A Different Approach to Malnutrition-Related Appetite and Weight Loss in Cancer Patients: Is Saturation Enough at The Cell Level?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Cancer is one of the most significant, common, and dangerous diseases of our age. Genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in the disease process. Three key mechanisms dominate the pathogenesis of chronic diseases: inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The proper functioning of these mechanisms is vital for maintaining health. In this context, three micronutrients stand out in operating these mechanisms. These are vitamins, trace elements and minerals. These nutrients are primarily obtained through the consumption of macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vegetables, and fruits. While the disease, cancer patients may experience loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, leading to weight loss due to malnutrition. This malnutrition can result from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or cancer-related factors. This seriously impairs the quality of life of cancer patients and leads to death in a short time.
Aim: This study aims to evaluate whether targeted micronutrient supplementation—via three functional food supplements—can effectively correct malnutrition-related appetite loss and weight reduction in cancer patients. Specifically, the investigation focuses on determining if enhancing cellular saturation with key micronutrients can modulate critical cellular mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, thereby improving nutritional status, promoting weight gain, and ultimately enhancing the quality of life and survival outcomes in patients with stage IV metastatic cancers.
Methods: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 3 functional food supplements on 98 people with stomach (n=18), breast (n=18), colon (n=18), lung (n=24) and pancreatic cancer (n=20) who had Stage 4 metastasis and completed chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments adult individuals. The 52-week study was completed with 51 men and 47 adult women. The median age of the participants was 61 (26-87) years. The initial weight of the patients included in the study was between 31-44 kg. In this study, Morinda citrifolia (anti-atherosclerotic liquid- AAL) (3 mL once per day orally) Omega-3 (anti-inflammatory capsules- AIC) (3 capsules once per day orally) extract with Alaskan blueberry and 21 different red purple fruit vegetables (antioxidant liquid- AOL) (30 mL once per day orally) have been used.
Results: With 52 weeks of follow-up, 74 of the patients included in the study were still alive at the end of the first year. The body weights of 74 surviving patients were between 48-76 kg. The patients received vitamins, minerals and trace elements that will ensure the correct functioning of the three mechanisms with the 3 products they purchased, thus preventing malnutrition and causing a significant increase in their appetite and weight gain.
Conclusions: Malnutrition, which is an important factor in the ongoing decrease in appetite and weight loss in cancer patients, is corrected with micronutrition (vitamins, minerals and trace elements) at the cellular level, and a significant improvement in appetite and weight gain prolongs the person's survival and increases the quality of life.
Keywords:
Malnutrition, Cancer patients, Micronutrient supplementation, Appetite loss, Weight gain, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Endothelial dysfunction, Functional food supplements, Quality of life
Article Details
How to Cite
YILMAZ, Mahmut Ilker et al.
A Different Approach to Malnutrition-Related Appetite and Weight Loss in Cancer Patients: Is Saturation Enough at The Cell Level?.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6419>. Date accessed: 06 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v3i3.6419.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Taylor SR, Falcone JN, Cantley LC, Goncalves MD. Developing dietary interventions as therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. Aug 2022;22(8):452-466. doi:10.1038/s41568-022-00485-y
3. Song M, Giovannucci E. Preventable Incidence and Mortality of Carcinoma Associated With Lifestyle Factors Among White Adults in the United States. JAMA Oncol. Sep 1 2016;2(9):1154-61. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0843
4. Tajan M, Vousden KH. Dietary Approaches to Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell. Jun 8 2020;37(6):767-785. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.005
5. Kanarek N, Petrova B, Sabatini DM. Dietary modifications for enhanced cancer therapy. Nature. Mar 2020;579(7800):507-517. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2124-0
6. Antoun S, Baracos VE, Birdsell L, Escudier B, Sawyer MB. Low body mass index and sarcopenia associated with dose-limiting toxicity of sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. Aug 2010;21(8):1594-1598. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp605
7. Extermann M, Boler I, Reich RR, et al. Predicting the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older patients: the Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients (CRASH) score. Cancer. Jul 1 2012;118(13):3377-86. doi:10.1002/cncr.26646
8. Sánchez-Lara K, Turcott JG, Juárez E, et al. Association of nutrition parameters including bioelectrical impedance and systemic inflammatory response with quality of life and prognosis in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(4):526-34. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.668744
9. Zhang X, Edwards BJ. Malnutrition in Older Adults with Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. Jul 29 2019;21(9):80. doi:10.1007/s11912-019-0829-8
10. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet. Feb 17 2001;357(9255):539-45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04046-0
11. Hayes JD, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Tew KD. Oxidative Stress in Cancer. Cancer Cell. Aug 10 2020;38(2):167-197. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.06.001
12. Richards J, Arensberg MB, Thomas S, Kerr KW, Hegazi R, Bastasch M. Impact of Early Incorporation of Nutrition Interventions as a Component of Cancer Therapy in Adults: A Review. Nutrients. Nov 5 2020;12(11)doi:10.3390/nu12113403
13. Yilmaz MI, Romano M, Basarali MK, et al. The Effect of Corrected Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction on Fmd Levels in Patients with Selected Chronic Diseases: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Sci Rep. Jun 2 2020;10(1):9018. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65528-6
14. Terwoord JD, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Endothelial dysfunction as a complication of anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther. Sep 2022;237:108116. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108116
15. Barnighausen T, Rottingen JA, Rockers P, Shemilt I, Tugwell P. Quasi-experimental study designs series-paper 1: introduction: two historical lineages. J Clin Epidemiol. Sep 2017;89:4-11. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.02.020
16. Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N, Group T. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. American journal of public health. 2004;94(3):361-366.
17. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. Jun 1972;18(6):499-502.
18. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. Jul 1985;28(7):412-9. doi:10.1007/bf00280883
19. Chen BM, Xia LW, Zhao RQ. Determination of N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. May 9 1997;692(2):467-71. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00531-2
20. Aydin A, Orhan H, Sayal A, Ozata M, Sahin G, Isimer A. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide related parameters in type II diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control. Clin Biochem. Feb 2001;34(1):65-70. doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00199-5
21. Jain SK. Hyperglycemia can cause membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in human red blood cells. J Biol Chem. Dec 15 1989;264(35):21340-5.
22. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. Nov 7 1992;340(8828):1111-5. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f
23. von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. Sep 2010;1(1):1-5. doi:10.1007/s13539-010-0002-6
24. Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med. Oct 1980;69(4):491-7. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(05)80001-3
25. Laviano A, Meguid MM. Nutritional issues in cancer management. Nutrition. May 1996;12(5):358-71. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80061-x
26. Nitenberg G, Raynard B. Nutritional support of the cancer patient: issues and dilemmas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. Jun 2000;34(3):137-68. doi:10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00048-2
27. Elia M, Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Garvey J, et al. Enteral (oral or tube administration) nutritional support and eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Int J Oncol. Jan 2006;28(1):5-23. doi:10.3892/ijo.28.1.5
28. Camilo ME. Disease-related Malnutrition: An Evidence-based Approach to Treatment: Rebecca J. Stratton, Ceri J. Green, M. Elia (eds.) CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK 2003. Clinical Nutrition. 2003;22(6):585. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2003.08.003
29. Stratton RJ, Green CJ, Elia M. Disease-related malnutrition: an evidence-based approach to treatment. Cabi; 2003.
30. Maasberg S, Knappe-Drzikova B, Vonderbeck D, et al. Malnutrition Predicts Clinical Outcome in Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Neuroendocrinology. 2017;104(1):11-25. doi:10.1159/000442983
31. Attar A, Malka D, Sabaté JM, et al. Malnutrition is high and underestimated during chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: an AGEO prospective cross-sectional multicenter study. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(4):535-42. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.670743
32. Hébuterne X, Lemarié E, Michallet M, de Montreuil CB, Schneider SM, Goldwasser F. Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. Feb 2014;38(2):196-204. doi:10.1177/0148607113502674
33. Pressoir M, Desné S, Berchery D, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of malnutrition in French Comprehensive Cancer Centres. Br J Cancer. Mar 16 2010;102(6):966-71. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605578
34. Planas M, Álvarez-Hernández J, León-Sanz M, Celaya-Pérez S, Araujo K, García de Lorenzo A. Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in cancer patients: a sub-analysis of the PREDyCES® study. Support Care Cancer. Jan 2016;24(1):429-435. doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2813-7
35. Silva FR, de Oliveira MG, Souza AS, Figueroa JN, Santos CS. Factors associated with malnutrition in hospitalized cancer patients: a croos-sectional study. Nutr J. Dec 10 2015;14:123. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0113-1
36. Ryan AM, Power DG, Daly L, Cushen SJ, Ní Bhuachalla Ē, Prado CM. Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: the skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later. Proc Nutr Soc. May 2016;75(2):199-211. doi:10.1017/s002966511500419x
37. Fearon K, Arends J, Baracos V. Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. Feb 2013;10(2):90-9. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.209
38. Fearon KC, Voss AC, Hustead DS. Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr. Jun 2006;83(6):1345-50. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1345
39. Meguid MM, Mughal MM, Debonis D, Meguid V, Terz JJ. Influence of nutritional status on the resumption of adequate food intake in patients recovering from colorectal cancer operations. Surg Clin North Am. Dec 1986;66(6):1167-76. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)44080-6
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