Spiritism and Covid-19: The Pandemic's Impact on Mental Health and Spiritist Involvement
Main Article Content
Abstract
Spiritism in Brazil is a religion of psychological demand, attracting individuals experiencing psychic suffering. COVID-19 has influenced mental health and religiosity. This cross-sectional and analytical study involving individuals with Spiritist engagement in Ceará, Brazil, during the pandemic (2022) used the Spiritist Engagement Form and digital snowball sampling to measure the sociodemographic profile and the influence of COVID-19 on mental health, psychic assistance, and the relationship with Spiritist centers before and during the pandemic. A higher prevalence was observed among women (72.1%), married individuals (58.6%), parents (66.5%), postgraduates (55.0%), those with an income above R$7,801.00 (25.4%), and self-declared Spiritists (78.8%). The most prevalent factors of psychic suffering were: illness of a close person (35.8%) and job loss/crisis or income reduction (29.1%), while COVID-19-related factors included the use/abuse of legal drugs (58.1%) and self-inflicted violence (56.1%). High rates of psychic follow-up before the pandemic dropped during the pandemic, with decreases in psychiatric care (-27%), psychological care (-41%), and Integrative and Complementary Practices (-37%). Before COVID-19, most participants were attendees (92.5%) and workers (69.8%) at Spiritist centers. During the pandemic, overall attendance decreased (-15%), particularly for Fluidotherapy (-53%) and Fraternal Assistance (-45%). Workers decreased by 8%, especially in Fluidotherapy (-32%) and Philanthropic Projects (-26%). In contrast, the proportion of attendees and workers in the Systematic Study of Spiritist Doctrine (ESDE) increased (+4% and +6%, respectively), as did administrative workers (+23%). Individuals with Spiritist involvement were characterized by high levels of education and income. COVID-19 was associated with the use of legal drugs, self-inflicted violence, and a reduction in all forms of psychic care compared to pre-pandemic levels. During the pandemic, there was a decline in attendees and workers in Spiritist centers, particularly in assistance activities (lockdown effect). However, there was a proportional increase in attendees and workers in theoretical and administrative activities, which could be performed digitally. This population demonstrated a high level of Spiritist involvement despite psychic suffering, healthcare neglect, and the challenges inherent to the pandemic process.
Keywords:
Spiritism, COVID-19, Mental Health, Spirituality, Spiritist Engagement
Article Details
How to Cite
SALES, Tiago Medeiros; MOTA, Rosa Maria Salani; MACENA, Raimunda Hermelinda Maia.
Spiritism and Covid-19: The Pandemic's Impact on Mental Health and Spiritist Involvement.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6398>. Date accessed: 06 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v3i3.6398.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Cunha VF, Scorsolini-Comin F. Best professional practices when approaching religiosity/spirituality in psychotherapy in Brazil. Couns Psychother Res. 2019. doi:10.1002/capr.12241.
3. Gohar A, De Carvalho AB, Da Fonseca Brandão C. Implication of social isolation on mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: a look at its religious and spiritual coping. Rev Online Polit Gest Educ. 2021;2080-2093.
4. Vitorino LM, Lucchetti G, Vallada H, Peres MFP, Moreira-Almeida A. The association between spirituality and religiousness and mental health. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17233.
5. Sales TM. Magnitude e fatores associados ao envolvimento espírita, transtornos mentais comuns e ideação suicida: um estudo seccional no Ceará [tese de doutorado]. Fortaleza: Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina; 2023. Disponível em: http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/73964. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2023.
6. Dalgalarrondo P. Religião, Psicopatologia e Saúde Mental. 1st ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2007.
7. Sales TM, Mota RMS, Macena RHM. Formulário Desenvolvimento Espírita (FENE): development and validation of an instrument for assessing the level of spiritual development. Fortaleza: UFC; 2023. Available at: http://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/74736.
8. Kardec A. Qué es el Espiritismo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Kier; 1998.
9. Cénat JM, Blais-Rochette C, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Noorishad PG, Mukunzi JN, Rousseau C. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:113599.
10. Asmundson GJ, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;70:102-196. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196.
11. Gourret Baumgart J, Besse C, Nkakani L, et al. The Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Facilities and Psychiatric Professionals. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8034.
12. Carvalho PMM, Moreira MM, Oliveira MNA, Landim JMM, Neto MLR. The psychiatric impact of the novel coronavirus outbreak. Psychiatry Res. 2020;286:112902. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112902.
13. Souza AV, Anunciação L, Landeira-Fernandez J. Espiritualidade, religiosidade e saúde mental durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2023;40:e210206.
14. De Diego-Cordero R, Ávila-Mantilla A, Vega-Escaño J, Lucchetti G, Badanta B. The Role of Spirituality and Religiosity in Healthcare During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of the Scientific Literature. J Relig Health. 2022;61(3):2168-2197.
15. Souza AV, Anunciação L, Landeira-Fernandez J. Espiritualidade, religiosidade e saúde mental durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2023;40:e210206.
16. Tavares CQ. Dimensões do cuidado na perspectiva da espiritualidade durante a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19). J Health NPEPS. 2020;5(1):1-4.
17. Both LM, Nascimento CP, Pedroso B, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing: economic, psychological, family, and technological effects. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021.
18. Chu IY-H, Alam P, Larson HJ, Lin L. Social consequences of mass quarantine during epidemics: a systematic review with implications for the COVID-19 response. J Travel Med. 2020;27(7).
19. Berg S. Snowball Sampling—I. In: Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2004.
20. Granovetter M. Network Sampling: Some First Steps. Am J Sociol. 1976;81(6):1287-1303.
21. Grandcolas U, Rettie R, Marusenko K. Web Survey Bias: Sample or Mode Effect? J Mark Manag. 2003;19(5-6):541-561.
22. Sales TM, Mota RMS, Macena RHM. A Cross-Sectional Study on Factors Related to Suicidal Ideation in Individuals with Spiritist Involvement: Comparison before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Med Res Arch. 2024;12(11).
23. Sales TM, Mota RMS, Macena RHM. Depression in persons with Spiritist Engagement: an analysis before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Epidemiol Saude Publica. 2024;2(3):50-64.
24. Sales TM, Mota RMS, Macena RHM. Stress and Anxiety among people with spiritist engagement: a cross-sectional analysis before and during COVID-19. Res Soc Dev. 2023;12(7):e1412742368.
25. Moreira-Almeida A. Fenomenologia das experiências mediúnicas, perfil e psicopatologia de médiuns espíritas [doctoral thesis]. São Paulo: University of São Paulo; 2005.
26. Menezes Jr. A, Alminhana L, Moreira-Almeida A. Perfil sociodemográfico e de experiências anômalas em indivíduos com vivências psicóticas e dissociativas em grupos religiosos. Arch Clin Psychiatry (São Paulo). 2012;39(6):203-207.
27. Farias LAC, Becceneri LB, Longo FV, Chiroma L. Tão ricos e tão escolarizados? O perfil sociodemográfico dos espíritas no Brasil. Textos NEPO 80. Campinas, SP: Núcleo de Estudos de População “Elza Berquó” / Unicamp; 2017.
28. Corpuz J. Religions in action: The role of interreligious dialogue in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Public Health. 2020;fdaa149. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa149.
29. Santos EDG, Lima EP, Silva JM, et al. Suicídio entre idosos no Brasil: uma revisão de literatura dos últimos 10 anos. Psicol Conoc Soc. 2019;9(1).
30. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55-64.
31. Puangsri P, Jinanarong V, Wattanapisit A. Impacts on and Care of Psychiatric Patients during the Outbreak of COVID-19. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2021;17(1):52-60.
32. Dimas IM, Pereira MD, Canavarro MC. Ajustamento psicossocial, ajustamento diádico e resiliência no contexto de desemprego. Anal Psicol. 2013;31(1):3-16.
33. Schmidt MLG, Januário CARM, Rotoli LUM. Sofrimento psíquico e social na situação de desemprego. Cad Psicol Soc Trab. 2018;21(1):73-85.
34. Schmidt RA, Genois R, Jin J, et al. The early impact of COVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use and other drugs: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:109065.
35. Avena NM, Simkus J, Lewandowski A, et al. Substance Use Disorders and Behavioral Addictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic and COVID-19-Related Restrictions. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12.
36. Bhattacharjee B, Acharya T. The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1135-1145.
37. Patwardhan P. COVID-19: Risk of increase in smoking rates among England’s 6 million smokers and relapse among England’s 11 million ex-smokers. BJGP Open. 2020;4(2):bjgpopen20X101067.
38. John A, Okolie C, Eyles E, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review. F1000Research. 2021;9:1097.
39. Pinto S, Pimentel A, Monteiro F, et al. COVID-19 Suicide Survivors—A Hidden Grieving Population. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11.
40. Bazyar J, Najafi F, Ziapour A, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Function: A Systematic Review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(5):593-598.
41. Leigh-Hunt, N. et al. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, v. 152, p. 157-171, nov. 2017.
42. Calati, R. et al. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, v. 245, p. 653-667, fev. 2019.
43. Agha, S. Mental well-being and association of the four factors coping structure model: A perspective of people living in lockdown during COVID-19. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, v. 16, p. 100605, mar. 2021.
44. Castaldelli-Maia, JM et al. Investigating the effect of national government physical distancing measures on depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic through metaanalysis and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, v. 51, n. 6, p. 881-893, 2 abr. 2021.
45. Marbin, D et al. Patrício, ACFDE A. et al. Common mental disorders and resilience in homeless persons. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, v. 72, n. 6, p. 1526-1533, dez. 2019. in poverty and mental health. Frontiers in Public Health, v. 10, 4 ago. 2022.
46. Marbin, D et al. Perspectives in poverty and mental health. Frontiers in Public Health, v. 10, 4 ago. 2022.
47. Governo do Estado do Ceará. Boletim Epidemiológico: Mortalidade por suicídio e notificação por lesão autoprovocada. 1. ed. Fortaleza: Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará, Coordenadoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Prevenção em Saúde, Célula de Vigilância Epidemiológica, 2022. v. 1
48. Barbosa, RMR.; Lima, DF; Cavalcanti, DB. Algumas ações para prevenção de suicídio desenvolvidas na UFPE. Revista dos Mestrados Profissionais, v. 9, n. 1, p. 73-91, 2020.
49. Lopes, JM et al. Uso elevado de psicofármacos durante a pandemia da COVID-19: uma analise a partir de levantamentos epidemiológicos. Research, Society and Development, v. 11, n. 8, p. e47511831180, 26 jun. 2022.
50. Crepaldi, MA et al. Terminalidade, morte e luto na pandemia de COVID-19: demandas psicológicas emergentes e implicações práticas. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), v. 37, 2020.
51. Amaral, CEM et al. Assistência a saúde mental no Brasil: estudo multifacetado em quatro grandes cidades. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 37, n. 3, 2021.
52. Del Castillo, FA. Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights. Journal of Public Health, v. 43, n. 2, p. e254-e255, 7 jun. 2021
53. Hart, CW, Koenig, HG. (2020). Religion and health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 1141-1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01042-3.
54. Espiritualidade e saúde mental em tempos de pandemia pelo COVID-19: um estudo teórico
55. COSTA, LS et al. Religiosidade e Espiritualidade no Enfrentamento a Pandemia de COVID-19: Revisão Integrativa. Revista de Psicologia da IMED, Passo Fundo, v. 14, n. 1, p. 157-175, ago. 2022. ISSN 2175-5027. Disponivel em: https://seer.atitus.edu.br/index.php/revistapsico/article/view/4511. Acesso em: 06 set. 2024. doi:https://doi.org/10.18256/2175-5027.2022.v14i1.4511.
56. Ladim, J de SP, Jorge, MM, Souza, MC dos S, Borges, M da S (2023). Perspectivas da espiritualidade e da religiosidade no enfrentamento da pandemia por COVID-19. Revista De Enfermagem Da UFJF, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/2446-5739.2022.v8.39624
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