Prevention of Urinary Bladder Cancer - The Trail Less Trodden
Main Article Content
Abstract
Though the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer is now well known, the exact aetiology of this disease is still in darkness. The advances in the management of bladder cancer have focused only on early identification and treatment of the illness since stage of disease at the time of diagnosis is a critical factor determining the outcome of treatment. Though primary chemoprevention of any disease aims at decreasing the incidence, secondary objectives like reducing treatment-related adverse events, cutting down the cost of treatment and bringing down the mortality due to the disease are also of concern. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer is a path less trodden. The primary reason for this lacunae has been the lack of identification of specific agents useful for this purpose. This article reviews the experimental and epidemiological data available from 1998 to 2024 on the effectiveness and safety of various nutritional and other agents proposed to be useful for bladder cancer chemoprevention to reduce the incidence of this cancer and/or slow down the disease progression. The results of the review show that no single agent has been categorically proved to be the best for chemoprevention of bladder cancer as of now. It may be ideal for patients who are at higher risk of contracting bladder cancer to adopt feasible chemopreventive measures which could potentially retard the onset or further course of disease including life style modifications and quitting smoking habits.
Keywords:
Urinary bladder cancer, Chemoprevention, Disease prevention, Nutritional agents, Bladder cancer risk factors, Smoking cessation
Article Details
How to Cite
MOORTHY, Dr. H. Krishna; KRISHNAMOORTHY, Dr. Ashwin.
Prevention of Urinary Bladder Cancer - The Trail Less Trodden.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5852>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5852.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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9.Dobruch J, Daneshmand S, Fisch M, Lotan Y, Noone AP, Resnick MJ, et al. Gender and bladder cancer:a collaborative review of etiology, biology and outcomes. Eur Urol. 2016; 69:300-10.
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11.Fajkovic H, Halpern JA, Cha EK, Bhadori A, Chromecki TF, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Impact of gender on bladder cancer incidence, staging and prognosis. World J Urol. 2011; 29:457-63.
12.Bilski K, Zapala L, Skrzypezyk MA, Oszczudlowski M, Dobruch J. Review on gender differences in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2019; 8(1):12-20.
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17.Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB, Curhan GC, Willett WC, et al. Fluid intake and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:1390–7.
18.Burger M, Catto JW, Dalbagni G, Grossman HB, Herr H, Karakiewicz P, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2013; 63:234–41.
19.WHO. World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum World Health Organization Geneva. 2017. ISBN-978-92-4-154995-0
20.Helte E, Säve-Söderbergh M, Ugge H, Fall K, Larsson SC, Åkesson A. Chlorination by-products in drinking water and risk of bladder cancer – A population-based cohort study. Water Res. 2022; 214:118202. ISSN 0043-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118202 .
21.Richardson SD, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Schoeny R, Demarini DM. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water:a review and roadmap for research. Mutat Res. 2007; 636(1-3):178-242. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001.
22.Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, King WD, Jaakkola JJ, Cordier S, Lynch CF, et al. Total and specific fluid consumption as determinants of bladder cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2006; 118:2040–7.
23.Bai Y, Yuan H, Li J, Tang Y, Pu C, Han P. Relationship between bladder cancer and total fluid intake: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. World J Surg Oncol. 2014; 12:223.
24.Liu Q, Liao B, Tian Y, Chen Y, Luo D, Lin Y, et al. Total fluid consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis with updated data. Onco target. 2017; 8(33):55467-55477. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.181 00. PMID: 28903434; PMCID: PMC5589673.
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