Left ventricular endocardial pacing in the real world: Eleven years of experience at a single centre Eleven-year analysis of left ventricular endocardial pacing
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background. Left ventricular (LV) endocardial lead implantation is feasible for cardiac resynchronization therapy when conventional implantation fails due to anatomical or technical issues or when venous implantation is performed but the patient does not respond to therapy.
Methods. Data, including age, sex, clinical characteristics, anticoagulant use, previous device implantations, indications, technique used, lead model, complications, and clinical and echocardiographic outcomes as well as electrical LV lead measurements were analysed for all patients who underwent endocardial LV lead implantation for biventricular pacing due to failed conventional implantation or nonresponse between April 2011 and April 2022.
Results. An active endocardial LV lead was implanted in 55 patients during the study period, without significant complications. No dislodgments or severe complications related to the implantation procedure occurred during the follow-up period (64±35 months), and a high percentage of patients responded to therapy, as assessed by several indicators.
Conclusions. Endocardial LV lead implantation is feasible when the conventional technique fails or is not effective. Most patients responded to the therapy without significant complications.
Keywords:
Left ventricular endocardial pacing, Transseptal approach, Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Article Details
How to Cite
GARCÍA GUERRERO, Juan J. et al.
Left ventricular endocardial pacing in the real world: Eleven years of experience at a single centre.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5954>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5954.
Section
Case Series
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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3. Moss AJ, Jackson Hall, Cannom DS. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329-38. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431
4. León AR, Abraham WT, Curtis AB, et al. Safety of transvenous cardiac resynchronization system implantation in patients with chronic heart failure: Combined results of over 2,000 patients from a multicenter study program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:2348- 2356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.031
5. Gras D, Böcker D, Lunati M, et al. Implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems in the CARE-HF trial: Procedural success rate and safety. Europace 2007; 9:516-522. DOI: 10.1093/europac e/eum080
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7. Rickard J, Tarakji K, Cheng A, et al. Survival of Patients With Biventricular Devices After Device Infection, Extraction, and Reimplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2013;1:508-513. DOI: 10.1016/j.jc hf.2013.05.009
8. Morgan JM, Biffi M, Gellér L, et al. ALternate Site Cardiac ResYNChronization (ALSYNC): A prospective and multicentre study of left ventricular endocardial pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2118-2127. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv723
9. Van Gelder BM, Houthuizen P, Bracke F. Transseptal left ventricular endocardial pacing: preliminary experience from a femoral approach with subclavian pull-through. Europace 2011;13:14 54-1458. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur136
10. Elencwajg B, López Cabanillas N, Cardinali EL, et al. The Jurdham procedure: Endocardial left ventricular lead insertion via a femoral transseptal sheath for cardiac resynchronization therapy pectoral device implantation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1798-1804. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.07.010
11. Calvo N, Arguedas H, Canepa JP, et al. Endocardial left ventricular lead placement from the left subclavian vein approach. Europace 2014; 16:1857-1859. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu123
12. Gamble JHP, Bashir Y, Rajappan K, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing via the interventricular septum for cardiac resynchronization therapy: First report. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1811. DOI: 10.1016 /j.hrthm.2013.07.033
13. Elliott M, Mehta V, Sidhu B, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing. Herz 2021;46:526-532. DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05074-7
14. Santos H, Santos M, Almeida I, et al. A systemic review of endocardial left ventricular pacing. Heart & Lung 2022; 51:82-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng. 2021.10.003
15. Gamble JHP, Herring N, Ginks M, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2018; 20:73-81. DOI: 10.1093 /europace/euw381
16. Jaïs P, Douard H, Shah DC, Barold S, Barat JL, Clémenty J. Endocardial biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21:2128-2131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01133.x
17. Pasquié JL, Massin F, Macia JC, et al. Long-term follow-up of biventricular pacing using a totally endocardial approach in patients with end-stage cardiac failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30:S31-S33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007 .00599.x
18. Moriña-Vázquez P, Roa-Garrido J, Fernández-Gómez JM, et al. Direct left ventricular endocardial pacing: An alternative when traditional resynchronization via coronary sinus is not feasible or effective. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36: 699-706. DOI: 10.1111/pace.12125
19. Betts TR, Gamble JHP, Khiani R, et al. Development of a technique for left ventricular endocardial pacing via puncture of the interventricular septum. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2014;7:17-22. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCE P.113.001110
20. Gamble HP, Herring N, Ginks MR, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing across the interventricular septum for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Clinical results of a pilot study. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:1017-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm. 2018.02.032
21. Gellér L, Sallo Z, Molnár L, et al. Long-term single-centre large volume experience with transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation. Europace 2019; 21:1237-1245. OI: 10.1093/europace/euz116
22. Elencwajg B, López-Cabanillas N, Fischer A, et al. Multicenter prospective observational long-term follow-up study of endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy using the Jurdham procedure. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:1453-1461. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.07.017
23. García Guerrero JJ, Fernández de la Concha Castañeda J, Doblado Calatrava, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing in the real world: Five years of experience at a single center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;42:153-160. DOI: 10.111 1/pace.13591
24. Doblado-Calatrava M, Sánchez-Quintana D, García Guerrero JJ, et al. Use of intracardiac echocardiography as a guide during interventricular septum puncture in a patient undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm Case Reports 2015; 1:345-347. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2015.06.003
25. Whinnett Z, Bordachar P. The risks and benefits of transseptal endocardial pacing. Curr Opin Cardiol 2012; 27:19-23. DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b0 13e32834dc3d4
26. Bahadorani JN, Schricker AA, Pretorius VG, et al. Percutaneous extraction of inadvertently placed left-sided pacemaker leads with complete cerebral embolic protection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015;86:777-785. DOI: 10.1002/ccd.25826
27. Rickard J, Popovic Z, Verhaert D, et al. The QRS narrowing index predicts reverse left ventricular remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011; 34:604-611. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.03022.x
28. Bracke F, Patrick Houthuizen, Rahel B, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing improves the clinical efficacy in a nonresponder to cardiac resynchronization therapy: role of acute haemodynamic testing. Europace 2010;12:1191-1192. DOI: 10.1093/ europace/euq043
29. Biffi M, Defaye P, Jaïs P, et al. Benefits of left ventricular endocardial pacing comparing failed implants and prior nonresponders to conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy: A subanalysis from the ALSYNC study. Int J Cardiol. 2018;15:2 59:88-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.030
30. Van Gelder BM, Nathoe R, Bracke FA. Haemodynamic evaluation of alternative left ventricular endocardial pacing sites in clinical non-responders to cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Neth Heart J 2016;24:85-92. DOI: 10.1007/s12471 -015-0773-7
31. Behar JM, Jackson T, Hyde E, et al. Optimized left ventricular endocardial stimulation is superior to optimized epicardial stimulation in ischemic patients with poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol EP 2016; 2:799-809. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.04.006
32. Behar JM, Mountney P, Toth D, et al. Real-time X-MRI-guided left ventricular lead implantation for targeted delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol EP 2017;3:803-814. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.01.018
33. Behar JM, Rajani R, Pourmorteza A, et al. Comprehensive use of cardiac computed tomography to guide left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1364-1372. DOI: 10.1016 /j.hrthm.2017.04.041
34. Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G, et al. Acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy: Assessment by pressure-volume loops. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2012; 5:460-467. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.970277
35. Sohal M, Shetty A, Niederer S, et al. Delayed trans-septal activation results in comparable hemodynamic effect of left ventricular and biventricular endocardial pacing. Insights from electroanatomical mapping. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2014;7:251-258. DOI: 10.1161/CIR CEP.113.001152
36. Sharifi M, Sorkin R, Sharifi V, et al. Inadvertent malposition of a transvenous-inserted pacing lead in the left ventricular chamber. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:92-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80812-1
37. Van Gelder BM, Bracke F, Oto A, et al. Diagnosis and management of inadvertently placed pacing and ICD leads in the left ventricle: a multicenter experience and review of the literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:877-883. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00858.x
38. Graham A, Providenica R, Honarbakhsh S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of left ventricular endocardial pacing in advanced heart failure: Clinically efficacious but at what cost? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41:353-361. DOI: 10.1111/pace.13275
39. Rademakers LM, Van Gelder BM, Scheffer MG, et al. Mid-term follow up of thromboembolic complications in left ventricular endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:609-613. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.01.031
40. Wang Y, Zhu H, Hou X, et al. Randomized trial of left bundle branch vs biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;80:1205-1216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc. 2022.07.019
41. Zhu H, Qin C, Du A, et al. Comparisons of long-term clinical outcomes with left bundle branch pacing, left ventricular septal pacing, and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2024;21:1342-1353. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.03.007
42. Derndorfer M, Kollias G, Martinek M, et al. Is conduction system pacing going to be the new gold standard for cardiac resynchronization therapy? J Clin Med 2024;13:4320. DOI: 10.3390/ jcm13154320
43. Chung MK, Patton KK, Lau C-P, et al. 2023 HRS/APHRS/LAHRS guideline on cardiac physiologic pacing for the avoidance and mitigation of heart failure. Heart Rhythm 2023;20 :e17-e83. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.1538
2. Cleland J, Daubert J, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-49. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496
3. Moss AJ, Jackson Hall, Cannom DS. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329-38. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431
4. León AR, Abraham WT, Curtis AB, et al. Safety of transvenous cardiac resynchronization system implantation in patients with chronic heart failure: Combined results of over 2,000 patients from a multicenter study program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:2348- 2356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.031
5. Gras D, Böcker D, Lunati M, et al. Implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems in the CARE-HF trial: Procedural success rate and safety. Europace 2007; 9:516-522. DOI: 10.1093/europac e/eum080
6. Gamble JHP, Herring N, Ginks M, et al. Procedural success of left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol EP 2016;2:69-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.08.009
7. Rickard J, Tarakji K, Cheng A, et al. Survival of Patients With Biventricular Devices After Device Infection, Extraction, and Reimplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2013;1:508-513. DOI: 10.1016/j.jc hf.2013.05.009
8. Morgan JM, Biffi M, Gellér L, et al. ALternate Site Cardiac ResYNChronization (ALSYNC): A prospective and multicentre study of left ventricular endocardial pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2118-2127. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv723
9. Van Gelder BM, Houthuizen P, Bracke F. Transseptal left ventricular endocardial pacing: preliminary experience from a femoral approach with subclavian pull-through. Europace 2011;13:14 54-1458. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur136
10. Elencwajg B, López Cabanillas N, Cardinali EL, et al. The Jurdham procedure: Endocardial left ventricular lead insertion via a femoral transseptal sheath for cardiac resynchronization therapy pectoral device implantation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1798-1804. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.07.010
11. Calvo N, Arguedas H, Canepa JP, et al. Endocardial left ventricular lead placement from the left subclavian vein approach. Europace 2014; 16:1857-1859. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu123
12. Gamble JHP, Bashir Y, Rajappan K, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing via the interventricular septum for cardiac resynchronization therapy: First report. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1811. DOI: 10.1016 /j.hrthm.2013.07.033
13. Elliott M, Mehta V, Sidhu B, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing. Herz 2021;46:526-532. DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05074-7
14. Santos H, Santos M, Almeida I, et al. A systemic review of endocardial left ventricular pacing. Heart & Lung 2022; 51:82-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng. 2021.10.003
15. Gamble JHP, Herring N, Ginks M, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2018; 20:73-81. DOI: 10.1093 /europace/euw381
16. Jaïs P, Douard H, Shah DC, Barold S, Barat JL, Clémenty J. Endocardial biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21:2128-2131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01133.x
17. Pasquié JL, Massin F, Macia JC, et al. Long-term follow-up of biventricular pacing using a totally endocardial approach in patients with end-stage cardiac failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007; 30:S31-S33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007 .00599.x
18. Moriña-Vázquez P, Roa-Garrido J, Fernández-Gómez JM, et al. Direct left ventricular endocardial pacing: An alternative when traditional resynchronization via coronary sinus is not feasible or effective. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36: 699-706. DOI: 10.1111/pace.12125
19. Betts TR, Gamble JHP, Khiani R, et al. Development of a technique for left ventricular endocardial pacing via puncture of the interventricular septum. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2014;7:17-22. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCE P.113.001110
20. Gamble HP, Herring N, Ginks MR, et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing across the interventricular septum for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Clinical results of a pilot study. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:1017-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm. 2018.02.032
21. Gellér L, Sallo Z, Molnár L, et al. Long-term single-centre large volume experience with transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation. Europace 2019; 21:1237-1245. OI: 10.1093/europace/euz116
22. Elencwajg B, López-Cabanillas N, Fischer A, et al. Multicenter prospective observational long-term follow-up study of endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy using the Jurdham procedure. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:1453-1461. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.07.017
23. García Guerrero JJ, Fernández de la Concha Castañeda J, Doblado Calatrava, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing in the real world: Five years of experience at a single center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;42:153-160. DOI: 10.111 1/pace.13591
24. Doblado-Calatrava M, Sánchez-Quintana D, García Guerrero JJ, et al. Use of intracardiac echocardiography as a guide during interventricular septum puncture in a patient undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm Case Reports 2015; 1:345-347. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2015.06.003
25. Whinnett Z, Bordachar P. The risks and benefits of transseptal endocardial pacing. Curr Opin Cardiol 2012; 27:19-23. DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b0 13e32834dc3d4
26. Bahadorani JN, Schricker AA, Pretorius VG, et al. Percutaneous extraction of inadvertently placed left-sided pacemaker leads with complete cerebral embolic protection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015;86:777-785. DOI: 10.1002/ccd.25826
27. Rickard J, Popovic Z, Verhaert D, et al. The QRS narrowing index predicts reverse left ventricular remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011; 34:604-611. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.03022.x
28. Bracke F, Patrick Houthuizen, Rahel B, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing improves the clinical efficacy in a nonresponder to cardiac resynchronization therapy: role of acute haemodynamic testing. Europace 2010;12:1191-1192. DOI: 10.1093/ europace/euq043
29. Biffi M, Defaye P, Jaïs P, et al. Benefits of left ventricular endocardial pacing comparing failed implants and prior nonresponders to conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy: A subanalysis from the ALSYNC study. Int J Cardiol. 2018;15:2 59:88-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.030
30. Van Gelder BM, Nathoe R, Bracke FA. Haemodynamic evaluation of alternative left ventricular endocardial pacing sites in clinical non-responders to cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Neth Heart J 2016;24:85-92. DOI: 10.1007/s12471 -015-0773-7
31. Behar JM, Jackson T, Hyde E, et al. Optimized left ventricular endocardial stimulation is superior to optimized epicardial stimulation in ischemic patients with poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol EP 2016; 2:799-809. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.04.006
32. Behar JM, Mountney P, Toth D, et al. Real-time X-MRI-guided left ventricular lead implantation for targeted delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol EP 2017;3:803-814. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.01.018
33. Behar JM, Rajani R, Pourmorteza A, et al. Comprehensive use of cardiac computed tomography to guide left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1364-1372. DOI: 10.1016 /j.hrthm.2017.04.041
34. Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G, et al. Acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy: Assessment by pressure-volume loops. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2012; 5:460-467. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.970277
35. Sohal M, Shetty A, Niederer S, et al. Delayed trans-septal activation results in comparable hemodynamic effect of left ventricular and biventricular endocardial pacing. Insights from electroanatomical mapping. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2014;7:251-258. DOI: 10.1161/CIR CEP.113.001152
36. Sharifi M, Sorkin R, Sharifi V, et al. Inadvertent malposition of a transvenous-inserted pacing lead in the left ventricular chamber. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:92-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80812-1
37. Van Gelder BM, Bracke F, Oto A, et al. Diagnosis and management of inadvertently placed pacing and ICD leads in the left ventricle: a multicenter experience and review of the literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:877-883. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00858.x
38. Graham A, Providenica R, Honarbakhsh S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of left ventricular endocardial pacing in advanced heart failure: Clinically efficacious but at what cost? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41:353-361. DOI: 10.1111/pace.13275
39. Rademakers LM, Van Gelder BM, Scheffer MG, et al. Mid-term follow up of thromboembolic complications in left ventricular endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:609-613. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.01.031
40. Wang Y, Zhu H, Hou X, et al. Randomized trial of left bundle branch vs biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;80:1205-1216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc. 2022.07.019
41. Zhu H, Qin C, Du A, et al. Comparisons of long-term clinical outcomes with left bundle branch pacing, left ventricular septal pacing, and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2024;21:1342-1353. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.03.007
42. Derndorfer M, Kollias G, Martinek M, et al. Is conduction system pacing going to be the new gold standard for cardiac resynchronization therapy? J Clin Med 2024;13:4320. DOI: 10.3390/ jcm13154320
43. Chung MK, Patton KK, Lau C-P, et al. 2023 HRS/APHRS/LAHRS guideline on cardiac physiologic pacing for the avoidance and mitigation of heart failure. Heart Rhythm 2023;20 :e17-e83. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.1538