Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Current & Future Health of Youth Athletes via the Ecological Model for Health Promotion
Main Article Content
Abstract
The participation limitations and experiential challenges stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic threatened the potential for youth sport participation to positively impact the multidimensional development of adolescent athletes. As society moves on from the novel conditions of the pandemic, it is important to take stock of the deficits that adolescent athletes and their supporting stakeholders experienced during this time, while also planning productive steps to learn and grow from this experience. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to conduct an evidence-based review of existing literature of this topic, purposefully organized through the lens of the Ecological Model for Health Promotion. By identifying emerging trends, gaps, and interactions of between each level of this model (i.e., intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy) in relation to literature related to youth experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, several promising avenues for future research inquiry and practical application are proposed. Through this approach, the paper aims to assist in better embodying a systematic approach that targets areas of deficit and needs that were uncovered or exacerbated by the pandemic.
Keywords:
Sports/athletics, physical activity, psychosocial development, mental health, family relationships, COVID-19 pandemic
Article Details
How to Cite
DISANTI, Justin S. et al.
Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Current & Future Health of Youth Athletes via the Ecological Model for Health Promotion.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5937>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5937.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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28. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142-1150.
29. Ettekal AV, Agans JP. Positive youth development through leisure: Confronting the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Dev. 2020;15(2):1-20.
30. Kelly AL, Erickson K, Turnnidge J. Youth sport in the time of COVID-19: Considerations for researchers and practitioners. Manag Sport Leis. 2022;27(1-2):62-72.
31. Whitley MA, Smith AL, Dorsch TE, Bowers MT, Centeio EE. Reenvisioning postpandemic youth sport to meet young people’s mental, emotional, and social needs. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med. 2021;6(4): 1-7.
32. Watson A, Koontz JS. Youth sports in the wake of COVID-19: a call for change. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(14):764-764.
33. McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(4):351–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401
34. Belsky J. Child maltreatment: an ecological integration. Am Psychol. 1980;35(4):320.
35. Belsky J. The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Dev. 1984; 83-96.
36. Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development. Harvard University Press; 1979.
37. Dustin DL, Bricker KS, Schwab KA. People and nature: Toward an ecological model of health promotion. Leis Sci. 2009;32(1):3-14.
38. Tulchin-Francis K, Stevens Jr W, Gu X, et al. The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on physical activity in US children. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(3):323-332.
39. Meyers RN, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Running habits and injury frequency following COVID-19 restrictions in adolescent long-distance runners. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2023;1(aop):1-6.
40. Ellis HB, Ulman SM, Wagner KJ, et al. Youth athletes sleep more, practice less, and may lose interest in playing sports due to social distancing mandates. Prev Med Rep. 2022;26:101722.
41. Bazett-Jones DM, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Impact of COVID-19 social distancing restrictions on training habits, injury, and care seeking behavior in youth long-distance runners. Front Sports and Act Living. 2020;2:586141.
42. Bazett-Jones DM, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Changes in motivation, socialization, wellness and mental health in youth long-distance runners during COVID-19 social distancing restrictions. Front Sports and Act Living. 2021;3:696264.
43. Elliott S, Drummond MJ, Prichard I, Eime R, Drummond C, Mason R. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in Australia and consequences for future participation and retention. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1-16.
44. Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediat. 2020;174(9):819-820.
45. Cooper K, Hards E, Moltrecht B, et al. Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2021;289:98-104.
46. Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218-1239.
47. Haig-Ferguson A, Cooper K, Cartwright E, Loades ME, Daniels J. Practitioner review: Health anxiety in children and young people in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2021;49(2):129-143.
48. Lee DJ. Relationships among the degree of participation in physical activity, self-concept clarity, and COVID-19 stress in adolescents. Healthc. 2021;9(4):482.
49. McGuine T, Biese K, Hetzel S, et al. A multi-year assessment of sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of adolescent athletes. J Athl Train. 2022; aop.
50. Graupensperger S, Benson AJ, Kilmer JR, Evans MB. Social (un)distancing: Teammate interactions, athletic identity, and mental health of student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(5):662-670.
51. Ryan Dunn C, Dorsch TE, King MQ, Rothlisberger KJ. The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Fam Relat. 2016;65(2):287-299.
52. Mirehie M, Gibson H, Kang S, Bell H. Parental insights from three elite-level youth sports: Implications for family life. World Leis J. 2019;61(2):98-112.
53. Stefansen K, Smette I, Strandbu Å. Understanding the increase in parents’ involvement in organized youth sports. Sport Educ Soc. 2018;23(2):162-172.
54. Dorsch TE, Smith AL, McDonough MH. Parents' perceptions of child-to-parent socialization in organized youth sport. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009;31(4):444-468.
55. Sanderson J, Brown K. COVID-19 and youth sports: Psychological, developmental, and economic impacts. Int J Sport Commun. 2020;13(3):313-323.
56. Meân LJ, Kassing JW. “I would just like to be known as an athlete”: Managing hegemony, femininity, and heterosexuality in female sport. West J Commun. 2008;72(2):126–144.
57. Dorsch TE, Blazo JA, Arthur-Banning SG, et al. National trends in youth sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding American parents' perceptions and perspectives. J Sport Behav. 2021;44(3):303-320.
58. Reynolds J, Bates S, Moore M. Youth sport spectating among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Amat Sport. 2022;8(1):72-100.
59. Donker MH, Mastrotheodoros S, Branje S. Development of parent-adolescent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of stress and coping. Dev Psychol. 2021;57(10):1611.
60. Philippe RA, Schiavio A, Biasutti M. Adaptation and destabilization of interpersonal relationships in sport and music during the Covid-19 lockdown. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05212.
61. Nezhad MA, Rahmati MM, Nezhad MM. Relationship between social-economic status of family and adolescents’ student sport participation. Ann Biol Res. 2021;3: 4012-4016.
62. Zhang T, Lee J. Developing a motivationally-supportive environment to promote children's physical activity and health in youth sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. JTRM Kinesiol. 2020:22-24.
63. Fitzgerald HT, Rubin ST, Fitzgerald DA, Rubin BK. COVID-19 and the impact on young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2021;39:9-15.
64. Kim SJ, Lee S, Han H, Jung J, Yang SJ, Shin Y. Parental mental health and children's behaviors and media usage during COVID-19-related school closures. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(25):e184.
65. Mirabito T, Hardin R, Pate JR. The fractured messaging of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its members in response to COVID-19. Int J Sport Commun. 2020;13(3):324-334.
66. Bullock G, Prats-Uribe A, Thigpen CA, Boyer L, Vernado K, Pequette J, Shanley E. The impact of statewide limitations of practice on high school injury incidence during the COVID-19 season: An ecological study. Sports Health, 2022;14(5):656-664.
67. Unruh L, Allin S, Marchildon G, et al. A comparison of 2020 health policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Health Policy. 2022;126(5):427-437.
68. Bollyky TJ, Castro E, Aravkin AY, et al. Assessing COVID-19 pandemic policies and behaviours and their economic and educational trade-offs across US states from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022: an observational analysis. The Lancet. 2023;401(10385): 1341-1360.
69. Lindsey I, Strittmatter AM, Hayton J, O’Gorman J. Two decades of youth sport policy research: an augmented scoping review and synthesis. Eur Sport Manag Q. 2023:1-25.
70. Tudge JR, Mokrova I, Hatfield BE, Karnik RB. Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. J Fam Theory Rev. 2009;1(4):198-210.
2. McGuine TA, Biese KM, Petrovska L, et al. Changes in the health of adolescent athletes: a comparison of health measures collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Athl Train. 2021;56(8):836-844.
3. Paterson DC, Ramage K, Moore SA, Riazi N, Tremblay MS, Faulkner G. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the movement behaviors of children and youth: a scoping review of evidence after the first year. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(6):675-689.
4. Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):819-820.
5. Pons J, Ramis Y, Alcaraz S, Jordana A, Borrueco M, Torregrossa M. Where did all the sport go? Negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown on life-spheres and mental health of Spanish young athletes. Front Psychol. 2020;11: 611872.
6. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142-1150.
7. Fraser E. Long term respiratory complications of COVID-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m3001
8. Humphreys H, Kilby L, Kudiersky N, Copeland R. Long COVID and the role of physical activity: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e047632.
9. Chew HSJ, Lopez V. Global impact of COVID-19 on weight and weight-related behaviors in the adult population: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1876.
10. Mel A, Stenson M. The lingering impact of COVID 19 shutdowns on physical activity habits in the United States. Phys Act Health. 2022;6(1):42-54.
11. Varea V, Gonzalez-Calvo G, García-Monge A. Exploring the changes of physical education in the age of Covid-19. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2022;27(1):32-42.
12. Strachan L, Côté J, Deakin J. A new view: Exploring positive youth development in elite sport contexts. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2011;3(1):9-32.
13. Logan K, Cuff S, LaBella CR, et al. Organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;143(6):e20190997.
14. Pierce D, Stas J, Feller K, Knox W. COVID-19: Return to youth sports: Preparing sports venues and events for the return of youth sports. Sports Innov J. 2020;1:62-80.
15. Costello FE, Duggan K, Lang E, Norris S. A safe return to sport and the right to play during COVID-19. CMAJ: 2021;193(8):E291-E291.
16. Vincent HK, Patel S, Zaremski JL. Impact of COVID on sports injury patterns, changes in mental well-being, and strategies to prepare for future pandemics in sport. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2022;21(6):196-204.
17. Bates S, Greene D, O’Quinn L. Virtual sport-based positive youth development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2021;38(4):437-448.
18. Faraji S, Ghayour Najafabadi M, Rostad M, Anastasio AT. The effect of COVID-19 quarantine on physical and social parameters of physical education providers and youth sport coaches. Work. 2020;67(4):767-769.
19. Post EG, Rivera MJ, Doss D, Eberman LE. Parent decision-making regarding youth sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Community Health. 2020;47(4):687-696.
20. Root HJ, Abdenour TE, Eason CM, DiSanti JS, Post EG. Collegiate athletic trainers' experiences implementing return-to-sport policies and procedures during COVID-19: A qualitative research study. J Athl Train. 2022;57(11-12):1100-1110.
21. Son H, Berdychevsky L. COVID-19’s impacts on community-based sport and recreation programs: The voices of socially-vulnerable youth and practitioners. Leis Sci. 2022:1-22.
22. Teare G, Taks M. Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth sport and physical activity participation trends. Sustainability. 2021;13(4):1744.
23. Côté J, Hancock DJ. Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. Int J Sport Policy Polit. 2016;8(1):51-65.
24. Gould D, Carson S. Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008;1(1):58-78.
25. Harris K, Adams A. (2016). Power and discourse in the politics of evidence in sport for development. Sport Manag Rev. 2016;19(2):97-106.
26. Nobari H, Fashi M, Eskandari A, Villafaina S, Murillo-Garcia Á, Pérez-Gómez J. Effect of COVID-19 on health-related quality of life in adolescents and children: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4563.
27. Paterson DC, Ramage K, Moore SA, Riazi N, Tremblay MS, Faulkner G. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the movement behaviors of children and youth: a scoping review of evidence after the first year. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(6):675-689.
28. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142-1150.
29. Ettekal AV, Agans JP. Positive youth development through leisure: Confronting the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Dev. 2020;15(2):1-20.
30. Kelly AL, Erickson K, Turnnidge J. Youth sport in the time of COVID-19: Considerations for researchers and practitioners. Manag Sport Leis. 2022;27(1-2):62-72.
31. Whitley MA, Smith AL, Dorsch TE, Bowers MT, Centeio EE. Reenvisioning postpandemic youth sport to meet young people’s mental, emotional, and social needs. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med. 2021;6(4): 1-7.
32. Watson A, Koontz JS. Youth sports in the wake of COVID-19: a call for change. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(14):764-764.
33. McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(4):351–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401
34. Belsky J. Child maltreatment: an ecological integration. Am Psychol. 1980;35(4):320.
35. Belsky J. The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Dev. 1984; 83-96.
36. Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development. Harvard University Press; 1979.
37. Dustin DL, Bricker KS, Schwab KA. People and nature: Toward an ecological model of health promotion. Leis Sci. 2009;32(1):3-14.
38. Tulchin-Francis K, Stevens Jr W, Gu X, et al. The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on physical activity in US children. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(3):323-332.
39. Meyers RN, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Running habits and injury frequency following COVID-19 restrictions in adolescent long-distance runners. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2023;1(aop):1-6.
40. Ellis HB, Ulman SM, Wagner KJ, et al. Youth athletes sleep more, practice less, and may lose interest in playing sports due to social distancing mandates. Prev Med Rep. 2022;26:101722.
41. Bazett-Jones DM, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Impact of COVID-19 social distancing restrictions on training habits, injury, and care seeking behavior in youth long-distance runners. Front Sports and Act Living. 2020;2:586141.
42. Bazett-Jones DM, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, et al. Changes in motivation, socialization, wellness and mental health in youth long-distance runners during COVID-19 social distancing restrictions. Front Sports and Act Living. 2021;3:696264.
43. Elliott S, Drummond MJ, Prichard I, Eime R, Drummond C, Mason R. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in Australia and consequences for future participation and retention. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1-16.
44. Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediat. 2020;174(9):819-820.
45. Cooper K, Hards E, Moltrecht B, et al. Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2021;289:98-104.
46. Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218-1239.
47. Haig-Ferguson A, Cooper K, Cartwright E, Loades ME, Daniels J. Practitioner review: Health anxiety in children and young people in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2021;49(2):129-143.
48. Lee DJ. Relationships among the degree of participation in physical activity, self-concept clarity, and COVID-19 stress in adolescents. Healthc. 2021;9(4):482.
49. McGuine T, Biese K, Hetzel S, et al. A multi-year assessment of sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of adolescent athletes. J Athl Train. 2022; aop.
50. Graupensperger S, Benson AJ, Kilmer JR, Evans MB. Social (un)distancing: Teammate interactions, athletic identity, and mental health of student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(5):662-670.
51. Ryan Dunn C, Dorsch TE, King MQ, Rothlisberger KJ. The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Fam Relat. 2016;65(2):287-299.
52. Mirehie M, Gibson H, Kang S, Bell H. Parental insights from three elite-level youth sports: Implications for family life. World Leis J. 2019;61(2):98-112.
53. Stefansen K, Smette I, Strandbu Å. Understanding the increase in parents’ involvement in organized youth sports. Sport Educ Soc. 2018;23(2):162-172.
54. Dorsch TE, Smith AL, McDonough MH. Parents' perceptions of child-to-parent socialization in organized youth sport. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009;31(4):444-468.
55. Sanderson J, Brown K. COVID-19 and youth sports: Psychological, developmental, and economic impacts. Int J Sport Commun. 2020;13(3):313-323.
56. Meân LJ, Kassing JW. “I would just like to be known as an athlete”: Managing hegemony, femininity, and heterosexuality in female sport. West J Commun. 2008;72(2):126–144.
57. Dorsch TE, Blazo JA, Arthur-Banning SG, et al. National trends in youth sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding American parents' perceptions and perspectives. J Sport Behav. 2021;44(3):303-320.
58. Reynolds J, Bates S, Moore M. Youth sport spectating among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Amat Sport. 2022;8(1):72-100.
59. Donker MH, Mastrotheodoros S, Branje S. Development of parent-adolescent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of stress and coping. Dev Psychol. 2021;57(10):1611.
60. Philippe RA, Schiavio A, Biasutti M. Adaptation and destabilization of interpersonal relationships in sport and music during the Covid-19 lockdown. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05212.
61. Nezhad MA, Rahmati MM, Nezhad MM. Relationship between social-economic status of family and adolescents’ student sport participation. Ann Biol Res. 2021;3: 4012-4016.
62. Zhang T, Lee J. Developing a motivationally-supportive environment to promote children's physical activity and health in youth sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. JTRM Kinesiol. 2020:22-24.
63. Fitzgerald HT, Rubin ST, Fitzgerald DA, Rubin BK. COVID-19 and the impact on young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2021;39:9-15.
64. Kim SJ, Lee S, Han H, Jung J, Yang SJ, Shin Y. Parental mental health and children's behaviors and media usage during COVID-19-related school closures. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(25):e184.
65. Mirabito T, Hardin R, Pate JR. The fractured messaging of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its members in response to COVID-19. Int J Sport Commun. 2020;13(3):324-334.
66. Bullock G, Prats-Uribe A, Thigpen CA, Boyer L, Vernado K, Pequette J, Shanley E. The impact of statewide limitations of practice on high school injury incidence during the COVID-19 season: An ecological study. Sports Health, 2022;14(5):656-664.
67. Unruh L, Allin S, Marchildon G, et al. A comparison of 2020 health policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Health Policy. 2022;126(5):427-437.
68. Bollyky TJ, Castro E, Aravkin AY, et al. Assessing COVID-19 pandemic policies and behaviours and their economic and educational trade-offs across US states from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022: an observational analysis. The Lancet. 2023;401(10385): 1341-1360.
69. Lindsey I, Strittmatter AM, Hayton J, O’Gorman J. Two decades of youth sport policy research: an augmented scoping review and synthesis. Eur Sport Manag Q. 2023:1-25.
70. Tudge JR, Mokrova I, Hatfield BE, Karnik RB. Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. J Fam Theory Rev. 2009;1(4):198-210.