Iron deficiency in Athletes - Challenges and Future of Sports Nutrition
Main Article Content
Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the world's most common nutritional problems: according to the WHO, approximately 30% of the female population aged 15-49 years suffers from iron deficiency anemia. Women are more likely than men to have inadequate dietary iron intake. Women are also more likely to suffer from iron deficiency because iron is also lost through menstrual bleeding. Many athletes, not just women, have also been diagnosed with iron deficiency. Iron plays an important role in oxygen transport and energy metabolism in the body and is therefore very important for athletes with high oxygen requirements, especially endurance athletes. However, despite its importance, many studies, particularly in endurance athletes, have shown a tendency towards low serum ferritin levels. This paper focuses on iron deficiency in athletes and describes the relationship between iron deficiency and exercise. Particular attention will be paid to the effects of different types of exercise on iron nutritional status and the issues that arise.
Keywords:
Athlete, Aerobic exercise, Resistance exercise, iron deficiency, Sports nutrition
Article Details
How to Cite
TAKAHASHI, Ryunosuke et al.
Iron deficiency in Athletes - Challenges and Future of Sports Nutrition.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, feb. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6354>. Date accessed: 17 mar. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i2.6354.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Weaver CM, Rajaram S. Exercise and iron status. J Nutr. 1992;122(3 Suppl):782-787. Doi:10.1093/jn/122.suppl_3.782
3. Cook JD. The effect of endurance training on iron metabolism. Semin Hematol. 1994;31(2):146-154
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7. Muñoz Gómez M, Campos Garríguez A, García Erce JA, Ramírez Ramírez G. Fisiopatología del metabolismo del hierro: implicaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas [Fisiopathology of iron metabolism: diagnostic and therapeutic implications]. Nefrologia. 2005;25(1):9-19
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9. Siah CW, Ombiga J, Adams LA, Trinder D, Olynyk JK. Normal iron metabolism and the pathophysiology of iron overload disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2006;27(1):5-16
10. Fleming RE, Bacon BR. Orchestration of iron homeostasis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1741-1744. Doi:10.1056/NEJMp048363
11. Ganz T. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2003;102(3):783-788. Doi:10.1182/blood-2003-03-0672
12. Lee PL, Beutler E. Regulation of hepcidin and iron-overload disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009;4:489-515. Doi:10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092205
13. Nemeth E, Ganz T. Hepcidin and Iron in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Med. 2023;74:261-277. Doi:10.1146/annurev-med-043021-032816
14. Bloomer SA, Brown KE. Hepcidin and Iron Metabolism in Experimental Liver Injury. Am J Pathol. 2021;191(7):1165-1179. Doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.005
15. Gunshin H, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, et al. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature. 1997;388(6641):482-488. Doi:10.1038/41343
16. Shayeghi M, Latunde-Dada GO, Oakhill JS, et al. Identification of an intestinal heme transporter. Cell. 2005;122(5):789-801. Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.025
17. Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU, Galy B, Camaschella C. Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism. Cell. 2010;142(1):24-38. Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.028
18. Raffin SB, Woo CH, Roost KT, Price DC, Schmid R. Intestinal absorption of hemoglobin iron-heme cleavage by mucosal heme oxygenase. J Clin Invest. 1974;54(6):1344-1352. Doi:10.1172/JCI107881
19. Abboud S, Haile DJ. A novel mammalian iron-regulated protein involved in intracellular iron metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(26):19906-19912. Doi:10.1074/jbc.M000713200
20. Donovan A, Brownlie A, Zhou Y, et al. Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter. Nature. 2000;403(6771):776-781. Doi:10.1038/35001596
21. McKie AT, Marciani P, Rolfs A, et al. A novel duodenal iron-regulated transporter, IREG1, implicated in the basolateral transfer of iron to the circulation. Mol Cell. 2000;5(2):299-309. Doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80425-6
22. Vulpe CD, Kuo YM, Murphy TL, et al. Hephaestin, a ceruloplasmin homologue implicated in intestinal iron transport, is defective in the sla mouse. Nat Genet. 1999;21(2):195-199. Doi:10.1038/5979
23. Harris ZL, Durley AP, Man TK, Gitlin JD. Targeted gene disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron efflux. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(19):10812-10817. Doi:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10812
24. Roetto A, Mezzanotte M, Pellegrino RM. The Functional Versatility of Transferrin Receptor 2 and Its Therapeutic Value. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2018;11(4):115. Published 2018 Oct 23. Doi:10.3390/ph11040115
25. Aisen P. Transferrin receptor 1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36(11):2137-2143. Doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.007
26. Stewart JG, Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Ilstrup DM, Schwartz S, Owen RA. Gastrointestinal blood loss and anemia in runners. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(6):843-845. Doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-843
27. Beard J, Tobin B. Iron status and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2 Suppl):594S-7S. Doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.594S
28. Lukaski HC. Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition. 2004;20(7-8):632-644. Doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.001
29. Celsing F, Ekblom B. Anemia causes a relative decrease in blood lactate concentration during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986;55(1):74-78. Doi:10.1007/BF00422897
30. Miller BJ, Pate RR, Burgess W. Foot impact force and intravascular hemolysis during distance running. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9(1):56-60. Doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024979
31. King N, Fridlund KE, Askew EW. Nutrition issues of military women. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12(4):344-348. Doi:10.1080/07315724.1993.10718320
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