy C, Fratti C, Fiocca R, Solcia E. Type or extension of intestinal metaplasia and immature/atypical "indefinite-for-dysplasia" lesions as predictors of gastric neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2006;37:1489–1497. PMID: 16949645, doi10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.012.
109. O'Connor A, Bowden A, Farrell E, Weininger J, Crowther S, McNamara D, Ridgway P, O'Morain C. Risk of Progression of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is Significantly Greater When Detected in Both Antrum and Body. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Oct;66(10):3470-3475. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06659-8. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33094451.
110. Banks M, Graham D, Jansen M, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2019; 68:1545-1575.
111. Reddy KM, Chang JI, Shi JM, Wu BU. Risk of Gastric Cancer Among Patients With Intestinal Metaplasia of the Stomach in a US Integrated Health Care System. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1420-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.045. Epub 2016 Jun 16. PMID: 27317852.
112. Tava F, Luinetti O, Ghigna MR, et al. Type or extension of intestinal metaplasia and immature/atypical "indefinite-for-dysplasia" lesions as predictors of gastric neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1489-97. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.012. Epub 2006 Sep 1. PMID: 16949645.
113. Al Hennawi H, Khedr A, Maan RK, Albarazi M, Atluri P. Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Its Rapid Progression Toward Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Call for Clear Patient Management and Awareness. Cureus. 2021 Oct 13;13(10):e18751. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18751. PMID: 34796052; PMCID: PMC8589342.
114. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992; 52(24):6735–40 (ISSN: 0008-5472). PMID: 1458460.
115. Lee YC, Chiang TH, Chou CK, Tu YK, Liao WC, Wu MS, et al. Association between helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1113–24. PMID: 26836587, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.028.
116. Shichijo S., Hirata Y., Niikura R., Hayakawa Y., Yamada A., Ushiku T., Fukayama M., Koike K. Histologic intestinal metaplasia and endoscopic atrophy are predictors of gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointestinal Endosc 2016;8: 618–624. PMID: 26995689, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.791.
117. Rokkas T, Rokka A, Portincasa P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol 2017;30:414–423. doi:10.20524/aog.2017.0144.
118. You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L, et al. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2006;98:974–983. [PubMed: 16849680]
119. Ma JL, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. Fifteen-year effects of helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2012;104:488–492. [PubMed: 22271764]
120. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1881–8. PMID: 11106679, doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.23.1881.
121. Wong BCY, Zhang L, Ma J, et al. Effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor and Helicobacter pylori eradication on precancerous gastric lesions. Gut 2012;61:812–818. PMID: 21917649, doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300154.
122. O'Connor A, Bowden A, Farrell E, et al. Risk of Progression of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is Significantly Greater When Detected in Both Antrum and Body. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66:3470-3475. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06659-8. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33094451.
123. Kim JW, Lee SY, K JH, et al. Nodule regression in adults with nodular gastritis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/gr692w.
124. Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012;4(3):30–36. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v4.i3.30.
125. Kiriyama Y, Tahara T, Shibata T, al. (2016) Gastric-and-Intestinal Mixed Intestinal Metaplasia Is Irreversible Point with Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Open J Pathol 2016; 6: 93-104. doi:
dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2016.62012.
126. Liu KSH, Wong IOL, Leung WK. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(3): 1311-1320. doi:dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1311.
127. Dinis-ribeiro M, Kuipers FJ. How to manage a patient with gastric intestinal metaplasia: an international perspective. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1534-1537.
128. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Yeganeh S, Sadeghi M, Daryakar A, Sepehrimanesh M. OLGA- and OLGIM-based staging in the patients with gastritis and endoscopy indications. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022;33(2):95-102.
129. Wei L, Zhou MY, Lei S, Zhong ZH, Shi RH. A meta-analysis and systematic review on subtypes of gastric intestinal metaplasia and neoplasia risk. Cancer Cell Int 2022;21:173-182.
130. Lam SK, Kit Lau GK. Two-Endoscope Technique of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for the Treatment of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. European Society of Medicine Medical Research Archives 2023;11:2-7. https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i11.4679.
131. Sugano K. Screening of gastric cancer in Asia. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2015; 29: 895– 905.
132. You W‐C, Li J‐Y, Blot WJ et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in a rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 1999; 83: 615– 19.
133. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
134. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
135. Butt J, Epplein M. How do global trends in Helicobacter pylori prevalence inform prevention planning? Lancet 2023;8:498-499.
136. Morgan E, Arnold M, Camargo MC, et al. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020-40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Apr 21;47:101404. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101404. PMID: 35497064; PMCID: PMC9046108.
2. Yan X, Lei L, Li H, Cao M, Yang F, He S, Zhang S, Teng Y, Li Q, Xia C, Chen W. Stomach cancer burden in China: Epidemiology and prevention. Chin J Cancer Res. 2023 Apr 30;35(2):81-91. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.10009604.2023.02.01. PMID: 37180831; PMCID: PMC10167608. iii Shao L, Li P, Ye J, Chen J, Han Y , Cai J, Lu X. Risk of gastric cancer among patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia. Int J Cancer 2018;143:1671–1677. PMID: 29707766, doi:10.1002/ijc.31571.
3. Butt J, Epplein M. How do global trends in Helicobacter pylori prevalence inform prevention planning? Lancet 2023;8:498-499.
4. Morgan E, Arnold M, Camargo MC, et al. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020-40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Apr 21;47:101404. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101404. PMID: 35497064; PMCID: PMC9046108.
5. Freedberg, A. Stone, "An Early Study of Human Stomach Bacteria" 1939, in Helicobacter Pioneers, pp. 25–28.
6. Freedberg, A.S.; L.E. Baron (1940). "The presence of spirochaetes in human gastric mucosa". American Journal of Digestive Diseases. 7 (10): 443–445. doi:10.1007/BF02997393
7. Haot J, Hamichi L, Wallez L, Mainguet P. Lymphocytic gastritis: a newly described entity: a retrospective endoscopic and histological study. Gut 1988;29:1258-64. htps://doi.org/10.1136/gut.29.9.1258 10.1136/gut.29.9.1258 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Moutier F. Martin J. Deaux cas de gastrite varioliforme. Arch Mal App Dig 1947;36:155-161.
9. Eastham EJ, Elliott TSJ, Berkeley D, Jones DM. Campylobacter pylori infection in children. J. Infect. 1988; 16: 77–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum S, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 1975 Jul 12;2(7924):58-60. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90498-5. PMID: 49653.
11. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 15;52(24):6735-40. PMID: 1458460.
12. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Hiyama T, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Nodular gastritis in adults is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 May;48(5):968-75. doi: 10.1023/a:1023016000096. PMID: 12772798.
13. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64: 1353-1367.
14. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30
15. Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Pittayanon R, et al. Thailand Consensus on Helicobacter pylori Treatment 2015.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016; 17: 2351-2360.
16. Authors. The frequency of nodular gastritis in adult patients and the relation of this type of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and histopathologic findings. The Eur Res J 2019;1-5. DOI: 10.18621/eurj.420164.
17. Pennelli G, Grillo F, Galuppini F, Ingravallo G, Pilozzi E, Rugge M, Fiocca R, Fassan M, Mastracci L. Gastritis: update on etiological features and histological practical approach. Pathologica. 2020 Sep;112(3):153-165. doi: 10.32074/1591-951X-163. PMID: 33179619; PMCID: PMC7931571.
18. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
19. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
20. Niknam, R. and Manafi, A. and Maghbool, M. and Kouhpayeh, A. and Mahmoudi, L. (2015) Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 73 (5). pp. 236-241.
21. Kim YJ, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung IK, Park HS. Nodular Gastritis as a Precursor Lesion of Atrophic and Metaplastic Gastritis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2019;73:332-340.
22. Kim JW, Lee SY, Kim JH,Sung IK, Park HS, Shim CS, Han HS. Nodule Regression in Adults With Nodular Gastritis. Gastroenterology Res. 2015;8:296–302. doi: 10.14740/gr692w
23. Bahú Mda G, da Silveira TR, Maguilnick I, Ulbrich-Kulczynski J. Endoscopic nodular gastritis: an endoscopic indicator of high-grade bacterial colonization and severe gastritis in children with Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Feb;36(2):217-22. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200302000-00011. PMID: 12548057.
24. Niknam R, Manafi A, Maghbool M, Kouhpayeh A, Mahmoudi L. Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Neth J Med. 2015 Jun;73(5):236-41. PMID: 26087803.
25. Kim YJ, Lee SY, Kim JH, Sung IK, Park HS. Nodular Gastritis as a Precursor Lesion of Atrophic and Metaplastic Gastritis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2019;73:332-340.
26. Yalak S. The frequency of nodular gastritis in adult patients and the relation of this type of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and histopathologic findings. Eur Res J 2019;5:822-826.
27. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
28. Dwivedi, M., Misra, S.P. and Misra, V. (2008), Nodular gastritis in adults: Clinical features, endoscopic appearance, histopathological features, and response to therapy. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23: 943-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05044.x
29. Miyamoto, M.; Haruma, K.; Yoshihara, M.; et al. Nodular Gastritis in Adults is Caused by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2003, 48, 968–975.
30. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
31. Nakashima, R.; Nagata, N.; Watanabe, K.; et al. Histological Features of Nodular Gastritis and its Endoscopic Classification. J. Dig. Dis. 2011, 12, 436–442.
32. Önal İK, Sökmensüer C, Demir Önal E, Ersoy O, Yeniova Ö, Aydınlı M, et al. Clinical and pathological features of nodular gastritis in adults. Turk J Med Sci 2009;39:719-23.
33. Niknam R, Manafi A, Maghbool M, Kouhpayeh A, Mahmoudi L. Is endoscopic nodular gastritis associated with premalignant lesions? Netherlands J Med 2015;73:236-241.
34. Maghidman S, Cok J, Bussalleu A. Histopathological findings in nodular gastritis. Experience at the Cayetano Heredia National Hospital. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2001;21:261-70.
35. Nishikawa I, Kato J, Terasoma S, Matsutani H, Tamaki H, Tamaki T, Kuwashima F, Nakata H, Tomeki T, Matsunaka H, Ibata Y, Yamashita Y, Maekita T, Higashi K, Ichinose M. Nodular gastritis in association with gastric cancer development before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication. JGH Open. 2018 Mar 25;2(3):80-86. doi: 10.1002/jgh3.12049. PMID: 30483568; PMCID: PMC6207053.
36. Kim JW, Lee SY, Kim JH,Sung IK, Park HS, Shim CS, Han HS. Nodule Regression in Adults With Nodular Gastritis. Gastroenterology Res. 2015;8:296–302. doi: 10.14740/gr692w
37. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Hiyama T, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Nodular gastritis in adults is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 May;48(5):968-75. doi: 10.1023/a:1023016000096. PMID: 12772798.
38. Tanabe J, Kawai N, Abe T, et al. A case of diffuse‐type early gastric cancer with nodular gastritis. Digestive Endoscopy 2006;18:67-70.
39. Shiotani A, Kamada T, Kumamoto M, Nakae Y, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K, Haruma K. Nodular gastritis in Japanese young adults: endoscopic and histological observations. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Aug;42(8):610-5. doi: 10.1007/s00535-007-2073-5. Epub 2007 Aug 24. PMID: 17701123.
40. Imai K, Mitsunaga A, Araida T, et al. Advanced gastric cancer associated with nodular gastritis in a young patient. Clin J Gastroenterol 2009;2:275-278.
41. Kako, S, Iwaya, Y, Nagaya, T, et al. Clinicopathological features of nodular gastritis in three classes of age. Helicobacter. 2021; 26:e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12845
42. Chen, MJ., Wang, TE., Chang, WH. et al. Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Dig Dis Sci 52, 2662–2666 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3
43. Chen X, Kang Y, Cen R, Yuan L, Liu BY. Clinical study on chronic nodular gastritis. Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2001;12. Article in Chinese, WPRIM, ID: WPR-527569.
44. Duo Y, Bai Y, Xie P, et al. Chronic gastritis in China: a national multicenter survey. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:21. PMC3922313. doi; 10.1186/1471-230X-14-21.
45. Kamada T, Tanaka A, Yamanaka Y. (2007), Nodular Gastritis With Helicobacter Pylori Infection Is Strongly Associated With Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer In Young Patients. Digestive Endoscopy 2007;19:180-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2007.00750.x
46. Eriksson NK, Karkkainen PA, Farkkila MA, Arkkila PET. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:355-360. DOI:htpps://doi.org 10.1016/j.did.2007.12.012.
47. Gupta S, Li D, El Serag HB, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology 2020;158:693-702. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.003. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31816298; PMCID: PMC7340330.
48. Marques-Silva L, Areia M, Elvas L, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Prevalence of gastric precancerous conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014 26:378–387. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000065.
49. Sonnenberg A, Lash RH, Genta RM. A national study of Helicobactor pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1894–1901. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.018.
50. Olmez S , Aslan M , Erten R , et al . The prevalence of gastric intestinal metaplasia and distribution of Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophy, dysplasia, and cancer in its subtypes. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015;2015:1–6. doi:10.1155/2015/434039.
51. Eriksson NK, Kärkkäinen PA, Färkkilä MA, Arkkila PE. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:355–60. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.12.012.
52. Eidt S, Stolte M. Prevalence of intestinal metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:607–10. PMID: 7939396, doi: 10.3109/00365529409092480.
53. Asaka M, Sugiyama T, Nobuta A, Kato M, Takeda H, Graham DY. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Japan: results of a large multicenter study. Helicobacter 2001;6:294–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00042.x.
54. Kim HJ, Choi BY, Byun TJ, Eun CS, Song KS, Kim YS, et al. The prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia according to gender, age and Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural population. J Prev Med Public Health 2008;41:373–9. PMID: 19037166, doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.6.373.
55. Du Y, Bai Y, Xie P, et al. Chronic gastritis in China: a national multi-center survey. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:21. PMID: 24502423, PMCID: PMC3922313, doi:10.1186/1471–230X-14-21.
56. Malik TH, Zhao C, AlAhmed JM, Alam SA, Xu H. Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is the Most Common Histopathological Phenotype among Endoscopically Diagnosed Atrophic Gastritis Patients in North-East China. Open J Gastroenterol 2017;7:65–74. doi.org/10.4236/ojgas.2017.72008.
57. Chen, S., Ying, L., Kong, M., Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Decreases with Older Age in Atrophic Gastritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013, Article ID: 494783. doi.org/10.1155/2013/494783.
58. Nagata N, Kishida Y, Mine S, et al. Nodular gastritis. Video J Encyclopedia GI Endos 2013;2:194-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2212-0971(13)70081-5.
59. Fukuta, N., Ida, K., Kato, T., Uedo, N., Ando, T., Watanabe, H., Shimbo, T. and (2013), Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric IM. Digestive Endoscopy, 25: 526-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12032.
60. Esposito G, Pimentel-Nunes P, Angeletti S, Castro R, Libânio D, Galli G, Lahner E, Di Giulio E, Annibale B, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia (EGGIM): a multicenter validation study. Endoscopy. 2019 Jun;51(6):515-521. doi: 10.1055/a-0808-3186. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30577062.
61. Redéen S, Petersson F, Jönsson KA et al. Relationship of gastroscopic features to histological findings in gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in a general population sample. Endoscopy 2003; 35:946 – 950.
62. Eshmuratov A, Nah JC, Kim N et al. The correlation of endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastric atrophy. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1364 –1375.
63. Misiewicz J, Tygat G, Goodwin C, et al. The Sydney system: a new classification of gastritis. Working Party Reports 1990:1–10.
64. El-Zimaity H, Graham D. Evaluation of gastric biopsy site and number of identification of H pylori or intestinal metaplasia. The role of Sydney system. Hum Pathol 1999;30:72–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65. Nakashima R, Nagata N, Watanabe K, et al. Histological features of nodular gastritis and its endoscopic classification. J Dig Dis 2011;12:436-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00532.x. PMID: 22118692.
66. N Nagata, Y Kishida, S Mine, et al. Nodular gastritis. Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy 2013;1: 194-195. ISSN 2212-0971, doi.org/10.1016/S2212-0971(13)70081-5.
67. Sokmensuer, C., Onal, I.K., Yeniova, O. et al. What Are the Clinical Implications of Nodular Gastritis? Clues from Histopathology. Dig Dis Sci 54, 2150–2154 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-0842-0
68. Spaander MCW. Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia: can we do it without pathologists? Endoscopy 2019; 51(06): 509-510. DOI: 10.1055/a-0831-2450.
69. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, Ter Borg F, de Vries RA, Bruno MJ, van Dekken H, Meijer J, van Grieken NC, Kuipers EJ. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:1150–1158.
70. Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, Areia M, Leja M, Esposito G, Garrido M, Kikuste I, Megraud F, Matysiak-Budnik T, Annibale B, Dumonceau JM, Barros R, Fléjou JF, Carneiro F, van Hooft JE, Kuipers EJ, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy. 2019 Apr;51(4):365-388. doi: 10.1055/a-0859-1883. Epub 2019 Mar 6. PMID: 30841008.
71. Rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, et al. Operative link for gastritis assessment vs operative link on intestinal metaplasia assessment. World J Gastroenterol 2011;7:4596-4661, doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i41.4596
72. Jencks DS et al. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2018;14(2):92-101.
73. Jass JR, Filipe MI. Histochem J. 1981;13(6):931-9.
74. Dixon MF et al. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20(10):1161-81.
75. Kang KP et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(1):140-8.
76. Gonzalez CA et al. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(11):2654-60.
77. Correa P, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia: clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar;105(3):493-8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.728. PMID: 20203636; PMCID: PMC2895407.
78. Matsukura N, Suzuki K, Kawachi T, et al. Distribution of marker enzymes and mucin in intestinal metaplasia in human stomach and relation to complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia to minute gastric carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1980;65:231–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Teglbjaerg PS, Nielsen HO. “Small intestinal type” and “colonic type” intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach, and their relationship to the histogenetic types of gastric adeno-carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1978;86A:351–5.
79. Wright NA. Gastric carcinogenesis: when is the point of no return? In: Hunt RH, Tytgat GNJ, eds. Helicobacter pylori: Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998:325-335.
80. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, et al. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:1150–1158. PMID: 20381801, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.029.
81. Matsukura N, Suzuki K, Kawachi T, et al. Distribution of marker enzymes and mucin in intestinal metaplasia in human stomach and relation to complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia to minute gastric carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:231–40. PMID: 6931245, doi: doi.org/10.1093/jnci/65.2.231
82. Pittayanon, R, Rerknimitr, R, Klaikaew, N, et al. The risk of gastric cancer in patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia in 5‐year follow‐up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46: 40– 45. doi: doi.org/10.1111/apt.14082.
83. Schlemper RJ, Riddell RH, Kato Y, Borchard F, Cooper HS, Dawsey SM, et al. The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Gut. 2000;47: 251–255. doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.251, pmid:10896917.
84. Sung JK . Diagnosis and management of gastric dysplasia. Korean J Intern Med 2016;31:201–9. doi:10.3904/kjim.2016.021.
85. Lauwers GY, Riddell RH. Gastric epithelial dysplasia. Gut 1999;45:784–790. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.45.5.784.
86. Zhao G, Xue M, Hu Y, Lai S, Chen S, Wang L. How Commonly Is the Diagnosis of Gastric Low Grade Dysplasia Upgraded following Endoscopic Resection? A Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE 2015;10: e0132699. doi: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132699.
87. Cho SJ, Choi IJ, Kim CG, etal. Risk factors associated with gastric cancer in patients with a duodenal ulcer. Helicobacter 2010;15:516–523. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00805.x.
88. Chen, S., Ying, L., Kong, M., Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Decreases with Older Age in Atrophic Gastritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013, Article ID: 494783. doi.org/10.1155/2013/494783.
89. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Gorrea P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1996; 20: 1161–
90. Wong, B. C., S. K. Lam, W. M. Wong, J. S. Chen, T. T. Zheng, R. E. Feng, K. C. Lai, W. H. Hu, S. T. Yuen, S. Y. Leung, D. Y. Fong, J. Ho, C. K. Ching, and J. S. Chen. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:187–194. PMID: 14722144, doi: 10.1001/jama.291.2.187.
91. Gupta S, Li D, el Serag HB, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology 2020;158:693–702.
92. Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019
93. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Sumioka M, Nishisaka T, Tanaka S, Inoue K, Chayama K. Five cases of nodular gastritis and gastric cancer: a possible association between nodular gastritis and gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis. 2002 Nov;34(11):819-20. doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(02)80078-0. PMID: 12546520.
94. Kamada T, Shiotani A, Haruma K. [Nodular gastritis and gastric cancer in young adult]. Nihon Rinsho. 2012 Oct;70(10):1807-11. Japanese. PMID: 23198566.
95. Choi HJ, Lee SY, Lee JH, Seol DC, Kim SY, Choi HJ, Park HS, Hong SN, Han HS. Two Atypical Cases of Nodular Gastritis: A Poorly Differentiated Gastric Adenocarcinoma and a Pseudo-Low Grade Gastric MALT Lymphoma. Gastroenterology Res. 2010 Feb;3(1):41-45. doi: 10.4021/gr2010.02.170w. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PMID: 27956984; PMCID: PMC5139839.
96. Tanabe J, Kawai N, Abe T, et al. A case of diffuse‐type early gastric cancer with nodular gastritis. Digestive Endoscopy 2006;18:67-70.
97. Imai K, Mitsunaga A, Araida T, et al. Advanced gastric cancer associated with nodular gastritis in a young patient. Clin J Gastroenterol 2009;2:275-278.
98. Okmaura T, Iwaya Y, Iwaya M, Koizumi T, Nagaya T. Gastric Cancer After Helicobacter pylori Eradication for Nodular Gastritis in an Adolescent. Cureus. 2022 Oct 6;14(10):e29984. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29984. PMID: 36381762; PMCID: PMC9637437.
99. Shao L, Li P, Ye J, Chen J, Han Y , Cai J, Lu X. Risk of gastric cancer among patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia. Int J Cancer 2018;143:1671–1677. PMID: 29707766, doi:10.1002/ijc.31571.
100. You W-C. Contribution from Cancer Epidemiological Studies in China. Chin J Cancer Res 2011;23:1–2. doi: 10.1007/s11670-011-0001-y.
101. Song H, Ekheden IG, Zheng Z, Ericsson J, Nyrén O, Ye W, et al. Incidence of gastric cancer among patients with gastric precancerous lesions: observational cohort study in a low risk Western population BMJ 2015;351:h3867. PMID: 26215280, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3867.
102. You W-C, Li Ji-You, Blot WJ, et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in a rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;83:615–619. PMID: 10521796, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991126)83:5<615::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-L
103. Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012;4(3):30–36. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v4.i3.30.
104. Kiriyama Y, Tahara T, Shibata T, al. (2016) Gastric-and-Intestinal Mixed Intestinal Metaplasia Is Irreversible Point with Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Open J Pathol 2016; 6: 93-104. doi: dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2016.62012.
105. Liu KSH, Wong IOL, Leung WK. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(3): 1311-1320. doi:dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1311.
106. de Vries AC, Haringsma J, de Vries RA, et al. The use of clinical, histologic, and serologic parameters to predict the intragastric extent of intestinal metaplasia: a recommendation for routine practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:18–25. PMID: 19249770, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.08.041
107. Cassaro M, Rugge M, Gutierrez O, Leandro G, Graham DY, Genta RM. Topographic patterns of intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1431–1438. PMID: 1089457,5 doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02074.x.
108. Tava F, Luinetti O, Ghigna MR, Alvisi C, Perego M, Trespi E, Klersy C, Fratti C, Fiocca R, Solcia E. Type or extension of intestinal metaplasia and immature/atypical "indefinite-for-dysplasia" lesions as predictors of gastric neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2006;37:1489–1497. PMID: 16949645, doi10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.012.
109. O'Connor A, Bowden A, Farrell E, Weininger J, Crowther S, McNamara D, Ridgway P, O'Morain C. Risk of Progression of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is Significantly Greater When Detected in Both Antrum and Body. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Oct;66(10):3470-3475. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06659-8. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33094451.
110. Banks M, Graham D, Jansen M, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2019; 68:1545-1575.
111. Reddy KM, Chang JI, Shi JM, Wu BU. Risk of Gastric Cancer Among Patients With Intestinal Metaplasia of the Stomach in a US Integrated Health Care System. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1420-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.045. Epub 2016 Jun 16. PMID: 27317852.
112. Tava F, Luinetti O, Ghigna MR, et al. Type or extension of intestinal metaplasia and immature/atypical "indefinite-for-dysplasia" lesions as predictors of gastric neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1489-97. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.012. Epub 2006 Sep 1. PMID: 16949645.
113. Al Hennawi H, Khedr A, Maan RK, Albarazi M, Atluri P. Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Its Rapid Progression Toward Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Call for Clear Patient Management and Awareness. Cureus. 2021 Oct 13;13(10):e18751. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18751. PMID: 34796052; PMCID: PMC8589342.
114. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992; 52(24):6735–40 (ISSN: 0008-5472). PMID: 1458460.
115. Lee YC, Chiang TH, Chou CK, Tu YK, Liao WC, Wu MS, et al. Association between helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1113–24. PMID: 26836587, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.028.
116. Shichijo S., Hirata Y., Niikura R., Hayakawa Y., Yamada A., Ushiku T., Fukayama M., Koike K. Histologic intestinal metaplasia and endoscopic atrophy are predictors of gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointestinal Endosc 2016;8: 618–624. PMID: 26995689, doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.791.
117. Rokkas T, Rokka A, Portincasa P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol 2017;30:414–423. doi:10.20524/aog.2017.0144.
118. You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L, et al. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2006;98:974–983. [PubMed: 16849680]
119. Ma JL, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. Fifteen-year effects of helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2012;104:488–492. [PubMed: 22271764]
120. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1881–8. PMID: 11106679, doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.23.1881.
121. Wong BCY, Zhang L, Ma J, et al. Effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor and Helicobacter pylori eradication on precancerous gastric lesions. Gut 2012;61:812–818. PMID: 21917649, doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300154.
122. O'Connor A, Bowden A, Farrell E, et al. Risk of Progression of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is Significantly Greater When Detected in Both Antrum and Body. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66:3470-3475. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06659-8. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33094451.
123. Kim JW, Lee SY, K JH, et al. Nodule regression in adults with nodular gastritis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/gr692w.
124. Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012;4(3):30–36. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v4.i3.30.
125. Kiriyama Y, Tahara T, Shibata T, al. (2016) Gastric-and-Intestinal Mixed Intestinal Metaplasia Is Irreversible Point with Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Open J Pathol 2016; 6: 93-104. doi:
dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2016.62012.
126. Liu KSH, Wong IOL, Leung WK. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia: Treatment and surveillance. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(3): 1311-1320. doi:dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1311.
127. Dinis-ribeiro M, Kuipers FJ. How to manage a patient with gastric intestinal metaplasia: an international perspective. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1534-1537.
128. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Yeganeh S, Sadeghi M, Daryakar A, Sepehrimanesh M. OLGA- and OLGIM-based staging in the patients with gastritis and endoscopy indications. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022;33(2):95-102.
129. Wei L, Zhou MY, Lei S, Zhong ZH, Shi RH. A meta-analysis and systematic review on subtypes of gastric intestinal metaplasia and neoplasia risk. Cancer Cell Int 2022;21:173-182.
130. Lam SK, Kit Lau GK. Two-Endoscope Technique of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for the Treatment of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. European Society of Medicine Medical Research Archives 2023;11:2-7. https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i11.4679.
131. Sugano K. Screening of gastric cancer in Asia. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2015; 29: 895– 905.
132. You W‐C, Li J‐Y, Blot WJ et al. Evolution of precancerous lesions in a rural Chinese population at high risk of gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 1999; 83: 615– 19.
133. Chen, Ming-Jen, & Wang, Tsang-En & Chang, Wen-Hsiung & Liao, Ta-Chuan & Lin, Ching-Chung & Shih, Shou-Chuan. (2007). Nodular Gastritis: An Endoscopic Indicator of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Digestive diseases and sciences. 52. 2662-6. 10.1007/s10620-006-9281-3.
134. Nakamura, S.; Mitsunaga, A.; Imai, R.; et al. Clinical Evaluation of Nodular Gastritis in Adults. Dig. Endosc. 2007, 19, 74–79.
135. Butt J, Epplein M. How do global trends in Helicobacter pylori prevalence inform prevention planning? Lancet 2023;8:498-499.
136. Morgan E, Arnold M, Camargo MC, et al. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020-40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Apr 21;47:101404. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101404. PMID: 35497064; PMCID: PMC9046108.