Symptoms of digital addiction of Estonian primary school students
Main Article Content
Abstract
The goal of the present work was to map Estonian primary school students' ratings of symptoms of digital addiction and to determine both class and gender differences. The sample included 5493 primary school pupils from 46 schools in Estonia participating in the 2022 Student Survey conducted by the Centre for Educational Innovation at Tallinn University. The results indicated that the digital addiction symptoms scores were highest among 8th and 9th graders. Girls and those students who did not disclose their gender, scored higher than boys on digital addiction symptom statements. Symptoms of digital addiction showed a moderate positive correlation with screen time on both school days and weekends, as well as with school burnout. There was a weak negative correlation between digital addiction symptoms and feeling refreshed in the morning. Since only a relatively small group of students showed a few symptoms of digital addiction and maintained a healthy pattern of using digital devices, policymakers need to develop digital addiction prevention measures or programs within the educational system.
Keywords:
Symptoms of digital addiction, screen time, school burnout, refreshed from sleep in the morning
Article Details
How to Cite
SEEMA, Riin; VÄLJAS, Johanna; OPPI, Piret.
Symptoms of digital addiction of Estonian primary school students.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5902>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5902.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Almourad MB, McAlaney J, Skinner T, Pleya M, Ali R. Defining digital addiction: Key features from the literature. Psihologija. 2020;53(3):237-253.
4. Aypay A. Secondary School Burnout Scale (SSBS). Educ Sci Theory Pract. 2012;12(2):782-787.
5. Babic MJ, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR. Longitudinal associations between changes in screen-time and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Ment Health Phys Act. 2017;12:124-131. doi:10.1016/ j.mhpa.2017.04.001
6. Bask M, Salmela-Aro K. Burned out to drop out: Exploring the relationship between school burnout and school dropout. Eur J Psychol Educ. 2013;28:511-528. doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0126-5
7. Bener A, Al-Mahdi H, Bhugra D. Lifestyle factors and internet addiction among school children. Int J Community Fam Med. 2016;1(2). doi:10.15344 /2456-3498/2016/118
8. Bruni O, Sette S, Fontanesi L, et al. Technology use and sleep quality in preadolescence and adolescence. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5282
9. Cai H, Xi HT, An F, et al. The association between internet addiction and anxiety in nursing students: A network analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:723 355. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.723355
10. Cash H, Rae C, Steel A, Winkler A. Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012;8(4):292-298. doi:10.2174/157340012803520513
11. Chang FC, Chiu CH, Chen PH, et al. Children's use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Comput Human Behav. 2019;93:25-32. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048
12. Chang E, Kim B. School and individual factors on game addiction: A multilevel analysis. Int J Psychol. 2020;55(5):822-831. doi:10.1002/ijop.12645
13. Chen L, Nath R, Tang Z. Understanding the determinants of digital distraction: An automatic thinking behaviour perspective. Comput Human Behav. 2020;104:106195. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106195
14. Chemnad K, Aziz M, Abdelmoneium A, et al. Adolescents’ internet addiction: Does it all begin with their environment? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;17:87. doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00626-7
15. Chou C, Hsiao MC. Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: The Taiwan college students' case. Comput Educ. 2000;35(1) :65-80. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(00)00019-1
16. Chung TW, Sum SM, Chan MW. Adolescent internet addiction in Hong Kong: Prevalence, psychosocial correlates, and prevention. J Adolesc Health. 2019;64(6) doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.016.
17. Ding K, Li H. Digital Addiction Intervention for Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(6):4777. doi:10.3390/ijerph20064777. PMID: 36981687; PMCID: PMC10049137.
18. Dresp-Langley B, Hutt A. Digital Addiction and Sleep. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11): 11. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116910.
19. Eickelmann B, Casamassima G, Labusch A, et al. Children and young people's narratives and perceptions of ICT in education in selected European countries complemented by perspectives of teachers and further relevant stakeholders in the educational context. Zenodo. Published 2022. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.7152391.
20. Fossum IN, Nordnes LT, Storemark SS, Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S. The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype. Behav Sleep Med. 2014;12(5):343-357. doi:10.1080/15402002.2013.819468.
21. Griffiths M. Technological addictions. Clin Psychol Forum. 1995;(76):14. doi:10.53841/bpscp f.1995.1.76.14.
22. Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50-58. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007.
23. HITSA. Schools in Estonia have switched to digital remote learning. Published March 21, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.hitsa.ee/about-us/news/estonia-has-switched-to-digital-remote-learning.
24. Hou H, Jia S, Hu S, et al. Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in people with internet addiction disorder. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:854524. doi:10.1155/2012/854524.
25. Honmore VM. Social Media Addiction, Loneliness, Sleep Quality and Gender among Adolescents. Indian J Health Wellbeing. 2023;14(4):473-476. Available at: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/1902842.
26. International Classification of Diseases (ICD). World Health Organization. 2020. Accessed at: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
27. Joseph R, Hamilton-Ekeke J-T. A Review of Digital Addiction: A Call for Safety Education. J Educ E-Learning Res. 2016;3(1):17-22. doi:10.20 448/journal.509/2016.3.1/509.1.17.22.
28. Karacic S, Oreskovic S. Internet Addiction Through the Phase of Adolescence: A Questionnaire Study. JMIR Ment Health. 2017;4(2). doi:10.2196/mental.5537.
29. Karakose T, Tülübaş T, Papadakis S. Revealing the Intellectual Structure and Evolution of Digital Addiction Research: An Integrated Bibliometric and Science Mapping Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(22):14883. doi:10.3390/ ijerph192214883.
30. Kaye LK, Orben A, Ellis DA, Hunter SC, Houghton S. The Conceptual and Methodological Mayhem of “Screen Time.” Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10). doi:10.3390/ijerph17103661.
31. Kesici A, Tunç NF. Investigating the Digital Addiction Level of the University Students According to Their Purposes for Using Digital Tools. Univ J Educ Res. 2018;6(2):235-241. doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.060204.
32. Kim K, Ryu E, Chon M-Y, et al. Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(2):185-192. doi:10. 1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005.
33. Levenson JC, Shensa A, Sidani JE, Colditz JB, Primack BA. The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults. Prev Med. 2016;85:36-41. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx113.
34. Li J-B, Lau JT, Mo PK, et al. Insomnia partially mediated the association between problematic Internet use and depression among secondary school students in China. J Behav Addict. 2017;6(4):554-563. doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.085.
35. Liao CH, Wu JY. Deploying multimodal learning analytics models to explore the impact of digital distraction and peer learning on student performance. Comput Educ. 2022;190:104599. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104599.
36. Libman E, Fichten C, Creti L, et al. Refreshing Sleep and Sleep Continuity Determine Perceived Sleep Quality. Sleep Disord. 2016;2016:7170610. doi:10.1155/2016/7170610. PMID: 27413553; PMCID: PMC4927978.
37. Malak MZ, Khalifeh AH, Shuhaiber AH. Prevalence of Internet Addiction and associated risk factors in Jordanian school students. Comput Hum Behav. 2017;70:556-563. doi:10.1016/j.chb. 2017.01.011.
38. Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME. Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017;9:151-161. doi:10. 2147/NSS.S134864.
39. Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;92:102128. doi:10.1016 /j.cpr.2022.102128.
40. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Screen time [noun]. Accessed at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/screen%20time.
41. Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Jain E, Jain S. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(1):140-144. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2535_20.
42. Muidre J, Raudkivi J. Use of digital tools in school in an inclusive education based on the example of 5th grade students in two primary schools. [Master's thesis]. ETERA. Published 2022. https://www.etera.ee/s/ofIwwUK7Dk.
43. Nagata JM, Cortez CA, Cattle CJ, et al. Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(1):94-96. doi:10.10 01/jamapediatrics.2021.4334.
44. Patrão I, Borges I, Sobral P, Moreira A. Portuguese Validation of a Reduced Version of the IAT (Internet Addiction Test) Scale—Youth Version. Psychiatry Int. 2024;5:89-100. doi:10.3390/psychia tryint5010007.
45. Peper E, Harvey R. Digital addiction: increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation. 2018;5(1):3. doi:10.15540/nr.5.1.3.
46. Pies R. Should DSM-V designate "Internet addiction" a mental disorder? Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2009;6(2):31.
47. Raney H, Testa A, Jackson DB, Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent Screen Time and Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acad Pediatr. 2022;22(8):1294-1302.
48. Saikia AM, Das J, Barman P, Bharali MD. Internet addiction and its relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress in urban adolescents of Kamrup District, Assam. J Family Community Med. 2019;26(2):108. doi:10.4103/ jfcm.JFCM_93_18.
49. Salmela-Aro K, Kiuru N, Leskinen E, Nurmi J-E. School Burnout Inventory (SBI): Reliability and validity. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2009;25(1):48-57. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.4.
50. Salmela-Aro K, Upadyaya K, Hakkarainen K, Lonka K, Alho K. The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies of Excessive Internet Use, Depressive Symptoms, School Burnout and Engagement Among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46(2):343-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27138172/.
51. Santl L, Brajkovic L, Kopilaš V. Relationship between Nomophobia, Various Emotional Difficulties, and Distress Factors among Students. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12(7). doi:10.3390/ejihpe12070053.
52. Seema R, Heidmets M, Konstabel K, Varik-Maasik E. Development and Validation of the Digital Addiction Scale for Teenagers (DAST). J Psychoeduc Assess. 2022;40(2):293-304. doi:10. 1177/07342829211056394.
53. Seema R, Varik-Maasik E. Students' digital addiction and learning difficulties: shortcomings of surveys in inclusion. Front Educ. 2023;8. doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1191817.
54. Sipal RF, Bayhan P. Preferred computer activities during school age: Indicators of internet addiction. Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2010;9:1085-1089. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.290.
55. Sukk M, Soo K. Preliminary results of the EU Kids Online Estonia 2018 survey. In: Kalmus V, Kurvits R, Siibak A, eds. Tartu: University of Tartu, Institute of Social Sciences; 2018. https://sisu.ut.ee/sites/default/files/euko/files/eu_kids_online_eesti_2018_raport.pdf.
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