Potential Association of Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination and Infections with the Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune reaction in which the immune system produces antibodies to specific phospholipids that are found in normal cells. Three specific antiphospholipid autoantibodies (APLs) characterize the antiphospholipid syndrome. The three diagnostic biomarkers of APS are the lupus anticoagulant (LA), the anticardiolipin antibody (aCL), and the anti-b2-glycoprotein-1 antibodies (B2GP1). The diagnostic criteria for APS require the presence of clinical thrombotic manifestations as well as the continued presence of antiphospholipid antibodies over at least a 12-week period. The prolonged period of observation required for diagnosis is an impediment to the recognition of APS and explains its subsequent low incidence of diagnosis in the inpatient setting. We hypothesize that undiagnosed post-COVID and/or post-COVID vaccine APS could be a factor in the rise in acute heart conditions and sudden unexplained deaths in otherwise healthy individuals, as well as other adverse health events. Therefore, we argue that clinicians must be more aware of APS and that clinical events that are temporally linked to or subsequent to either COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine exposures should be assessed for evidence of APS.
Keywords:
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, Autoimmunity, VAERS, Thrombosis, Infertility
Article Details
How to Cite
BALBONA, E.J. et al.
Potential Association of Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination and Infections with the Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6049>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.6049.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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8. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. The Lancet. Oct 2010;376(9751):1498-509.
9. Hughes G. Hughes Syndrome: The antiphospholipid syndrome -- a clinical overview. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007 Feb;32(1):3-12.
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13. Moreno-Torres V, Gutiérrez Á, Valdenebro M, Ortega A, Cítores MJ, Montero E. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022 May;40(5):1054-1055. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/s3sbgu.
14. Seeley EA, Zimmer M, Berghea R. Suspected COVID-19 Immunization-Induced Probable Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Cureus. 2022 Jul 26;14(7):e27313. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27313.
15. Gérardin, C., Bihan, K., Salem, J. E., Khachatryan, H., Gerotziafas, G., Fain, O., & Mekinian, A. (2022). Drug-induced antiphospholipid syndrome: Analysis of the WHO international database. Autoimmunity Reviews, 21(5), 103060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103060
16. Butt A, Erkan D, Lee AI. COVID-19 and antiphospholipid antibodies. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2022 Sep;35(3):101402. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2022.101402.
17. Zekić T, Belančić A. Antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombosis, and vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic. Rheumatol Int. 2024 May;44(5):749-755. doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05531-y.
18. Balbona EJ. A case of COVID mRNA vaccine linked antiphospholipid syndrome. Biomed Sci Clin Res, 2(1), 159-161.
19. Al-Ahmad M, Al Rasheed M, Altourah L, Rodriguez-Bouza T, Shalaby N. Lupus anticoagulant activity and thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2023 Jan 1;34(1):75-78. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000001161.
20. Tektonidou MG. Cardiovascular disease risk in antiphospholipid syndrome: Thrombo-inflammation and atherothrombosis. J Autoimmun. 2022 Apr;128:102813. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102813.
21. McDonnell T, Wincup C, Buchholz I, Pericleous C, Giles I, Ripoll V, Cohen H, Delcea M, Rahman A. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Rev. 2020 Jan;39:100610. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100610.
22. Li J, Zhu X, Feng J. Role of β2-glycoprotein I in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology & Autoimmunity 2023; 3(3): 131-139.
23. Perricone, F.R. Spinelli, Y. Shoenfeld, Chapter 5 - Atherosclerosis and Autoimmunity, Editor(s): Fabiola Atzeni, Andrea Doria, Michael Nurmohamed, Paolo Pauletto, Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Elsevier, Volume 14, 2017, Pages 123-154, ISSN 1571-5078,ISBN 9780128039977. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803997-7.00005-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128039977000053
24. Rodrigues VO, Soligo AGES, Pannain GD. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome and Infertility. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2019 Oct;41(10):621-627. English. doi: 10.1055/s0039-1697982.
25. Tong M, Kayani T, Jones DM, Salmon JE, Whirledge S, Chamley LW, Abra- hams VM. Antiphospholipid Antibodies Increase Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidu- alization, Senescence, and Inflammation via Toll-like Receptor 4, Reactive Oxygen Species, and p38 MAPK Signaling. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Jun;74(6):1001-1012. doi: 10.1002/art.42068.
26. Fontes-Dantas FL, Fernandes GG, Gutman EG, De Lima EV, Antonio LS, Ham- merle MB, Mota-Araujo HP, Colodeti LC, Arajo SMB, Froz GM, da Silva TN, Duarte LA, Salvio AL, Pires KL, Leon LAA, Vasconcelos CCF, Romo L, Savio LEB, Silva JL, da Costa R, Clarke JR, Da Poian AT, Alves-Leon SV, Passos GF, Figueiredo CP. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction re- capitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice. Cell Rep. 2023 Mar 28;42(3):112189. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189.
27. Miyashita Y., Yoshida T., Takagi Y., Tsukamoto H., Takashima K., Kouwaki T., Makino K., Fukushima S., Nakamura K., Oshiumi H. Circulating extracellular vesicle microRNAs associated with adverse reactions, proinflammatory cytokine, and antibody production after COVID-19 vaccination. npj Vaccines. 2022;7:16. doi: 10.1038/s41541- 022-00439-3.
28. Berman J, Girardi G, Salmon JE. TNF-alpha is a critical effector and a target for therapy in antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. J Immunol. 2005 Jan 1;174(1):485-90. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.485.
29. Shi W, Wang M, Xue X, Li N, Chen L, Shi J. Association Between Time Interval from COVID-19 Vaccination to In Vitro Fertilization and Pregnancy Rate After Fresh Embryo Transfer. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Oct 3;5(10):e2236609. doi:10.1001/jamanet- workopen.2022.36609.
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