A Novel Prostate Cancer Prevention Strategy: Prevention and Management of Occult Prostatitis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a significant public health concern. Worldwide incidence data from 2020 indicates approximately 1.4 million new cases diagnosed annually, and mortality data indicates over 375,000 annual deaths. Trends indicate increasing incidence and mortality. Clearly, improved prostate cancer prevention, early detection and treatment are needed. Better primary prostate cancer prevention is the most crucial.
Occult infections have been implicated in many different chronic diseases. Due to this relationship between chronic disease and chronic infection, the authors have been promoting advanced screening for chronic occult infections using DNA amplification/detection methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for over 5 years. After conducting over 100 PCR-based infection tests in clinic patients, the authors have observed a very strong correlation between patients with known prostate cancer and the presence of pathogens associated with chronic prostatitis. Published literature confirms that the same relationship has also been noted by others.
Keywords:
prostate cancer, chronic prostatitis, occult infection, cancer prevention
Article Details
How to Cite
KHAN, Akbar; ANDREWS, Douglas; KHAN, Humaira.
A Novel Prostate Cancer Prevention Strategy: Prevention and Management of Occult Prostatitis.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 10, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5804>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i10.5804.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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6. Marino P, Mininni M, Deiana G, et al. Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer. Nutrients. 2024;16(6):800. Published 2024 Mar 11. doi:10.3390/nu16060800
7. Ozkardes C, Harman JS. Physician Compensation Method Effects on Preventive Service Delivery. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(2):480-481. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06580-w
8. Consortium OPATHY, Gabaldón T. Recent trends in molecular diagnostics of yeast infections: from PCR to NGS. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43(5):517-547. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz015
9. Turizo-Smith AD, Córdoba-Hernandez S, Mejía-Guarnizo LV, Monroy-Camacho PS, Rodríguez-García JA. Inflammation and cancer: friend or foe? Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1385479. Published 2024 May 10. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1385479
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11. Hosseini K, Ahangari H, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Tarhriz V, Dilmaghani A. Role of Fungal Infections in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Development: A Literature Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2022;12(4):747-756. doi:10.34172/apb.2022.076
12. Horakova D, Bouchalova K, Cwiertka K, Stepanek L, Vlckova J, Kollarova H. Risks and protective factors for triple negative breast cancer with a focus on micronutrients and infections. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2018;162(2):83-89. doi:10.5507/bp.2018.014
13. Budisan L, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, et al. Links between Infections, Lung Cancer, and the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17):9394. Published 2021 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/ijms22179394
14. Rahman M, Dastmalchi F, Karachi A, Mitchell D. The role of CMV in glioblastoma and implications for immunotherapeutic strategies. Oncoimmunology. 2018;8(1):e1514921. Published 2018 Oct 16. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1514921
15. Oseni SO, Naar C, Pavlović M, et al. The Molecular Basis and Clinical Consequences of Chronic Inflammation in Prostatic Diseases: Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(12):3110. Published 2023 Jun 8. doi:10.3390/cancers15123110
16. Boutin S, Weitnauer M, Hassel S, et al. One time quantitative PCR detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to discriminate intermittent from chronic infection in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2018;17(3):348-355. doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2017.12.007
17. Khalvati Fahlyani B, Behzad-Behbahani A, Taghavi SA, et al. Development of an In-House TaqMan Real Time RT-PCR Assay to Quantify Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Serum and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(8):e28895. Published 2015 Aug 31. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.28895
18. Iffland A, Zechel M, Lewejohann JC, et al. Experience with PCR Testing for Enteric Bacteria and Viruses of Emergency Department Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis: Are There Implications for the Early Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection?. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(3):243. Published 2024 Mar 6. doi:10.3390/antibiotics13030243
19. Albert E, Alberola J, Bosque M, et al. Missing Cases of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection of the Central Nervous System When the Reller Criteria Are Applied for HSV PCR Testing: a Multicenter Study. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(2):e01719-18. Published 2019 Jan 30. doi:10.1128/JCM.01719-18
20. Perletti G, Monti E, Magri V, et al. The association between prostatitis and prostate cancer. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2017;89(4):259-265. Published 2017 Dec 31. doi:10.4081/aiua.2017.4.259
21. Zhang L, Wang Y, Qin Z, et al. Correlation between Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Cancer. 2020;11(1):177-189. Published 2020 Jan 1. doi:10.7150/jca.37235
22. Shoskes DA. Use of antibiotics in chronic prostatitis syndromes. Can J Urol. 2001;8 Suppl 1:24-28.
23. Suominen J, Grönroos M, Terho P, Wichmann L. Chronic prostatitis, chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. Int J Androl. 1983;6(5):405-413. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1983.tb00555.x
24. Davidsson S, Carlsson J, Mölling P, et al. Prevalence of Flp Pili-Encoding Plasmids in Cutibacterium acnes Isolates Obtained from Prostatic Tissue. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2241. Published 2017 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02241
25. Abdul-Nasir S, Lee H, Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Lee K-J, Kim C-S, Kim S-K. Unveiling the Dual Threat: How Microbial Infections and Healthcare Deficiencies Fuel Cervical and Prostate Cancer Deaths in Africa. Pathogens. 2024; 13(3):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030243
26. Schaeffer AJ, Knauss JS, Landis JR, et al. Leukocyte and bacterial counts do not correlate with severity of symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J Urol. 2002;168(3):1048-1053. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64572-7
27. Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W. Quantitative culture of ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with chronic prostatitis or prostatosis. J Urol. 1980;124(5):622-625. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55586-x
28. Cao W, Liu L, Tong MH. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003;28(2):177-179.
29. Kádár A, Bucsek M, Kardos M, Corradi G. Chlamydia trachomatis kimutatása in situ hibridizációval krónikus prostatitisben (metodikai elözetes közlemény) [Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic prostatitis by in situ hybridization (preliminary methodical report)]. Orv Hetil. 1995;136(13):659-662.
30. Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Quantitative studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Yale J Biol Med. 1983;56(5-6):545-550.
31. Krieger JN, Riley DE. Prostatitis: what is the role of infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19(6):475-479. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00086-9
32. Nigam M, Mishra AP, Deb VK, et al. Evaluation of the association of chronic inflammation and cancer: Insights and implications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;164:115015. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115015
33. Hannoodee S, Nasuruddin DN. Acute Inflammatory Response. [Updated 2024 Jun 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556083/ . Accessed September 9, 2024
34. Wu J, Lv X, Zhu S, Li T, Cheng H, Chen J. Critical Roles of Balanced Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets in Intestinal Homeostasis, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:1325181. Published 2019 Nov 5. doi:10.1155/2019/1325181
35. Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. Chronic Prostatitis. https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/chronic-prostatitis-a-to-z . Accessed September 9, 2024.
36. Wlodarska M, Willing BP, Bravo DM, Finlay BB. Phytonutrient diet supplementation promotes beneficial Clostridia species and intestinal mucus secretion resulting in protection against enteric infection. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9253. Published 2015 Mar 19. doi:10.1038/srep09253
37. Forgie AJ, Fouhse JM, Willing BP. Diet-Microbe-Host Interactions That Affect Gut Mucosal Integrity and Infection Resistance. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1802. Published 2019 Aug 6. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01802
38. Song M, Zeng Q, Xiang Y, et al. The antibacterial effect of topical ozone on the treatment of MRSA skin infection. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(2):2449-2455. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.8148
39. Harapan BN, Harapan T. The role of ozone therapy in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Med Gas Res. 2023;13(4):165-171. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.369237
40. Rowen RJ. Ozone therapy as a primary and sole treatment for acute bacterial infection: case report. Med Gas Res. 2018;8(3):121-124. Published 2018 Sep 25. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.241078
41. Ballo MK, Rtimi S, Pulgarin C, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of an Innovative Silver-Copper Nanoparticle Coating of Catheters To Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(9):5349-5356. Published 2016 Aug 22. doi:10.1128/AAC.00959-16
42. Tiwari V, Tiwari M, Solanki V. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Inhibits Infection of Carbapenem-Resistant Strain of Acinetobacter baumannii in the Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cell. Front Immunol. 2017;8:973. Published 2017 Aug 16. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00973
43. Szymańska E, Orłowski P, Winnicka K, et al. Multifunctional Tannic Acid/Silver Nanoparticle-Based Mucoadhesive Hydrogel for Improved Local Treatment of HSV Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):387. Published 2018 Jan 28. doi:10.3390/ijms19020387
44. Criscuolo AA, Sesti F, Piccione E, et al. Therapeutic Efficacy of a Coriolus versicolor-Based Vaginal Gel in Women with Cervical Uterine High-Risk HPV Infection: A Retrospective Observational Study. Adv Ther. 2021;38(2):1202-1211. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01594-6
45. Yeh H, Vo DNK, Lin ZH, et al. GMI, a protein from Ganoderma microsporum, induces ACE2 degradation to alleviate infection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus. Phytomedicine. 2022;103:154215. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154215
46. Ahad S, Tanveer S, Malik TA. Anticoccidial activity of aqueous extract of a wild mushroom (Ganoderma applanatum) during experimentally induced coccidial infection in broiler chicken. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(2):408-414. doi:10.1007/s12639-014-0518-3
47. Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, et al. High-Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):496-503. doi:10.1111/jgs.14679
48. Giraldo DM, Cardona A, Urcuqui-Inchima S. High-dose of vitamin D supplement is associated with reduced susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages to dengue virus infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine production: An exploratory study. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;478:140-151. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.044
49. Mansur JL, Tajer C, Mariani J, Inserra F, Ferder L, Manucha W. Vitamin D high doses supplementation could represent a promising alternative to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection. El suplemento con altas dosis de vitamina D podría representar una alternativa promisoria para prevenir o tratar la infección por COVID-19. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2020;32(6):267-277. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2020.05.003
50. Toljan K, Vrooman B. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)-Review of Therapeutic Utilization. Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(4):82. Published 2018 Sep 21. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082
2. Levine S, Malone E, Lekiachvili A, Briss P. Health Care Industry Insights: Why the Use of Preventive Services Is Still Low. Prev Chronic Dis 2019;16:180625. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.180625
3. Kisling LA, Das JM. Prevention Strategies. [Updated 2023 Aug 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537222/ . Accessed October 3, 2024
4. Prabhakaran VM. Early detection of prostate cancer. Role of prostate-specific antigen. Can Fam Physician. 1996;42:709-712.
5. Mahmoudi G, Toolee H, Maskani R, Jokar F, Mokfi M, Hosseinzadeh A. COVID-19 and cancer risk arising from ionizing radiation exposure through CT scans: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):298. Published 2024 Mar 5. doi:10.1186/s12885-024-12050-x
6. Marino P, Mininni M, Deiana G, et al. Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer. Nutrients. 2024;16(6):800. Published 2024 Mar 11. doi:10.3390/nu16060800
7. Ozkardes C, Harman JS. Physician Compensation Method Effects on Preventive Service Delivery. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(2):480-481. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06580-w
8. Consortium OPATHY, Gabaldón T. Recent trends in molecular diagnostics of yeast infections: from PCR to NGS. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43(5):517-547. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz015
9. Turizo-Smith AD, Córdoba-Hernandez S, Mejía-Guarnizo LV, Monroy-Camacho PS, Rodríguez-García JA. Inflammation and cancer: friend or foe? Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1385479. Published 2024 May 10. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1385479
10. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Causes and Prevention: Infectious Agents. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents. Accessed September 9, 2024.
11. Hosseini K, Ahangari H, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Tarhriz V, Dilmaghani A. Role of Fungal Infections in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Development: A Literature Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2022;12(4):747-756. doi:10.34172/apb.2022.076
12. Horakova D, Bouchalova K, Cwiertka K, Stepanek L, Vlckova J, Kollarova H. Risks and protective factors for triple negative breast cancer with a focus on micronutrients and infections. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2018;162(2):83-89. doi:10.5507/bp.2018.014
13. Budisan L, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, et al. Links between Infections, Lung Cancer, and the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17):9394. Published 2021 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/ijms22179394
14. Rahman M, Dastmalchi F, Karachi A, Mitchell D. The role of CMV in glioblastoma and implications for immunotherapeutic strategies. Oncoimmunology. 2018;8(1):e1514921. Published 2018 Oct 16. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1514921
15. Oseni SO, Naar C, Pavlović M, et al. The Molecular Basis and Clinical Consequences of Chronic Inflammation in Prostatic Diseases: Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(12):3110. Published 2023 Jun 8. doi:10.3390/cancers15123110
16. Boutin S, Weitnauer M, Hassel S, et al. One time quantitative PCR detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to discriminate intermittent from chronic infection in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2018;17(3):348-355. doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2017.12.007
17. Khalvati Fahlyani B, Behzad-Behbahani A, Taghavi SA, et al. Development of an In-House TaqMan Real Time RT-PCR Assay to Quantify Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Serum and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(8):e28895. Published 2015 Aug 31. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.28895
18. Iffland A, Zechel M, Lewejohann JC, et al. Experience with PCR Testing for Enteric Bacteria and Viruses of Emergency Department Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis: Are There Implications for the Early Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection?. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(3):243. Published 2024 Mar 6. doi:10.3390/antibiotics13030243
19. Albert E, Alberola J, Bosque M, et al. Missing Cases of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection of the Central Nervous System When the Reller Criteria Are Applied for HSV PCR Testing: a Multicenter Study. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(2):e01719-18. Published 2019 Jan 30. doi:10.1128/JCM.01719-18
20. Perletti G, Monti E, Magri V, et al. The association between prostatitis and prostate cancer. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2017;89(4):259-265. Published 2017 Dec 31. doi:10.4081/aiua.2017.4.259
21. Zhang L, Wang Y, Qin Z, et al. Correlation between Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Cancer. 2020;11(1):177-189. Published 2020 Jan 1. doi:10.7150/jca.37235
22. Shoskes DA. Use of antibiotics in chronic prostatitis syndromes. Can J Urol. 2001;8 Suppl 1:24-28.
23. Suominen J, Grönroos M, Terho P, Wichmann L. Chronic prostatitis, chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. Int J Androl. 1983;6(5):405-413. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1983.tb00555.x
24. Davidsson S, Carlsson J, Mölling P, et al. Prevalence of Flp Pili-Encoding Plasmids in Cutibacterium acnes Isolates Obtained from Prostatic Tissue. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2241. Published 2017 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02241
25. Abdul-Nasir S, Lee H, Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Lee K-J, Kim C-S, Kim S-K. Unveiling the Dual Threat: How Microbial Infections and Healthcare Deficiencies Fuel Cervical and Prostate Cancer Deaths in Africa. Pathogens. 2024; 13(3):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030243
26. Schaeffer AJ, Knauss JS, Landis JR, et al. Leukocyte and bacterial counts do not correlate with severity of symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J Urol. 2002;168(3):1048-1053. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64572-7
27. Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W. Quantitative culture of ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with chronic prostatitis or prostatosis. J Urol. 1980;124(5):622-625. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55586-x
28. Cao W, Liu L, Tong MH. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003;28(2):177-179.
29. Kádár A, Bucsek M, Kardos M, Corradi G. Chlamydia trachomatis kimutatása in situ hibridizációval krónikus prostatitisben (metodikai elözetes közlemény) [Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic prostatitis by in situ hybridization (preliminary methodical report)]. Orv Hetil. 1995;136(13):659-662.
30. Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Quantitative studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Yale J Biol Med. 1983;56(5-6):545-550.
31. Krieger JN, Riley DE. Prostatitis: what is the role of infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19(6):475-479. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00086-9
32. Nigam M, Mishra AP, Deb VK, et al. Evaluation of the association of chronic inflammation and cancer: Insights and implications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;164:115015. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115015
33. Hannoodee S, Nasuruddin DN. Acute Inflammatory Response. [Updated 2024 Jun 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556083/ . Accessed September 9, 2024
34. Wu J, Lv X, Zhu S, Li T, Cheng H, Chen J. Critical Roles of Balanced Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets in Intestinal Homeostasis, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:1325181. Published 2019 Nov 5. doi:10.1155/2019/1325181
35. Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. Chronic Prostatitis. https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/chronic-prostatitis-a-to-z . Accessed September 9, 2024.
36. Wlodarska M, Willing BP, Bravo DM, Finlay BB. Phytonutrient diet supplementation promotes beneficial Clostridia species and intestinal mucus secretion resulting in protection against enteric infection. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9253. Published 2015 Mar 19. doi:10.1038/srep09253
37. Forgie AJ, Fouhse JM, Willing BP. Diet-Microbe-Host Interactions That Affect Gut Mucosal Integrity and Infection Resistance. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1802. Published 2019 Aug 6. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01802
38. Song M, Zeng Q, Xiang Y, et al. The antibacterial effect of topical ozone on the treatment of MRSA skin infection. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(2):2449-2455. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.8148
39. Harapan BN, Harapan T. The role of ozone therapy in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Med Gas Res. 2023;13(4):165-171. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.369237
40. Rowen RJ. Ozone therapy as a primary and sole treatment for acute bacterial infection: case report. Med Gas Res. 2018;8(3):121-124. Published 2018 Sep 25. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.241078
41. Ballo MK, Rtimi S, Pulgarin C, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of an Innovative Silver-Copper Nanoparticle Coating of Catheters To Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(9):5349-5356. Published 2016 Aug 22. doi:10.1128/AAC.00959-16
42. Tiwari V, Tiwari M, Solanki V. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Inhibits Infection of Carbapenem-Resistant Strain of Acinetobacter baumannii in the Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cell. Front Immunol. 2017;8:973. Published 2017 Aug 16. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00973
43. Szymańska E, Orłowski P, Winnicka K, et al. Multifunctional Tannic Acid/Silver Nanoparticle-Based Mucoadhesive Hydrogel for Improved Local Treatment of HSV Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):387. Published 2018 Jan 28. doi:10.3390/ijms19020387
44. Criscuolo AA, Sesti F, Piccione E, et al. Therapeutic Efficacy of a Coriolus versicolor-Based Vaginal Gel in Women with Cervical Uterine High-Risk HPV Infection: A Retrospective Observational Study. Adv Ther. 2021;38(2):1202-1211. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01594-6
45. Yeh H, Vo DNK, Lin ZH, et al. GMI, a protein from Ganoderma microsporum, induces ACE2 degradation to alleviate infection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus. Phytomedicine. 2022;103:154215. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154215
46. Ahad S, Tanveer S, Malik TA. Anticoccidial activity of aqueous extract of a wild mushroom (Ganoderma applanatum) during experimentally induced coccidial infection in broiler chicken. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(2):408-414. doi:10.1007/s12639-014-0518-3
47. Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, et al. High-Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):496-503. doi:10.1111/jgs.14679
48. Giraldo DM, Cardona A, Urcuqui-Inchima S. High-dose of vitamin D supplement is associated with reduced susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages to dengue virus infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine production: An exploratory study. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;478:140-151. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.044
49. Mansur JL, Tajer C, Mariani J, Inserra F, Ferder L, Manucha W. Vitamin D high doses supplementation could represent a promising alternative to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection. El suplemento con altas dosis de vitamina D podría representar una alternativa promisoria para prevenir o tratar la infección por COVID-19. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2020;32(6):267-277. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2020.05.003
50. Toljan K, Vrooman B. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)-Review of Therapeutic Utilization. Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(4):82. Published 2018 Sep 21. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082