Enhancing Nutritional Quality of Food by Improved Soil and Crop Management
Main Article Content
Abstract
Malnutrition, deficiency of essential micronutrients along with protein and vitamins, affects 2-3 billion people including children below the age of 5, nursing mothers and elderly population. Soil depletion and degradation, affecting 40% of agroecosystems, is one of the factors with adverse effects on nutritional quality of the food. Healthy food is obtained from plants and animals grown on healthy soils. Thus, adoption of proven and innovative science-based options for specific soil/ecoregions and cropping/farming systems are needed to alleviate soil-related constraints and produce nutritious and safe food. Soil pollution and contamination, especially that with some heavy metals (i.e., lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As)), is another issue because the food may contain toxic levels of some heavy metals and or pesticide residues. Biofortification with micronutrients, such as for selenium (Se) in some Scandinavian countries, can also alleviate the micronutrient deficiencies. Breeding of crops and animals for site-specific situation is another option to promote the “One Health Concept” which states that health of soil, plants, animals, people, ecosystems and planetary processes is one and indivisible. Improving education and implementing policies which reward farmers to adopt modern innovations are among other options to improve diet quality.
Article Details
How to Cite
LAL, Rattan.
Enhancing Nutritional Quality of Food by Improved Soil and Crop Management.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5849>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5849.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. von der Goltz J, Dar A, Fishman R, Mueller N, Barnwal P, McCord G. Health Impacts of the Green Revolution: Evidence from 600,000 births across the Developing World. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS. 2020;74.
doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102373
2. Eliazer Nelson ARL, Ravichandran K, Antony U. The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2019;6(1):8-8. doi:10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9
3. Singh M. Micronutrient Deficiencies in Crops and Soils in India. In: Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production. ; 2008:93-125. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_4
4. Popkin B. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION. 2001;131(3):871S-873S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.871S
5. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes.; 2016.
6. Debnath S, Dey A, Khanam R, et al. Historical shifting in grain mineral density of landmark rice and wheat cultivars released over the past 50 years in India. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 2023; 13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48488-5
7. Cakmak I. Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. PLANT AND SOIL. 2002;247(1):3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1021194511492
8. Ramkumar D, Marty A, Ramkumar J, et al. Food for thought: Making the case for food produced via regenerative agriculture in the battle against non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). ONE HEALTH. 2024;18. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100734
9. Lal R. Soil organic matter content and crop yield. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2020;75(2):27A-32A. doi:10.2489/jswc.75.2.27A
10. Howard A. An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press; 1943:228.
http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howardAT/ATtoc.html
11. LAL R. Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet. Frontiers of Agricultural Science
and Engineering. 2020;7(3):251-251. doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2020329
12. Lady Eve Balfour. Towards a Sustainable Agriculture: The Living Soil. Faber and Faber Ltd; 1943.
13. Lal R. Integrating Animal Husbandry With Crops and Trees. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4:113-113. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00113
14. Janssens I, Roobroeck D, Sardans J, et al. Negative erosion and negative emissions: Combining multiple land-based carbon dioxide removal techniques to rebuild fertile topsoils and enhance food production. FRONTIERS IN CLIMATE. 2022 ;4. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.928403
15. Ross M. Welch, Robin D. Graham, Ismail Cakmak. Linking Agricultural Production Practices to Improving Human Nutrition and Health. Published online November 19, 2014.
https://www.fao.org/about/meetings/icn2/preparations/document-detail/en/c/224907/
16. Maitin-Shepard M, Werner E, Feig L, et al. Food, nutrition, and fertility: from soil to fork. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. 2024;119(2):578-589. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.005
17. Brezeanu C, Brezeanu P, Calara M, Ambarus S, Cristea T. THE ROLE OF FOOD LEGUME SPECIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY, AGROBIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND HUMAN HEALTH. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS-SERIES B-HORTICULTURE. 2021;65(1):390-399.
18. Ojiewo C, Keatinge D, Hughes J, et al. The Role of Vegetables and Legumes in Assuring Food, Nutrition, and Income Security for Vulnerable Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY. 2015;7(3):187-210. doi:10.1002/wmh3.148
19. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024: Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. Published online 2024. https://www.fao.org/publications/home/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en
20. Masso C, Baijukya F, Ebanyat P, et al. Dilemma of nitrogen management for future food security in sub-Saharan Africa - a review. SOIL RESEARCH. 2017;55(5-6):425-434. doi:10.1071/SR16332
21. Drinkwater L, Snapp S. Advancing the science and practice of ecological nutrient management for smallholder farmers. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS. 2022;6. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.921216
22. Commoner B. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. Knopf; 1971:326.
https://books.google.com/books?id=lpYwAAAAMAAJ
23. Wezel A, Herren B, Kerr R, Barrios E, Gonçalves A, Sinclair F. Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 2020;40(6). doi:10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z
24. Deckelbaum R, Palm C, Mutuo P, DeClerck F. Econutrition: Implementation models from the Millennium Villages Project in Africa. FOOD AND NUTRITION BULLETIN. 2006;27(4):335-342. doi:10.1177/156482650602700408
25. Rempelos L, Baranski M, Wang J, et al. Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health? AGRONOMY-BASEL. 2021;11(12). doi:10.3390/agronomy11122494
26. Leakey R, Leakey R. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems.; 2017:387. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805356-0.00037-4
27. Rattan Lal. Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species for Food and Climate Security. Presented at: ICARDA, AgMIP, and UM6P Conference on NUS in the MENA Region; February 5, 2024; ICARDA, Rabat, Morocco.
28. Shelenga T, Kerv Y, Perchuk I, et al. The Potential of Small Grains Crops in Enhancing Biofortification Breeding Strategies for Human Health Benefit. AGRONOMY-BASEL. 2021;11(7). doi:10.3390/agronomy11071420
29. Chivandi E, Mukonowenzou N, Nyakudya T, Erlwanger K. Potential of indigenous fruit-bearing trees to curb malnutrition, improve household food security, income and community health in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL. 2015;76:980-985. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.015
30. Lal R. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Security. 2009;1 (1):45-57. doi:10.1007/s12571-009-0009-z
31. Deckersi J, Steinnes E. State of the art on soil-related geo-medical issues in the world. In: Sparks D, ed. ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 84. Vol 84.; 2004:1-35. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(04)84001-X
32. Bridget Elworthy, Henrietta Courtauld. The Land Gardeners: Soil to Table: Recipes for Healthy Soil and Food. Thames and Hudson; 2023.
33. Berkhout ED, Malan M, Kram T. Better soils for healthier lives? An econometric assessment of the link between soil nutrients and malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. PloS one. 2019;14(1):1-1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210642
34. Gregorio G. Progress in breeding for trace minerals in staple crops. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION. 2002;132(3):500S-502S. doi:10.1093/jn/132.3.500S
35. Kaur L, Sharma R, Singh G, Dhaliwal S. Agronomic Biofortification of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Grain with Zinc to Combat Zinc Malnutrition. JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION. 2023;23(4):6206-6215. doi:10.1007/s42729-023-01478-y
36. Pal V, Singh G, Dhaliwal S. Agronomic biofortification of chickpea with zinc and iron through application of zinc and urea. COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS. 2019; 50(15):1864-1877. doi:10.1080/00103624.2019.1648490
37. Singh M, Singh K. Agronomic zinc biofortification of wheat. AGROCHIMICA. 2019;63 (4):307-317. doi:10.12871/00021857201941
38. Maqbool M, Beshir A. Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges. PLANT
BREEDING. 2019;138(1):1-28. doi:10.1111/pbr.12658
39. Prom-u-thai C, Rashid A, Ram H, et al. Simultaneous Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment of a Micronutrient Cocktail in Five Countries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.589835
40. Ebbisa A. Mechanisms underlying cereal/ legume intercropping as nature-based biofortification: A review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 2022;4(1). doi:10.1186/s43014-022-00096-y
41. McCally M. Environment and health: an overview. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL. 2000;163(5):533-535.
42. Malik A, Akhtar R, Grohmann E. Environmental Deterioration and Human Health: Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants.; 2014:421. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0
43. Wei J, Rahim S, Wang S. Role of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Quality, and Government Health Expenditures for Human Health: Evidence From Emerging Seven Countries. FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.870767
44. Russo R. Environmental Rights are a Human Right to a Healthy Environment: A Brief Review. International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research. 2023;02(12):476-479. doi:10.55677/ijlsar/V02I12Y2023-01
45. Lal R. Laws of sustainable soil management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2008;29(1):7-9. doi:10.1051/agro:2008060
46. Crutzen PJ. Geology of mankind. Nature. 2002;415(6867):23-23. doi:10.1038/415023a
47. Berti PR, Desrochers RE, Van HP, et al. The process of developing a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention: a multi-site experience. FOOD SECURITY. 2016;8(6):1053-1068. doi:10.1007/s12571-016-0625-3
48. Lal R. Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Security. 2020; 12(4):871-876. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
49. Wang M, Li B, Li S, Song Z, Kong F, Zhang X. Selenium in Wheat from Farming to Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY. 2021; 69(51):15458-15467. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04992
50. Govasmark E, Singh BR, MacLeod JA, Grimmett MG. Selenium concentration in spring wheat and leaching water as influenced by application times of selenium and nitrogen. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2008;31(2):193-203. doi:10.1080/01904160701853605
51. JOHNSSON L. TRENDS AND ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN WHEAT-GRAIN. PLANT AND SOIL. 1991;138 (1):67-73. doi:10.1007/BF00011809
52. Eriksson J, Dahlin A, Sohlenius G, Söderström M, Öborn I. Spatial patterns of essential trace element concentrations in Swedish soils and crops. GEODERMA REGIONAL. 2017;10:163-174. doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2017.07.001
53. Olof Sundström. Selenium in soil and winter wheat: analysis of soil-crop-inventory data. Published online 2018. https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/13364/
54. Alexander J, Olsen A. Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. FOOD & NUTRITION RESEARCH. 2023;67. doi:10.29219/fnr.v67.10320
55. López-Bellido F, Sanchez V, Rivas I, López-Bellido R, López-Bellido L. Wheat grain selenium content as affected by year and tillage system in a rainfed Mediterranean Vertisol. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH. 2019;233:41-48.
doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2019.01.006
56. BRUCE A. SWEDISH VIEWS ON SELENIUM. ANNALS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH. 1986;18(1):8-12.
57. Lal R. The Soil-Human Health-Nexus. (Lal R, ed.). Taylor & Francis; 2020.
58. Basset C. Soil security: The cornerstone of national security in an era of global disruptions. Soil Security. 2024;16:100154. doi:10.1016/j.soisec.2024.100154
59. Fact.MR. Agricultural Equipment Market Is Forecasted to Expand at a CAGR of 4.3%, Reach US$ 194.4 Billion by 2034.; 2024.
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/09/04/2940322/0/en/Agricultural-Equipment-Market-is-Forecasted-to-Expand-at-a-CAGR-of-4-3-Reach-US-194-4-Billion-by-2034-Fact-MR-Report.html#:~:text=Rockville%2C%20MD%2C%20Sept.,4.3%25%20from%202024%20to%202034.
60. Doocy S, Walton S, West KP. Famine: Causes, consequences and responses. In: Caballero B, ed. Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Fourth Edition). Academic Press; 2023:411-419. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-821848-8.00088-3
61. Dugassa B. Public Health Impacts of Famine in the Horn of Africa. American Journal of Public Health Research. 2019;7(5):171-181. doi:10.12691/ajphr-7-5-2
62. Roseboom T, de Rooij S, Painter R. The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health. Early Human Development. 2006;82 (8):485-491. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001
63. Lumey LH, Li C, Khalangot M, Levchuk N, Wolowyna O. Fetal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932-1933 and adult type 2 diabetes mellitus. Science (New York, NY). 2024;385:667-671. doi:10.1126/science.adn4614
64. Klimek P, Thurner S. The lasting effects of famine. Science. 2024;385(6709):606-607.
doi:10.1126/science.adr1425
65. Martínez-Ballesta M, Lopez-Perez L, Mercedes M, López-Berenguer C, Fernández-García N, Carvajal M. Agricultural practices for enhanced human health. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2007;7: 251-260. doi:10.1007/s11101-007-9071-3
66. McCullum-Gomez C. Using sustainable agriculture to improve human nutrition and health. J Community NutritionJ Community Nutrition. 2004;618:18-25.
67. Montgomery D, Biklé A, Archuleta R, Brown P, Jordan J. Soil health and nutrient density: preliminary comparison of regenerative and conventional farming. PeerJ. 2022;10:e12848. doi:10.7717/peerj.12848
68. McLennon E, Dari B, Jha G, Sihi D, Kankarla V. Regenerative agriculture and integrative permaculture for sustainable and technology driven global food production and security. AGRONOMY JOURNAL. 2021;113(6):4541-4559. doi:10.1002/agj2.20814
69. Giller KE, Hijbeek R, Andersson JA, Sumberg J. Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective. Outlook on Agriculture. Published online March 2021:0030727021998063-0030727 021998063. doi:10.1177/0030727021998063
doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102373
2. Eliazer Nelson ARL, Ravichandran K, Antony U. The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2019;6(1):8-8. doi:10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9
3. Singh M. Micronutrient Deficiencies in Crops and Soils in India. In: Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production. ; 2008:93-125. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_4
4. Popkin B. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION. 2001;131(3):871S-873S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.871S
5. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes.; 2016.
6. Debnath S, Dey A, Khanam R, et al. Historical shifting in grain mineral density of landmark rice and wheat cultivars released over the past 50 years in India. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 2023; 13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48488-5
7. Cakmak I. Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. PLANT AND SOIL. 2002;247(1):3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1021194511492
8. Ramkumar D, Marty A, Ramkumar J, et al. Food for thought: Making the case for food produced via regenerative agriculture in the battle against non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). ONE HEALTH. 2024;18. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100734
9. Lal R. Soil organic matter content and crop yield. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2020;75(2):27A-32A. doi:10.2489/jswc.75.2.27A
10. Howard A. An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press; 1943:228.
http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/howardAT/ATtoc.html
11. LAL R. Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet. Frontiers of Agricultural Science
and Engineering. 2020;7(3):251-251. doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2020329
12. Lady Eve Balfour. Towards a Sustainable Agriculture: The Living Soil. Faber and Faber Ltd; 1943.
13. Lal R. Integrating Animal Husbandry With Crops and Trees. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4:113-113. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00113
14. Janssens I, Roobroeck D, Sardans J, et al. Negative erosion and negative emissions: Combining multiple land-based carbon dioxide removal techniques to rebuild fertile topsoils and enhance food production. FRONTIERS IN CLIMATE. 2022 ;4. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.928403
15. Ross M. Welch, Robin D. Graham, Ismail Cakmak. Linking Agricultural Production Practices to Improving Human Nutrition and Health. Published online November 19, 2014.
https://www.fao.org/about/meetings/icn2/preparations/document-detail/en/c/224907/
16. Maitin-Shepard M, Werner E, Feig L, et al. Food, nutrition, and fertility: from soil to fork. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. 2024;119(2):578-589. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.005
17. Brezeanu C, Brezeanu P, Calara M, Ambarus S, Cristea T. THE ROLE OF FOOD LEGUME SPECIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY, AGROBIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND HUMAN HEALTH. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS-SERIES B-HORTICULTURE. 2021;65(1):390-399.
18. Ojiewo C, Keatinge D, Hughes J, et al. The Role of Vegetables and Legumes in Assuring Food, Nutrition, and Income Security for Vulnerable Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY. 2015;7(3):187-210. doi:10.1002/wmh3.148
19. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024: Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. Published online 2024. https://www.fao.org/publications/home/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en
20. Masso C, Baijukya F, Ebanyat P, et al. Dilemma of nitrogen management for future food security in sub-Saharan Africa - a review. SOIL RESEARCH. 2017;55(5-6):425-434. doi:10.1071/SR16332
21. Drinkwater L, Snapp S. Advancing the science and practice of ecological nutrient management for smallholder farmers. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS. 2022;6. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.921216
22. Commoner B. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. Knopf; 1971:326.
https://books.google.com/books?id=lpYwAAAAMAAJ
23. Wezel A, Herren B, Kerr R, Barrios E, Gonçalves A, Sinclair F. Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 2020;40(6). doi:10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z
24. Deckelbaum R, Palm C, Mutuo P, DeClerck F. Econutrition: Implementation models from the Millennium Villages Project in Africa. FOOD AND NUTRITION BULLETIN. 2006;27(4):335-342. doi:10.1177/156482650602700408
25. Rempelos L, Baranski M, Wang J, et al. Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health? AGRONOMY-BASEL. 2021;11(12). doi:10.3390/agronomy11122494
26. Leakey R, Leakey R. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems.; 2017:387. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805356-0.00037-4
27. Rattan Lal. Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species for Food and Climate Security. Presented at: ICARDA, AgMIP, and UM6P Conference on NUS in the MENA Region; February 5, 2024; ICARDA, Rabat, Morocco.
28. Shelenga T, Kerv Y, Perchuk I, et al. The Potential of Small Grains Crops in Enhancing Biofortification Breeding Strategies for Human Health Benefit. AGRONOMY-BASEL. 2021;11(7). doi:10.3390/agronomy11071420
29. Chivandi E, Mukonowenzou N, Nyakudya T, Erlwanger K. Potential of indigenous fruit-bearing trees to curb malnutrition, improve household food security, income and community health in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL. 2015;76:980-985. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.015
30. Lal R. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. Food Security. 2009;1 (1):45-57. doi:10.1007/s12571-009-0009-z
31. Deckersi J, Steinnes E. State of the art on soil-related geo-medical issues in the world. In: Sparks D, ed. ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 84. Vol 84.; 2004:1-35. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(04)84001-X
32. Bridget Elworthy, Henrietta Courtauld. The Land Gardeners: Soil to Table: Recipes for Healthy Soil and Food. Thames and Hudson; 2023.
33. Berkhout ED, Malan M, Kram T. Better soils for healthier lives? An econometric assessment of the link between soil nutrients and malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. PloS one. 2019;14(1):1-1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210642
34. Gregorio G. Progress in breeding for trace minerals in staple crops. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION. 2002;132(3):500S-502S. doi:10.1093/jn/132.3.500S
35. Kaur L, Sharma R, Singh G, Dhaliwal S. Agronomic Biofortification of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Grain with Zinc to Combat Zinc Malnutrition. JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION. 2023;23(4):6206-6215. doi:10.1007/s42729-023-01478-y
36. Pal V, Singh G, Dhaliwal S. Agronomic biofortification of chickpea with zinc and iron through application of zinc and urea. COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS. 2019; 50(15):1864-1877. doi:10.1080/00103624.2019.1648490
37. Singh M, Singh K. Agronomic zinc biofortification of wheat. AGROCHIMICA. 2019;63 (4):307-317. doi:10.12871/00021857201941
38. Maqbool M, Beshir A. Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges. PLANT
BREEDING. 2019;138(1):1-28. doi:10.1111/pbr.12658
39. Prom-u-thai C, Rashid A, Ram H, et al. Simultaneous Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment of a Micronutrient Cocktail in Five Countries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.589835
40. Ebbisa A. Mechanisms underlying cereal/ legume intercropping as nature-based biofortification: A review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 2022;4(1). doi:10.1186/s43014-022-00096-y
41. McCally M. Environment and health: an overview. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL. 2000;163(5):533-535.
42. Malik A, Akhtar R, Grohmann E. Environmental Deterioration and Human Health: Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants.; 2014:421. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0
43. Wei J, Rahim S, Wang S. Role of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Quality, and Government Health Expenditures for Human Health: Evidence From Emerging Seven Countries. FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.870767
44. Russo R. Environmental Rights are a Human Right to a Healthy Environment: A Brief Review. International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research. 2023;02(12):476-479. doi:10.55677/ijlsar/V02I12Y2023-01
45. Lal R. Laws of sustainable soil management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2008;29(1):7-9. doi:10.1051/agro:2008060
46. Crutzen PJ. Geology of mankind. Nature. 2002;415(6867):23-23. doi:10.1038/415023a
47. Berti PR, Desrochers RE, Van HP, et al. The process of developing a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention: a multi-site experience. FOOD SECURITY. 2016;8(6):1053-1068. doi:10.1007/s12571-016-0625-3
48. Lal R. Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Security. 2020; 12(4):871-876. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
49. Wang M, Li B, Li S, Song Z, Kong F, Zhang X. Selenium in Wheat from Farming to Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY. 2021; 69(51):15458-15467. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04992
50. Govasmark E, Singh BR, MacLeod JA, Grimmett MG. Selenium concentration in spring wheat and leaching water as influenced by application times of selenium and nitrogen. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2008;31(2):193-203. doi:10.1080/01904160701853605
51. JOHNSSON L. TRENDS AND ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN SELENIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN WHEAT-GRAIN. PLANT AND SOIL. 1991;138 (1):67-73. doi:10.1007/BF00011809
52. Eriksson J, Dahlin A, Sohlenius G, Söderström M, Öborn I. Spatial patterns of essential trace element concentrations in Swedish soils and crops. GEODERMA REGIONAL. 2017;10:163-174. doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2017.07.001
53. Olof Sundström. Selenium in soil and winter wheat: analysis of soil-crop-inventory data. Published online 2018. https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/13364/
54. Alexander J, Olsen A. Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. FOOD & NUTRITION RESEARCH. 2023;67. doi:10.29219/fnr.v67.10320
55. López-Bellido F, Sanchez V, Rivas I, López-Bellido R, López-Bellido L. Wheat grain selenium content as affected by year and tillage system in a rainfed Mediterranean Vertisol. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH. 2019;233:41-48.
doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2019.01.006
56. BRUCE A. SWEDISH VIEWS ON SELENIUM. ANNALS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH. 1986;18(1):8-12.
57. Lal R. The Soil-Human Health-Nexus. (Lal R, ed.). Taylor & Francis; 2020.
58. Basset C. Soil security: The cornerstone of national security in an era of global disruptions. Soil Security. 2024;16:100154. doi:10.1016/j.soisec.2024.100154
59. Fact.MR. Agricultural Equipment Market Is Forecasted to Expand at a CAGR of 4.3%, Reach US$ 194.4 Billion by 2034.; 2024.
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/09/04/2940322/0/en/Agricultural-Equipment-Market-is-Forecasted-to-Expand-at-a-CAGR-of-4-3-Reach-US-194-4-Billion-by-2034-Fact-MR-Report.html#:~:text=Rockville%2C%20MD%2C%20Sept.,4.3%25%20from%202024%20to%202034.
60. Doocy S, Walton S, West KP. Famine: Causes, consequences and responses. In: Caballero B, ed. Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Fourth Edition). Academic Press; 2023:411-419. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-821848-8.00088-3
61. Dugassa B. Public Health Impacts of Famine in the Horn of Africa. American Journal of Public Health Research. 2019;7(5):171-181. doi:10.12691/ajphr-7-5-2
62. Roseboom T, de Rooij S, Painter R. The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health. Early Human Development. 2006;82 (8):485-491. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001
63. Lumey LH, Li C, Khalangot M, Levchuk N, Wolowyna O. Fetal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932-1933 and adult type 2 diabetes mellitus. Science (New York, NY). 2024;385:667-671. doi:10.1126/science.adn4614
64. Klimek P, Thurner S. The lasting effects of famine. Science. 2024;385(6709):606-607.
doi:10.1126/science.adr1425
65. Martínez-Ballesta M, Lopez-Perez L, Mercedes M, López-Berenguer C, Fernández-García N, Carvajal M. Agricultural practices for enhanced human health. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2007;7: 251-260. doi:10.1007/s11101-007-9071-3
66. McCullum-Gomez C. Using sustainable agriculture to improve human nutrition and health. J Community NutritionJ Community Nutrition. 2004;618:18-25.
67. Montgomery D, Biklé A, Archuleta R, Brown P, Jordan J. Soil health and nutrient density: preliminary comparison of regenerative and conventional farming. PeerJ. 2022;10:e12848. doi:10.7717/peerj.12848
68. McLennon E, Dari B, Jha G, Sihi D, Kankarla V. Regenerative agriculture and integrative permaculture for sustainable and technology driven global food production and security. AGRONOMY JOURNAL. 2021;113(6):4541-4559. doi:10.1002/agj2.20814
69. Giller KE, Hijbeek R, Andersson JA, Sumberg J. Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective. Outlook on Agriculture. Published online March 2021:0030727021998063-0030727 021998063. doi:10.1177/0030727021998063