Balancing Human and Planetary Health Through Plant-Based Diet
Main Article Content
Abstract
Dietary preferences, with strong effects on human health and environmental sustainability including climate change, is an emerging scientific discipline of nutrition ecology. Whereas poor food choices are a serious health issue in low- and middle-income countries, malnutrition (hidden hunger) is also a growing concern in developed economies. A western diet based on red meat may be unhealthy and unsustainable because of its adverse impacts on soil, water, air, biodiversity, and human health. Traditional animal-based diets (ABDs) may have aggravated public-health crisis, accelerated anthropogenic climate change, increased vulnerability to pandemics, and accentuated social/psychological anxieties. In comparison, plant-based diets (PBDs) have low health risks, reduced emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and less consumption of water and other natural resources. Adoption of PBDs may benefit people and spare some land and water for nature. In addition to lower health risks (i.e., some cancers, obesity, cardiovascular diseases), PDBs also have life-enhancing potential. Recent increasing focus on PBDs may also be due to ethical concerns about animal welfare and environmental friendliness. However, there are several barriers and challenges to adoption of PBDs. Strict vegan diet may aggravate malnutrition among children, nursing mothers, and elderly population. Rather than a radical transition, a holistic approach to PBDs may be an appropriate strategy. A holistic strategy would include using animal products judiciously, balancing human and planetary health through PBDs, and sparing land/water for nature. In contrast with ABDs, balanced PBDs can improve human health and have a positive environmental impact.
Article Details
How to Cite
LAL, Rattan.
Balancing Human and Planetary Health Through Plant-Based Diet.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, feb. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6235>. Date accessed: 16 mar. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i2.6235.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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4. Viroli G, Kalmpourtzidou A, Cena H. Exploring Benefits and Barriers of Plant-Based Diets: Health, Environmental Impact, Food Accessibility and Acceptability. NUTRIENTS. 2023;15(22).
doi:10.3390/nu15224723
5. Paris J, Escobar N, Falkenberg T, et al. Optimised diets for achieving One Health: A pilot study in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolis in Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW. 2024;106. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107529
6. Satija A, Hu F. Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health. TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE. 2018;28(7):437-441. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2018.02.004
7. van Vliet S, Kronberg S, Provenza F. Plant-Based Meats, Human Health, and Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS. 2020;4. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00128
8. Hagmann D, Siegrist M, Hartmann C. Meat avoidance: motives, alternative proteins and diet quality in a sample of Swiss consumers. PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION. 2019;22(13):2448-2459. doi:10.1017/S1368980019001277
9. Moreno L, Meyer R, Donovan S, et al. Perspective: Striking a Balance between Planetary and Human Health-Is There a Path Forward? ADVANCES IN NUTRITION. 2022;13(2):355-375. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab139
10. Protudjer J, Roth-Walter F, Meyer R. Nutritional Considerations of Plant-Based Diets for People With Food Allergy. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY. 2024;54(11):895-908. doi:10.1111/cea.14557
11. Jia W, Zhen J, Liu A, et al. Long-Term Vegan Meditation Improved Human Gut Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. 2020;2020. doi:10.1155/2020/9517897
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13. Majumdar A, Shukla S, Pandey R. Culinary and herbal resources as nutritional supplements against malnutrition-associated immunity deficiency: the vegetarian review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. 2020;6(1). doi:10.1186/s43094-020-00067-5
14. Merli M, Iebba V, Giusto M. What is new about diet in hepatic encephalopathy. METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE. 2016;31(6):1289-1294. doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9734-5
15. Kumar S, Gopinath K, Sheoran S, et al. Pulse-based cropping systems for soil health restoration, resources conservation, and nutritional and environmental security in rainfed agroecosystems. FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY. 2023;13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041124
16. Rancilio G, Gibin D, Blaco A, Casagrandi R. Low-GHG culturally acceptable diets to reduce individual carbon footprint by 20%. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION. 2022;338. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130623
17. Martin M, Brandao M. Evaluating the Environmental Consequences of Swedish Food Consumption and Dietary Choices. SUSTAINABILITY. 2017;9(12). doi:10.3390/su9122227
18. Stoll-Kleemann S, Schmidt U. Reducing meat consumption in developed and transition countries to counter climate change and biodiversity loss: a review of influence factors. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 2017;17(5):1261-1277. doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1057-5
19. Mayes X, Informat Resources Management Assoc. Livestock and Climate Change: An Analysis of Media Coverage in the Sydney Morning Herald.; 2017:1246. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch059
20. Kheirinejad S, Bozorg-Haddad O, Savic D, Singh V, Loáiciga H. Developing a National-Scale Hybrid System Dynamics, Agent-Based, Model to Evaluate the Effects of Dietary Changes on the Water, Food, and Energy Nexus. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. 2024;38(10):3581-3606. doi:10.1007/s11269-024-03829-5
21. Mazac R, Järviö N, Tuomisto H. Environmental and nutritional Life Cycle Assessment of novel foods in meals as transformative food for the future. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2023;876. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162796
22. Bar-El Dadon S, Abbo S, Reifen R. Leveraging traditional crops for better nutrition and health - The case of chickpea. TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. 2017;64:39-47. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.002
23. Craddock J, Neale E, Probst Y, Peoples G. Algal supplementation of vegetarian eating patterns improves plasma and serum docosahexaenoic acid concentrations and omega-3 indices: a systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS. 2017;30(6):693-699. doi:10.1111/jhn.12474
24. Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al. Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. 2017;27(12):1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020
25. Paris J, Falkenberg T, Nöthlings U, Heinzel C, Borgemeister C, Escobar N. Changing dietary patterns is necessary to improve the sustainability of Western diets from a One Health perspective. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2022; 811. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151437
26. Kalmpourtzidou A, Scazzina F. Changes in terms of risks/benefits of shifting diets towards healthier and more sustainable dietary models. EFSA JOURNAL. 2022;20. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200904
27. Metoudi M, Bauer A, Haffner T, Kassam S. A cross-sectional survey exploring knowledge, beliefs and barriers to whole food plant-based diets amongst registered dietitians in the United Kingdom and Ireland. JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS. Published online November 3, 2024. doi:10.1111/jhn.13386
28. ADOLPH W. NUTRITION PROBLEMS IN TROPICAL AREAS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE. 1954;3(6): 964-970. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1954.3.964
29. Singhal T, Satyavathi C, Singh S, et al. Achieving nutritional security in India through iron and zinc biofortification in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS. 2022;28(4):849-869. doi:10.1007/s12298-022-01144-0
30. Bernstein A, Treyzon L, Li Z. Are high-protein, vegetable-based diets safe for kidney function? A review of the literature. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION. 2007; 107(4):644-650. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.002
31. Santos V, Teixeira G, Barbosa F. ACAI (Euterpe oleracea MART.): A TROPICAL FRUIT WITH HIGH LEVELS OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS-ESPECIALLY MANGANESE-AND ITS CONTRIBUTION AS A SOURCE OF NATURAL MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES. 2014;77(1-3):80-89. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.866923
32. Dixon K, Michelsen M. Modern Diets and the Health of Our Planet: An Investigation into the Environmental Impacts of Food Choices. NUTRIENTS. 2023;15:692. doi:10.3390/nu15030692
33. Sadler I, Bauer A, Kassam S. Dietary habits and self-reported health outcomes in a cross-sectional survey of health-conscious adults eating a plant-based diet. JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS. 2024;37(4):1061-1074. doi:10.1111/jhn.13321
34. Orlich M, Fraser G. Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. 2014;100(1):353S-358S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071233
35. Craig, W J. Health effects of vegan diets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. 2009; 89(5), 1627S-1633S.
36. McEvoy C, & Woodside J V. Vegetarian and vegan diets: weighing the claims. NUTRITION GUIDE FOR PHYSICIANS. 2010; 81-93.
37. McEvoy C T, Temple N, & Woodside J V. Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review. PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION. 2012;15(12), 2287-2294.
38. Marsh K, Zeuschner C, & Saunders A. Health implications of a vegetarian diet: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. 2012; 6(3), 250-267.
39. Tuso P J, Ismail M H, Ha B P, & Bartolotto C. Nutritional update for physicians: plant-based diets. THE PERMANENTE JOURNAL. 2013; 17(2), 61.
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