Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARα) gene and exhibiting characteristic morphological and clinical features, with significant early mortality. With the advent of arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid the prognosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia has improved. However, early induction mortality remains a significant challenge, with hemorrhagic complications and differentiation syndrome being major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia has undergone significant advancements, resulting in improved mortality rates and enhanced five-year survival rates exceeding 80%. Despite these gains, early induction mortality and differentiation syndrome remain pressing challenges. This review underscores the importance of proactive interventions, including early administration of blood products and corticosteroids, and highlights the need for continued research into differentiation syndrome prevention strategies. Our review also underscores the need for continued research to improve outcomes in patients with APL, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to healthcare and treatment options are limited.