Understanding the Mechanisms and the Impact of Food and Nutrition on Gut Health: A Narrative Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
This narrative review analyzes the literature on known physiological mechanisms impacting gut dysbiosis and how optimal nutrition, including high-fiber, probiotic-rich foods in a whole food diet may positively impact patient health outcomes. Additional topics include understanding the current state of research regarding: inflammation, immunity, mental health, chronic diseases, and pro-gut dietary patterns. The study in this review explores the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and systemic health, highlighting the role of nutritional interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, and lifestyle modifications in restoring microbial balance. By synthesizing current evidence, this paper aims to provide insights into personalized nutrition strategies supporting gut health and overall well-being while identifying research gaps warranting further investigation.
Article Details
How to Cite
EHRENBERG, David; COOPER, Christen Cupples.
Understanding the Mechanisms and the Impact of Food and Nutrition on Gut Health: A Narrative Review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 4, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6400>. Date accessed: 15 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i4.6400.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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20. Xiong, R.-G., Li, J., Cheng, J., Zhou, D.-D., Wu, S.-X., Huang, S.-Y., Saimaiti, A., Yang, Z.-J., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2023). The role of gut microbiota in anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as the protective effects of dietary components. Nutrients, 15(14), 3258. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143258
21. Zhou, Z., Sun, B., Yu, D., & Zhu, C. (2022a). Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485
22. Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., & Balamurugan, R. (2020). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients? Nutrients, 12(5), 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051474
23. Bielka, W., Przezak, A., & Pawlik, A. (2022). The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010480
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25. Iatcu, C. O., Steen, A., & Covasa, M. (2021). Gut microbiota and complications of type-2 diabetes. Nutrients, 14(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010166
26. Wang, L., Alammar, N., Singh, R., Nanavati, J., Song, Y., Chaudhary, R., & Mullin, G. E. (2020). Gut microbial dysbiosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.015
27. Sugihara, K., & Kamada, N. (2021). Diet–microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients, 13(5), 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051533
28. Mentella, M. C., Scaldaferri, F., Pizzoferrato, M., Gasbarrini, A., & Miggiano, G. A. (2020). Nutrition, IBD and Gut Microbiota: A Review. Nutrients, 12(4), 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040944
29. Astudillo, A. A., & Mayrovitz, H. N. (2021). The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14519
30. Reis, F. (2023). Gut microbiota dysbiosis and cardiovascular disease – the chicken and the Egg. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 42(6), 553–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2023.03.004
31. Teng, M. L., Ng, C. H., Huang, D. Q., Chan, K. E., Tan, D. J., Lim, W. H., Yang, J. D., Tan, E., & Muthiah, M. D. (2023). Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 29(Suppl). https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0365
32. Francque, S. M., Marchesini, G., Kautz, A., Walmsley, M., Dorner, R., Lazarus, J. V., Zelber-Sagi, S., Hallsworth, K., Busetto, L., Frühbeck, G., Dicker, D., Woodward, E., Korenjak, M., Willemse, J., Koek, G. H., Vinker, S., Ungan, M., Mendive, J. M., & Lionis, C. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Reports, 3(5), 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100322
33. Song, Q., & Zhang, X. (2022). The role of gut–liver axis in gut microbiome dysbiosis associated NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC. Biomedicines, 10(3), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030524
34. Brichacek, A. L., Florkowski, M., Abiona, E., & Frank, K. M. (2024a). Ultra-processed foods: A narrative review of the impact on the human gut microbiome and variations in classification methods. Nutrients, 16(11), 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111738
35. García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martínez, O., Gómez-Lahoz, A. M., Pekarek, L., Castellanos, A. J., Noguerales-Fraguas, F., Coca, S., Guijarro, L. G., García-Honduvilla, N., Asúnsolo, A., Sanchez-Trujillo, L., Lahera, G., Bujan, J., Monserrat, J., Álvarez-Mon, M., Álvarez-Mon, M. A., & Ortega, M. A. (2021). Nutritional components in Western diet versus Mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota–immune system interplay. Implications for health and disease. Nutrients, 13(2), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020699
36. Witek, K., Wydra, K., & Filip, M. (2022). A high-sugar diet consumption, metabolism and health impacts with a focus on the development of substance use disorder: A narrative review. Nutrients, 14(14), 2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142940
37. Jung, S., Bae, H., Song, W.-S., & Jang, C. (2022). Dietary fructose and fructose-induced pathologies. Annual Review of Nutrition, 42(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-025831
38. Burr, A. H., Bhattacharjee, A., & Hand, T. W. (2020). Nutritional modulation of the microbiome and immune response. The Journal of Immunology, 205(6), 1479–1487. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2000419
39. Zhao, M., Chu, J., Feng, S., Guo, C., Xue, B., He, K., & Li, L. (2023). Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A Review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 164, 114985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114985
40. Valdes, A. M., Walter, J., Segal, E., & Spector, T. D. (2018). Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179
41. Gill, P. A., Inniss, S., Kumagai, T., Rahman, F. Z., & Smith, A. M. (2022). The role of diet and gut microbiota in regulating gastrointestinal and inflammatory disease. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.866059
42. Kopacz, K., & Phadtare, S. (2022). Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Healthcare, 10(8), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081450
43. Gantenbein, K. V., & Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2021). Mediterranean diet as an antioxidant: The impact on metabolic health and overall wellbeing. Nutrients, 13(6), 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061951 - formerly 44
2. Acevedo-Román, A., Pagán-Zayas, N., Velázquez-Rivera, L. I., Torres-Ventura, A. C., & Godoy-Vitorino, F. (2024). Insights into gut dysbiosis: Inflammatory diseases, obesity, and restoration approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(17), 9715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179715
3. Toor, D., Wsson, M. K., Kumar, P., Karthikeyan, G., Kaushik, N. K., Goel, C., Singh, S., Kumar, A., & Prakash, H. (2019). Dysbiosis disrupts gut immune homeostasis and promotes gastric diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(10), 2432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102432
4. Zhao, M., Chu, J., Feng, S., Guo, C., Xue, B., He, K., & Li, L. (2023). Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A Review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, p. 164, 114985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114985
5. Weiss, G. A., & Hennet, T. (2017). Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 74(16), 2959–2977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2509-x
6. Bustamante, J.-M., Dawson, T., Loeffler, C., Marfori, Z., Marchesi, J. R., Mullish, B. H., Thompson, C. C., Crandall, K. A., Rahnavard, A., Allegretti, J. R., & Cummings, B. P. (2022b). Impact of fecal microbiota transplantation on gut bacterial bile acid metabolism in humans. Nutrients, 14(24), 5200. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245200
7. Sah, D. K., Arjunan, A., Park, S. Y., & Jung, Y. D. (2022). Bile acids and microbes in metabolic disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28(48), 6846–6866. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i48.6846
8. Martin-Gallausiaux, C., Marinelli, L., Blottière, H. M., Larraufie, P., & Lapaque, N. (2020). SCFA: Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 80(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120006916
9. Carpenter, L. C., Pérez-Verdugo, F., & Banerjee, S. (2023). Mechanical Control of Cell Proliferation Patterns in Growing Tissues. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.25.550581
10. NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. Comprehensive Cancer Information - NCI. (n.d.). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cell-differentiation
11. Wiertsema, S. P., van Bergenhenegouwen, J., Garssen, J., & Knippels, L. M. (2021). The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies. Nutrients, 13(3), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030886
12. Shi, N., Li, N., Duan, X., & Niu, H. (2017). Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system. Military Medical Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0122-9
13. Takiishi, T., Fenero, C. I., & Câmara, N. O. (2017). Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2017.1373208
14. Kain, T., Dionne, J. C., & Marshall, J. C. (2024). Critical illness and the gut microbiome. Intensive Care Medicine, 50(10), 1692–1694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-024-07513-5
15. Dickson, R. P. (2016). The microbiome and critical illness. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00427-0
16. Du, Y., He, C., An, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Fu, W., Wang, M., Shan, Z., Xie, J., Yang, Y., & Zhao, B. (2024). The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), 7379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137379
17. Limbana, T., Khan, F., & Eskander, N. (2020a). Gut microbiome and depression: How microbes affect the way we think. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9966
18. Childs, C. E., Calder, P. C., & Miles, E. A. (2019). Diet and immune function. Nutrients, 11(8), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081933
19. Sung, J., Rajendraprasad, S. S., Philbrick, K. L., Bauer, B. A., Gajic, O., Shah, A., Laudanski, K., Bakken, J. S., Skalski, J., & Karnatovskaia, L. V. (2024). The human gut microbiome in critical illness: Disruptions, consequences, and therapeutic frontiers. Journal of Critical Care, 79, 154436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154436
20. Xiong, R.-G., Li, J., Cheng, J., Zhou, D.-D., Wu, S.-X., Huang, S.-Y., Saimaiti, A., Yang, Z.-J., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2023). The role of gut microbiota in anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as the protective effects of dietary components. Nutrients, 15(14), 3258. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143258
21. Zhou, Z., Sun, B., Yu, D., & Zhu, C. (2022a). Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485
22. Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., & Balamurugan, R. (2020). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients? Nutrients, 12(5), 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051474
23. Bielka, W., Przezak, A., & Pawlik, A. (2022). The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010480
24. Diabetes statistics. DRIF. (2023, October 10). https://diabetesresearch.org/diabetes-statistics/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAire5BhCNARIsAM53K1j5J7kBkpvi3V2PNdn4LjETFZnU3jwJLicfGGs7mdIyZeAu5g3IzCQaAqxKEALw_wcB
25. Iatcu, C. O., Steen, A., & Covasa, M. (2021). Gut microbiota and complications of type-2 diabetes. Nutrients, 14(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010166
26. Wang, L., Alammar, N., Singh, R., Nanavati, J., Song, Y., Chaudhary, R., & Mullin, G. E. (2020). Gut microbial dysbiosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.015
27. Sugihara, K., & Kamada, N. (2021). Diet–microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients, 13(5), 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051533
28. Mentella, M. C., Scaldaferri, F., Pizzoferrato, M., Gasbarrini, A., & Miggiano, G. A. (2020). Nutrition, IBD and Gut Microbiota: A Review. Nutrients, 12(4), 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040944
29. Astudillo, A. A., & Mayrovitz, H. N. (2021). The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14519
30. Reis, F. (2023). Gut microbiota dysbiosis and cardiovascular disease – the chicken and the Egg. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 42(6), 553–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2023.03.004
31. Teng, M. L., Ng, C. H., Huang, D. Q., Chan, K. E., Tan, D. J., Lim, W. H., Yang, J. D., Tan, E., & Muthiah, M. D. (2023). Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 29(Suppl). https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0365
32. Francque, S. M., Marchesini, G., Kautz, A., Walmsley, M., Dorner, R., Lazarus, J. V., Zelber-Sagi, S., Hallsworth, K., Busetto, L., Frühbeck, G., Dicker, D., Woodward, E., Korenjak, M., Willemse, J., Koek, G. H., Vinker, S., Ungan, M., Mendive, J. M., & Lionis, C. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Reports, 3(5), 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100322
33. Song, Q., & Zhang, X. (2022). The role of gut–liver axis in gut microbiome dysbiosis associated NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC. Biomedicines, 10(3), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030524
34. Brichacek, A. L., Florkowski, M., Abiona, E., & Frank, K. M. (2024a). Ultra-processed foods: A narrative review of the impact on the human gut microbiome and variations in classification methods. Nutrients, 16(11), 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111738
35. García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martínez, O., Gómez-Lahoz, A. M., Pekarek, L., Castellanos, A. J., Noguerales-Fraguas, F., Coca, S., Guijarro, L. G., García-Honduvilla, N., Asúnsolo, A., Sanchez-Trujillo, L., Lahera, G., Bujan, J., Monserrat, J., Álvarez-Mon, M., Álvarez-Mon, M. A., & Ortega, M. A. (2021). Nutritional components in Western diet versus Mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota–immune system interplay. Implications for health and disease. Nutrients, 13(2), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020699
36. Witek, K., Wydra, K., & Filip, M. (2022). A high-sugar diet consumption, metabolism and health impacts with a focus on the development of substance use disorder: A narrative review. Nutrients, 14(14), 2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142940
37. Jung, S., Bae, H., Song, W.-S., & Jang, C. (2022). Dietary fructose and fructose-induced pathologies. Annual Review of Nutrition, 42(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-025831
38. Burr, A. H., Bhattacharjee, A., & Hand, T. W. (2020). Nutritional modulation of the microbiome and immune response. The Journal of Immunology, 205(6), 1479–1487. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2000419
39. Zhao, M., Chu, J., Feng, S., Guo, C., Xue, B., He, K., & Li, L. (2023). Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A Review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 164, 114985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114985
40. Valdes, A. M., Walter, J., Segal, E., & Spector, T. D. (2018). Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179
41. Gill, P. A., Inniss, S., Kumagai, T., Rahman, F. Z., & Smith, A. M. (2022). The role of diet and gut microbiota in regulating gastrointestinal and inflammatory disease. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.866059
42. Kopacz, K., & Phadtare, S. (2022). Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Healthcare, 10(8), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081450
43. Gantenbein, K. V., & Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2021). Mediterranean diet as an antioxidant: The impact on metabolic health and overall wellbeing. Nutrients, 13(6), 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061951 - formerly 44