Abstract
Food insecurity has profound implications for health outcomes. A global pandemic like COVID-19, when challenges are amplified, calls for a deeper understanding of factors influencing food security. This study analyzed the changes in food security status of households during the COVID-19 pandemic and described demographic characteristics of households and food access experiences by changes in food security status. Data were collected through an online survey using quota sampling based on age, race, ethnicity, region, and income for the sample to reflect the adult U.S. population. Questions were asked about food acquisitions, food security, and demographics, including health risks related to COVID-19. Data collection took place between July 14 and August 19, 2021, from 1,004 participants. We hypothesized that those with previous experience with food insecurity and familiarity with food assistance programs had greater access to these programs during the pandemic. Our findings supported this hypothesis and further revealed that those with prior food insecurity were more likely to use alternative food acquisition methods like gardening and fishing/hunting. Those who experienced food insecurity for the first time during the pandemic were less prepared to secure food for their families through social and community programs. Racial and ethnic minorities in our study were disproportionately affected by food insecurity, both pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. Younger individuals and those with more children were also more likely to face food insecurity. Individuals with pre-pandemic food insecurity were more likely to have poorer health outcomes, limited access to healthcare, and less likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19, putting them at higher risk for adverse health outcomes. Findings underscore the importance of addressing food insecurity as a public health issue. Pre-existing food insecurity led to a significant increase in food insecurity during the pandemic. Disproportionately affected groups highlight broader societal issues of poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to resources. The development of targeted interventions is recommended to address the needs of vulnerable populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, low-income individuals, families with children, and those who are food insecure for the first time.