A review of online and gamified psychoeducational interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are impacted in their emotional, cognitive, social, and/or motor development. They, along with their relatives, confront multifaceted challenges. Psychoeducation as an evidence-based intervention providing support and education, would play a crucial role to facilitate their daily live and disorders’ progress. In the emerging digital world, online and gamified psychoeducation has gained increasing traction since they offer a better engagement and accessibility. However, there is a discrepancy between the number of digital psychoeducation programs and those with clinical evidence-basis. The present work aims at reviewing evidence-based interventions for neurodevelopmental disorders, targeting both children and/or parents.
Methods. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane was conducted with keywords related to “neurodevelopmental disorders”, “psychoeducation”, “online and digital interventions”, and no publication date restrictions. Inclusion criteria involved studies on psychoeducation for parents or children using online platforms or gamified designs.
Results. Out of the initial 70 articles, only 8 met inclusion criteria. Limited number of the publications showed that psychoeducation is a recent area of research for neurodevelopmental disorders. Reported results converged to support that technology and gamification in psychoeducational interventions stimulate children’s interest and improve outcomes for children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents.
Discussion. While digital psychoeducational interventions are promising for children and parents, the existing literature highlights the need of a scientific validation of such technology-enhanced interventions before being translated in real life practice. Furthermore, such research topic should account for behavioral and cognitive skills along with quality of life, to consider the NDD comorbidities.
Keywords:
Psychoeducation, intervention, neurodevelopmental disorders, serious game, children
Article Details
How to Cite
CHEBLI, Mouna; TRACOL, Sophie; VANNUCCI, Vanessa Douet.
A review of online and gamified psychoeducational interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 9, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5894>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i9.5894.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2. Francés L, Quintero J, Fernández A, et al. Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16:27. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00462-1
3. Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, Skirbekk B, Petrovski BÉ, Kristensen H. Neurodevelopmental disorders: prevalence and comorbidity in children referred to mental health services. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(4):285-291. doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1444087
4. Rong Y, Yang CJ, Jin Y, Wang Y. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021;83:101759. doi:10.1016/J.RASD.2021.101759
5. England-Mason G. Emotion Regulation as a Transdiagnostic Feature in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2020;7(3):130-138. doi:10.1007/s40474-020-00200-2
6. John A, Friedmann Y, Delpozo-Banos M, Frizzati A, Ford T, Thapar A. Association of school absence and exclusion with recorded neurodevelopmental disorders, mental disorders, or self-harm: a nationwide, retrospective, electronic cohort study of children and young people in Wales, UK. Published online 2022. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00367-9
7. Bausela Herreras E, Tirapu Ustárroz J, Cordero Andrés P. Executive function impairmentss and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Rev Neurol. 2019;69(11):461. doi:10.33588/rn.6911.2019133
8. Pastorino GMG, Operto FF, Padovano C, et al. Social Cognition in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy. Front Neurol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.658823
9. Lense MD, Ladányi E, Rabinowitch TC, Trainor L, Gordon R. Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021;376(1835). doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0327
10. Sarkhel S, Singh O, Arora M. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Psychoeducation in Psychiatric Disorders General Principles of Psychoeducation. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(8):319. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_780_19
11. Schuengel C, Janssen CGC. People with Mental Retardation and Psychopathology: Stress, Affect Regulation and Attachment: A Review. Int Rev Res Ment Retard. 2006;32:229-260. doi:10.1016/S0074-7750(06)32008-3
12. Bonsack C, Rexhaj S, Favrod J. Psychoéducation : définition, historique, intérêt et limites. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique. 2015;173(1):79-84. doi:10.1016/J.AMP.2014.12.001
13. Craig F, Savino R, Fanizza I, Lucarelli E, Russo L, Trabacca A. A systematic review of coping strategies in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Res Dev Disabil. 2020;98:103571. doi:10.1016/J.RIDD.2020.103571
14. Atri A, Sharma M. Psychoeducation. Calif J Health Promot. 2007;5(4):32-39. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v5i4.1266
15. Baumel A, Fleming T, Schueller SM. Digital Micro Interventions for Behavioral and Mental Health Gains: Core Components and Conceptualization of Digital Micro Intervention Care. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(10):e20631. doi:10.2196/20631
16. Yang L, Bai G nan, Wang Y feng, Niu WY. Effectiveness of a focused, brief psychoeducation program for parents of ADHD children: improvement of medication adherence and symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Published online October 2015:2721. doi:10.2147/NDT.S88625
17. Powell LA, Parker J, Weighall A, Harpin V. Psychoeducation Intervention Effectiveness to Improve Social Skills in Young People with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord. 2022;26(3):340-357. doi:10.1177/1087054721997553
18. Dahl V, Ramakrishnan A, Spears AP, et al. Psychoeducation Interventions for Parents and Teachers of Children and Adolescents with ADHD: a Systematic Review of the Literature. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2020;32(2):257-292. doi:10.1007/s10882-019-09691-3
19. Kalalo RT, Yuniar S, Ariyanto FC. Effect of parental skills-based psychoeducation intervention on parental stress index and severity of children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2021;70:102873. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102873
20. Valentine AZ, Brown BJ, Groom MJ, Young E, Hollis C, Hall CL. A systematic review evaluating the implementation of technologies to assess, monitor and treat neurodevelopmental disorders: A map of the current evidence. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;80:101870. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101870
21. Simblett S, Greer B, Matcham F, et al. Barriers to and Facilitators of Engagement With Remote Measurement Technology for Managing Health: Systematic Review and Content Analysis of Findings. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(7):e10480. doi:10.2196/10480
22. Yardley L, Spring BJ, Riper H, et al. Understanding and Promoting Effective Engagement With Digital Behavior Change Interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51(5):833-842. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.015
23. Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, et al. The efficacy of smartphone‐based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):287-298. doi:10.1002/wps.20472
24. Fadhli M, Brick B, Setyosari P, Ulfa S, Kuswandi D. A meta-analysis of selected studies on the effectiveness of gamification method for children. International Journal of Instruction. 2020;13(1).
25. Olsen MR, Casado-Lumbreras C, Colomo-Palacios R. ADHD in eHealth - A Systematic Literature Review. Procedia Comput Sci. 2016;100:207-214. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.142
26. Ren X, Wu Q, Cui N, Zhao J, Bi HY. Effectiveness of digital game-based trainings in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis. Res Dev Disabil. 2023;133:104418. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104418
27. Lewandowski L, Wood W, Miller LA. Technological Applications for Individuals with Learning Disabilities and ADHD. In: Computer-Assisted and Web-Based Innovations in Psychology, Special Education, and Health. Elsevier; 2016:61-93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802075-3.00003-6
28. Skiada R, Soroniati E, Gardeli A, Zissis D. EasyLexia: A Mobile Application for Children with Learning Difficulties. Procedia Comput Sci. 2014;27:218-228. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.025
29. Cidrim L, Madeiro F. Studies on spelling in the context of dyslexia: a literature review. Revista CEFAC. 2017;19(6):842-854. doi:10.1590/1982-0216201719610317
30. Prins PJM, Dovis S, Ponsioen A, ten Brink E, van der Oord S. Does Computerized Working Memory Training with Game Elements Enhance Motivation and Training Efficacy in Children with ADHD? Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(3):115-122. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0206
31. Oldrati V, Corti C, Poggi G, Borgatti R, Urgesi C, Bardoni A. Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training Programs (CCTP) with Game-like Features in Children with or without Neuropsychological Disorders: a Meta-Analytic Investigation. Neuropsychol Rev. 2020;30(1):126-141. doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09429-5
32. Kollins SH, DeLoss DJ, Cañadas E, et al. A novel digital intervention for actively reducing severity of paediatric ADHD (STARS-ADHD): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2(4):e168-e178. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30017-0
33. Page MJ, Mckenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj.comMJ Page, JE McKenzie, PM Bossuyt, I Boutron, TC Hoffmann, CD Mulrow, L Shamseerbmj, 2021•bmj.com. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
34. Brezinka V. Treasure Hunt - a serious game to support psychotherapeutic treatment of children. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;136:71-76.
35. Fridenson-Hayo S, Berggren S, Lassalle A, et al. ‘Emotiplay’: a serious game for learning about emotions in children with autism: results of a cross-cultural evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):979-992. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0968-0
36. Law GC, Neihart M, Dutt A. The use of behavior modeling training in a mobile app parent training program to improve functional communication of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2018;22(4):424-439. doi:10.1177/1362361316683887
37. Siracusano M, Calsolaro J, Riccioni A, et al. TrASDition Training: An online parental training for transition-age youth with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2021;300:113930. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113930
38. Trudel L, Lanovaz MJ, Préfontaine I. Brief Report: Mobile Technology to Support Parents in Reducing Stereotypy. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(7):2550-2558. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04735-6
39. Jöhnk M, Jensen C, Nissen J, Thomsen P. Mobile app-assisted behavioural treatment (MA-BT) in Children and Adolescents with chronic tic disorders–a qualitative evaluation study. Published online 2023. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://osf.io/vd6fn/resources
40. Bamford C. The Effects of Self-Monitoring Using an IPad to Increase on-Task The Effects of Self-Monitoring Using an IPad to Increase on-Task Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit/ Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).; 2016. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1581
41. Lussier-Desrochers D, Massé L, Simonato I, Lachapelle Y, Godin-Tremblay V, Lemieux A. Evaluation of the Effect of a Serious Game on the Performance of Daily Routines by Autistic and ADHD Children. Adv Neurodev Disord. 2023;7(4):566-578. doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00319-4
42. Bruni TP. Test Review: Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2). J Psychoeduc Assess. 2014;32(4):365-369. doi:10.1177/0734282913517525
43. Sparrow SS, Cicchetti D V, Balla DA. Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service. Published online 2005.
44. Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio. Published online 2003.
45. Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon M, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P. A Controlled Trial of the Methylphenidate Transdermal System on Before-School Functioning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(05):548-556. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05779pur
46. Kaiser AP, Hancock TB, Nietfeld JP. The Effects of Parent-Implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching on the Social Communication of Children Who Have Autism. Early Educ Dev. 2000;11(4):423-446. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1104_4
47. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and Family Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review and Proposed Model for Intervention Evaluation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(3):247-277. doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6
48. Siebelink NM, Bögels SM, Speckens AEM, et al. A randomised controlled trial (MindChamp) of a mindfulness‐based intervention for children with ADHD and their parents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;63(2):165-177. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13430
49. Reimers TM, Wacker DP, Cooper LJ. Evaluation of the Acceptability of Treatments for Children’s Behavioral Difficulties. Child Fam Behav Ther. 1991;13(2):53-71. doi:10.1300/J019v13n02_04
50. Abidin R, Flens JR, Austin WG. The parenting stress index. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Published online 2006.
51. Mak WW, Tong AC, Yip SY, et al. Efficacy and Moderation of Mobile App–Based Programs for Mindfulness-Based Training, Self-Compassion Training, and Cognitive Behavioral Psychoeducation on Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2018;5(4):e60. doi:10.2196/mental.8597
52. Yu Y, Xiao L, Ullah S, et al. The effectiveness of internet-based psychoeducation programs for caregivers of people living with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27(10):1895-1911. doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2190082
53. Breach MR, Lenz KM. Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2023;62:165. doi:10.1007/7854_2022_308
54. Görker I. The Prevalence and Gender Differences in Specific Learning Disorder. Learning Disabilities - Neurological Bases, Clinical Features and Strategies of Intervention. Published online November 25, 2019. doi:10.5772/INTECHOPEN.90214
55. Fraticelli S, Caratelli G, de Berardis D, et al. Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the current evidence. Riv Psichiatr. 2022;57(4):159-164. doi:10.1708/3855.38380
56. Klefsjö U, Kantzer AK, Gillberg C, Billstedt E, Klefsj€ U. The road to diagnosis and treatment in girls and boys with ADHD-gender differences in the diagnostic process. Published online 2020. doi:10.1080/08039488.2020.1850859
57. Carlier S, Van der Paelt S, Ongenae F, De Backere F, De Turck F. Empowering Children with ASD and Their Parents: Design of a Serious Game for Anxiety and Stress Reduction. Sensors. 2020;20(4):966. doi:10.3390/s20040966
58. Astle DE, Holmes J, Kievit R, Gathercole SE. Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;63(4):397-417. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13481
2. Francés L, Quintero J, Fernández A, et al. Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16:27. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00462-1
3. Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, Skirbekk B, Petrovski BÉ, Kristensen H. Neurodevelopmental disorders: prevalence and comorbidity in children referred to mental health services. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(4):285-291. doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1444087
4. Rong Y, Yang CJ, Jin Y, Wang Y. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021;83:101759. doi:10.1016/J.RASD.2021.101759
5. England-Mason G. Emotion Regulation as a Transdiagnostic Feature in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2020;7(3):130-138. doi:10.1007/s40474-020-00200-2
6. John A, Friedmann Y, Delpozo-Banos M, Frizzati A, Ford T, Thapar A. Association of school absence and exclusion with recorded neurodevelopmental disorders, mental disorders, or self-harm: a nationwide, retrospective, electronic cohort study of children and young people in Wales, UK. Published online 2022. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00367-9
7. Bausela Herreras E, Tirapu Ustárroz J, Cordero Andrés P. Executive function impairmentss and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Rev Neurol. 2019;69(11):461. doi:10.33588/rn.6911.2019133
8. Pastorino GMG, Operto FF, Padovano C, et al. Social Cognition in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy. Front Neurol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.658823
9. Lense MD, Ladányi E, Rabinowitch TC, Trainor L, Gordon R. Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021;376(1835). doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0327
10. Sarkhel S, Singh O, Arora M. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Psychoeducation in Psychiatric Disorders General Principles of Psychoeducation. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(8):319. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_780_19
11. Schuengel C, Janssen CGC. People with Mental Retardation and Psychopathology: Stress, Affect Regulation and Attachment: A Review. Int Rev Res Ment Retard. 2006;32:229-260. doi:10.1016/S0074-7750(06)32008-3
12. Bonsack C, Rexhaj S, Favrod J. Psychoéducation : définition, historique, intérêt et limites. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique. 2015;173(1):79-84. doi:10.1016/J.AMP.2014.12.001
13. Craig F, Savino R, Fanizza I, Lucarelli E, Russo L, Trabacca A. A systematic review of coping strategies in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Res Dev Disabil. 2020;98:103571. doi:10.1016/J.RIDD.2020.103571
14. Atri A, Sharma M. Psychoeducation. Calif J Health Promot. 2007;5(4):32-39. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v5i4.1266
15. Baumel A, Fleming T, Schueller SM. Digital Micro Interventions for Behavioral and Mental Health Gains: Core Components and Conceptualization of Digital Micro Intervention Care. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(10):e20631. doi:10.2196/20631
16. Yang L, Bai G nan, Wang Y feng, Niu WY. Effectiveness of a focused, brief psychoeducation program for parents of ADHD children: improvement of medication adherence and symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Published online October 2015:2721. doi:10.2147/NDT.S88625
17. Powell LA, Parker J, Weighall A, Harpin V. Psychoeducation Intervention Effectiveness to Improve Social Skills in Young People with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord. 2022;26(3):340-357. doi:10.1177/1087054721997553
18. Dahl V, Ramakrishnan A, Spears AP, et al. Psychoeducation Interventions for Parents and Teachers of Children and Adolescents with ADHD: a Systematic Review of the Literature. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2020;32(2):257-292. doi:10.1007/s10882-019-09691-3
19. Kalalo RT, Yuniar S, Ariyanto FC. Effect of parental skills-based psychoeducation intervention on parental stress index and severity of children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2021;70:102873. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102873
20. Valentine AZ, Brown BJ, Groom MJ, Young E, Hollis C, Hall CL. A systematic review evaluating the implementation of technologies to assess, monitor and treat neurodevelopmental disorders: A map of the current evidence. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;80:101870. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101870
21. Simblett S, Greer B, Matcham F, et al. Barriers to and Facilitators of Engagement With Remote Measurement Technology for Managing Health: Systematic Review and Content Analysis of Findings. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(7):e10480. doi:10.2196/10480
22. Yardley L, Spring BJ, Riper H, et al. Understanding and Promoting Effective Engagement With Digital Behavior Change Interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51(5):833-842. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.015
23. Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, et al. The efficacy of smartphone‐based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):287-298. doi:10.1002/wps.20472
24. Fadhli M, Brick B, Setyosari P, Ulfa S, Kuswandi D. A meta-analysis of selected studies on the effectiveness of gamification method for children. International Journal of Instruction. 2020;13(1).
25. Olsen MR, Casado-Lumbreras C, Colomo-Palacios R. ADHD in eHealth - A Systematic Literature Review. Procedia Comput Sci. 2016;100:207-214. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.142
26. Ren X, Wu Q, Cui N, Zhao J, Bi HY. Effectiveness of digital game-based trainings in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis. Res Dev Disabil. 2023;133:104418. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104418
27. Lewandowski L, Wood W, Miller LA. Technological Applications for Individuals with Learning Disabilities and ADHD. In: Computer-Assisted and Web-Based Innovations in Psychology, Special Education, and Health. Elsevier; 2016:61-93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-802075-3.00003-6
28. Skiada R, Soroniati E, Gardeli A, Zissis D. EasyLexia: A Mobile Application for Children with Learning Difficulties. Procedia Comput Sci. 2014;27:218-228. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.025
29. Cidrim L, Madeiro F. Studies on spelling in the context of dyslexia: a literature review. Revista CEFAC. 2017;19(6):842-854. doi:10.1590/1982-0216201719610317
30. Prins PJM, Dovis S, Ponsioen A, ten Brink E, van der Oord S. Does Computerized Working Memory Training with Game Elements Enhance Motivation and Training Efficacy in Children with ADHD? Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(3):115-122. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0206
31. Oldrati V, Corti C, Poggi G, Borgatti R, Urgesi C, Bardoni A. Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training Programs (CCTP) with Game-like Features in Children with or without Neuropsychological Disorders: a Meta-Analytic Investigation. Neuropsychol Rev. 2020;30(1):126-141. doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09429-5
32. Kollins SH, DeLoss DJ, Cañadas E, et al. A novel digital intervention for actively reducing severity of paediatric ADHD (STARS-ADHD): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2(4):e168-e178. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30017-0
33. Page MJ, Mckenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj.comMJ Page, JE McKenzie, PM Bossuyt, I Boutron, TC Hoffmann, CD Mulrow, L Shamseerbmj, 2021•bmj.com. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
34. Brezinka V. Treasure Hunt - a serious game to support psychotherapeutic treatment of children. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;136:71-76.
35. Fridenson-Hayo S, Berggren S, Lassalle A, et al. ‘Emotiplay’: a serious game for learning about emotions in children with autism: results of a cross-cultural evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):979-992. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0968-0
36. Law GC, Neihart M, Dutt A. The use of behavior modeling training in a mobile app parent training program to improve functional communication of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2018;22(4):424-439. doi:10.1177/1362361316683887
37. Siracusano M, Calsolaro J, Riccioni A, et al. TrASDition Training: An online parental training for transition-age youth with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2021;300:113930. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113930
38. Trudel L, Lanovaz MJ, Préfontaine I. Brief Report: Mobile Technology to Support Parents in Reducing Stereotypy. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(7):2550-2558. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04735-6
39. Jöhnk M, Jensen C, Nissen J, Thomsen P. Mobile app-assisted behavioural treatment (MA-BT) in Children and Adolescents with chronic tic disorders–a qualitative evaluation study. Published online 2023. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://osf.io/vd6fn/resources
40. Bamford C. The Effects of Self-Monitoring Using an IPad to Increase on-Task The Effects of Self-Monitoring Using an IPad to Increase on-Task Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit/ Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).; 2016. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1581
41. Lussier-Desrochers D, Massé L, Simonato I, Lachapelle Y, Godin-Tremblay V, Lemieux A. Evaluation of the Effect of a Serious Game on the Performance of Daily Routines by Autistic and ADHD Children. Adv Neurodev Disord. 2023;7(4):566-578. doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00319-4
42. Bruni TP. Test Review: Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2). J Psychoeduc Assess. 2014;32(4):365-369. doi:10.1177/0734282913517525
43. Sparrow SS, Cicchetti D V, Balla DA. Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service. Published online 2005.
44. Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio. Published online 2003.
45. Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon M, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P. A Controlled Trial of the Methylphenidate Transdermal System on Before-School Functioning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(05):548-556. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05779pur
46. Kaiser AP, Hancock TB, Nietfeld JP. The Effects of Parent-Implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching on the Social Communication of Children Who Have Autism. Early Educ Dev. 2000;11(4):423-446. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1104_4
47. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and Family Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review and Proposed Model for Intervention Evaluation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(3):247-277. doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6
48. Siebelink NM, Bögels SM, Speckens AEM, et al. A randomised controlled trial (MindChamp) of a mindfulness‐based intervention for children with ADHD and their parents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;63(2):165-177. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13430
49. Reimers TM, Wacker DP, Cooper LJ. Evaluation of the Acceptability of Treatments for Children’s Behavioral Difficulties. Child Fam Behav Ther. 1991;13(2):53-71. doi:10.1300/J019v13n02_04
50. Abidin R, Flens JR, Austin WG. The parenting stress index. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Published online 2006.
51. Mak WW, Tong AC, Yip SY, et al. Efficacy and Moderation of Mobile App–Based Programs for Mindfulness-Based Training, Self-Compassion Training, and Cognitive Behavioral Psychoeducation on Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2018;5(4):e60. doi:10.2196/mental.8597
52. Yu Y, Xiao L, Ullah S, et al. The effectiveness of internet-based psychoeducation programs for caregivers of people living with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27(10):1895-1911. doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2190082
53. Breach MR, Lenz KM. Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2023;62:165. doi:10.1007/7854_2022_308
54. Görker I. The Prevalence and Gender Differences in Specific Learning Disorder. Learning Disabilities - Neurological Bases, Clinical Features and Strategies of Intervention. Published online November 25, 2019. doi:10.5772/INTECHOPEN.90214
55. Fraticelli S, Caratelli G, de Berardis D, et al. Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the current evidence. Riv Psichiatr. 2022;57(4):159-164. doi:10.1708/3855.38380
56. Klefsjö U, Kantzer AK, Gillberg C, Billstedt E, Klefsj€ U. The road to diagnosis and treatment in girls and boys with ADHD-gender differences in the diagnostic process. Published online 2020. doi:10.1080/08039488.2020.1850859
57. Carlier S, Van der Paelt S, Ongenae F, De Backere F, De Turck F. Empowering Children with ASD and Their Parents: Design of a Serious Game for Anxiety and Stress Reduction. Sensors. 2020;20(4):966. doi:10.3390/s20040966
58. Astle DE, Holmes J, Kievit R, Gathercole SE. Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;63(4):397-417. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13481