Abstract
Long COVID is a condition that emerges following SARS-CoV-2 infection and persists for at least three months, with recurrent symptoms of varying intensity. Approximately 10% of COVID-19 patients do not experience full recovery from the initial infection. Women and individuals who experienced severe COVID-19 are at a higher risk of developing Long COVID, as are certain ethnic groups and adults aged 50–59, who show higher prevalence rates. Initially, the virus replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract, where there is high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. As infection progresses, it can spread to other organs. Many Long COVID symptoms appear to result from an overactive immune response rather than direct viral effects on tissues. Some studies suggest that dormant viruses may become reactivated, potentially contributing to increased autoantibody levels and worsening disease severity. Proposed mechanisms in Long COVID pathophysiology include dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism, prion involvement, amyloid formation, and genetic factors. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the characteristics of long COVID, drawing on an analysis of available online literature.