Impact of Nutritional Parameters and Socio-demographic Factors in twin pairs Diagnosed with Anaemia in Western Region of Côte D’ivoire
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Anaemia is a critical public health problem affecting all incomes country. Globally, 39.8% of children aged 6-59 months are affected of which the WHO African Region accounts for 60.2% of that prevalence. Even though the global prevalence of anaemia in children below five has slowly decreased over the years as per WHO, in Côte d`Ivoire, 72% of the children aged 6-59 months were anaemic in 2019 and the prevalence remains high. In terms of malnutrition, the national prevalence is 6.8%. This research study aims to highlight the nutritional and socio-demographic parameters observed in twin pairs diagnosed with anaemia in the Western part of Côte d`Ivoire, in order to raise public awareness and recommend baselines for future public health strategy of care concerning children of the same age group.
Methods: We recruited 65 male and female children, aged 3 months to 6 years in 8 villages of the Tonkpi Region from March 2020 to May 2021. A questionnaire including anthropometry was used to screen for malnutrition and venous blood samples with a FBC to diagnose and characterize anaemia. Univariate analysis (Chi-2 test (χ2) and P: (Probability) were used for comparison between groups while multivariate analysis was used for the risk factors. Significant test was considered at a threshold of 0.05.
Results: From 65 children who completed the study, 52.3% were female versus 47.7% male. Thirteen amongst them were a set of pair twins (10(38.5%) male and 16(61.5%) female). Five sets were homozygotes and eight heterozygotes. Parents were predominantly either housewives 30 (46.2%) or farmers 25 (38.5%). Overall prevalence of anaemia was 41(63.1%) including 14 (34.1%) twins of which 19 (46.4%) was mild, 21(51.2%) moderate and 1(2.4%) severe. Twin pairs expressed equal proportion of mild and moderate anaemia (26.9%) with no severe case observed. Normochromic microcytic anaemia was the predominant form (23.1%) followed by hypochromic microcytic anaemia (19,2%). The high majority of twins 22 (84.6%) were on family meals and 4 (15.4%) on mixed feeding. Malnourished twin pairs aged 0-59 months were sixteen (61.5%) of which 13(81.2%) had moderate acute malnutrition and 3(18.8%) severe acute malnutrition. There was no significant difference related to the intensity of the malnutrition in terms of age group (0-59 months: 7(26.9%) versus 59 months to 6 years: 9(34.6%).
Conclusion: Normochromic microcytic was the predominant (23.1%) form of anaemia amongst the twins with 84.6% of them being on family meals, 15.4% on mixed feeding and none on breastfeeding regiment. Twin pairs children aged 0-59 months were almost equally affected (anaemic) as those of 59 months to 6 years’ (12 (46.2%) vs 14 (53.9%).
Keywords:
Anaemia, Nutrition, Socio-demographic, Prevalence, Characterization of anaemia, Children under 7 years, Côte d’Ivoire
Article Details
How to Cite
EHOUMAN, Mocket Adolphe et al.
Impact of Nutritional Parameters and Socio-demographic Factors in twin pairs Diagnosed with Anaemia in Western Region of Côte D’ivoire.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, feb. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6231>. Date accessed: 16 mar. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i2.6231.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Starck T, Dambach P, Rouamba T et al. The effect of malaria on childhood anemia in a quasi-experimental study of 7,384 twins from 23 Sub-Saharan African countries. Front Public Health. 202 2;10:e1009865. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009865
4. Jonker FAM and Boele van HM. Anaemia, iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections. J Infect. 2014;69(S1):23-27. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2014.08.007
5. USAID. Nigeria: Nutritrition profile. 2021. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/Copy_of_tagged_Nigeria-Nutrition-Profile.pdf. Accessed on January 15, 2025).
6. Petry N, Jallow B, Sawo Y et al. Micronutrient Deficiencies, Nutritional Status and the Determinants of Anemia in Children 0-59 Months of Age and Non-Pregnant Women of Reproductive Age in The Gambia. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 23;11(10):2275. doi: 10.3390/nu11102275. PMID: 31547543; PMCID: PMC6835426.
7. Adugna DG, Kibret AA, Aragie H et al. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among children aged from 6 to 59 months in Liberia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019/20 Liberia demographic and health survey data. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:11 52083. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1152083
8. Issa Jessika, Fatimata Mbaye, Abdallah Diallo, Fatou Ly, and Pape Mbacké Sembène. Evaluation of Malnutrition in Infants Aged 0 - 59 Months in the Suburbs of Dakar. Health. 2023;15(4): 349-366. doi: 10.4236/health.2023.154024
9. Senekal M, Nel JH, Malczyk S, Drummond L, Harbron J and Steyn NP. Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of the Double Burden of Malnutrition in A Representative Sample of 1 to Under 10-Year-Old Children from Two Urbanized and Economically Active Provinces in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3328-3334. doi:10.3390/ije rph16183334
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11. National Multisectoral Nutrition Plan- PNMN. Summary of studies carried out from 2016 to 2020 in Côte d'Ivoire in the in the field of nutrition.2021. Available online at: https://nutridata.gouv.ci/dcollect/documents/61d4537dd6a41.pdf (Accessed on December 06, 2024).
12. Ehouman MA, N'Goran KE and COULIBALY G. Malaria and Anemia in Chidren under 7 years in the Western region of Côte d`Ivoire. Front Trop Dis.20 22; 3:957166. doi: 10.3389/fitd.2022.957166.
13. The World Bank. Prevalence of Anemia among Children (% of Children Ages 6-59 Months) - Sub-Saharan Africa. 2022. Available online at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.ANM.CHLD.ZS?locations=ZG (Accessed October 18, 2024).
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16. Gretchen A Stevens, Christopher J Paciorek, Monica C Flores-Urrutia, Elaine Borghi, Sorrel Namaste, James P Wirth, Parminder S Suchdev, Majid Ezzati, Fabian Rohner, Seth R Flaxman, Lisa M Rogers (2022). National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000–19: a pooled analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health. 2022 May;10(5): e627-e639.
17. Ba Idrissa Demba, Ba Abou, Sow Amadou, et al. Anemia in among Children Aged 6-59 Months at the Institute of Social Pediatric (ISP) in Dakar Suburban Area. Journal of Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health 5 (2021): 158-163.
18. Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) (2018). Sénégal: Enquête Démographique et de Santé Continue (EDS-Continue 2017) (2018). Available at https://www.ansd.sn/sites/default/files/2023-05/FR345.pdf (Accessed on November 30, 2024).
19. Tesema GA, Worku MG, Tessema ZT, et al. Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis. PLOS ONE 16(4): e0249978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249978
20. Thorne CJ, Roberts LM, Edwards DR, Haque MS, Cumbassa AA, and Last AR. Anaemia and malnutrition in children aged 0–59 months on the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: a cross-sectional, population-based study. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2013;33(3):151-160. doi:10.1179/ 2046905513Y.0000000060.
21. Zavala Eleonor, Adler Sarah, Wabyona Edgar, Ahimbisibwe Martin and Doocy Shannon (2023). Trends and determinants of anemia in children 6–59 months and women of reproductive age in Chad from 2016 to 2021. BMC Nutrition, 2023, 9:117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-023-00777-y
22. Habyarimana F, Zewotir T, and Ramroop S. Key determinants of malnutrition of children under five years of age in Rwanda: Simultaneous measurement of three anthropometric indices. Afric Pop Studies. 2016;30(2):1-13.
23. Aly Manuel Mussa, Berti Cristiana, Chemane Felício, et al. Prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in the Ntele camp for internally displaced persons (Cabo Delgado, Mozambique): a preliminary study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2025;79:79-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-024-01516-7
24. Tengco LW, Rayco-Solon P, Solon JA, Sarol JN Jr, Solon FS. Determinants of anemia among preschool children in the Philippines. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(2):229-243. doi: 10.1080/07315724. 2008.10719695
25. Fabunmi T, Onabanjo O, Oguntona E, et al. Nutrient intakes and nutritional status of mothers and their under-five children in a rural community of Oyo state, Nigeria. Int J Child Health Nutr. (2013) 2(1):39-49.
26. Bhutta ZA, Berkley JA, Bandsma RH, Kerac M, Trehan I, Briend A. Severe childhood malnutrition. Nat Rev Dise Primers. 2017;3(1):1-18. doi: 10.1038/nrdp. 2017.67
27. Smith H. Prospects for the control of neglected tropical disease by mass drug administrative. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2009;7(1):37-56. doi: 10.1586/ 14787210.7.1.37
28. Collins-Andrews B, McQuilkin P, Udhayashankar K, Adu E, Moormann A. Presentation and treatment outcomes of Liberian children age 5 years and under diagnosed with severe malaria. Global Pediatric Health. 2019;6:1-10. doi: 10.11 77/2333794X19884818
29. Ehouman MA, NGoran KE, Assare RK, Ehouman AA, Dosso PN and Konan CK. Anemia in 6 years old Children infected with Helminths and Protozoans in the Western region (Tonkpi) of Côte d`Ivoire. Med Res Arch. 2023;11:2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i12.4817).
30. Baker RD, and Greer FR. The Committee on Nutrition. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0–3 years of age). Pediatrics 2010;126:1040-1050.
31. Seifu BL, Tesema GA, Tebeje T, et al. Determinants of normal haemoglobin concentration among underfive children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Positive deviance inquiry using cross-sectional study design (2024). BMJ Open 2024;14: e074477. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2023-074477
32. Nandi A, Ashok A, Kinra S, Behrman JR, and Laxminarayan R. Early Childhood Nutrition Is Positively Associated with Adolescent Educational Outcomes: Evidence from the Andhra Pradesh Child and Parents Study (APCAPS). J Nutr. 2015;14 6(4):806–13. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.223198. PMID: 269 62175; PMCID: PMC4807645.
33. Naja F, Nasreddine L, Al Thani AA, et al. Study protocol: Mother and Infant Nutritional Assessment (MINA) cohort study in Qatar and Lebanon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:98-110. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12884-016-0864-5. PMID: 27146913; PMCID: PMC4855720.
34. Sun J, Wu H, Zhao M, Magnussen CG, and Xia B. Prevalence and changes of anemia among young children and women in 47 low- and middle-income countries, 2000-2018. E Clinical Medicine, 2021;41:101-136
35. Ehouman MA, N`Goran KE, Ehouman AA, and Dosso PN. Characterization of Anemia in Children Less Than 7 Years Old in the Western Region (Man) of Côte D`Ivoire. Infect Dis Diag Treat. 2023;7: 205-212. doi: 10.29011/2577-1515.100205
36. Yessoufou AG, Béhanzin J, AhokpèM, Djinti SA, Bossou R, Sezan A. La prévalence de l’anémie nutritionnelle chez les enfants malnutris de 6 à 59 mois hospitalisés dans le service de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier Départemental du Zou-Collines (CHD/Z-C) dans le plateau d’Abomey (Centre du Bénin). Internat J Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2015;9(1): 82-90
37. Senan L. Métabolisme de Fer: Guide de l’anémie nutritionnelle. In Edition Sight and Life Presse, Paris, France. 2007;18-20.
38. Reed BA, Habicht J-P, and Niameogo C. The effects of maternal education on child nutritional status depend on socio-environmental conditions. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:585-592.
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