Soil Degradation and Pollution as the Global Public Health Emergency
Main Article Content
Abstract
About 40% of world soils are degraded which also aggravates the problems of climate change and food/nutritional insecurity along with water scarcity and eutrophication. The rate of global soil degradation has been estimated as much as 20 ha minute-1 or 10 M ha per year. Through its adverse effects on the quantity and quality of food and feed, soil degradation has direct and indirect impacts on human health and wellbeing. This is an issue of global public health emergency. Based on the magnitude of the problem of under nutrition and malnutrition, soil degradation is a global emergency which necessitates an urgent and coordinated effort to address the problem. It requires implementation of Soil Health Act at state, national and global level to ensure protection, restoration and sustainable management of soil and agriculture. Being a precious and finite resource, which is prone to degradation by anthropogenic and natural causes with severe and long-term impacts on human health and wellbeing, there is an urgency to enhance awareness about the magnitude of the global problem of soil degradation and for implementation of policies which are pro-nature, pro-soil, and pro-land managers. The One Health approach must be a part of the curricula for medical colleges and implemented in cooperation with soil scientists and pedologists. Classes on medical pedology and veterinary pedology should be offered in medical and veterinary colleges by professionals in human health, soil health and environment quality. The serious public health emergency needs an immediate and urgent action to safeguard human and planetary health through a well-designed and coordinated action plan at different levels.
Article Details
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
2. UNCCD. Our Land. Our Future. In: UNCCD; 2024:1-9. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2024-04/UNCCD_COP16_narrative_EN.pdf
3. Vicente-Serrano S, Pricope N, Toreti A, et al. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Report on Rising Aridity Trends Globally and Associated Biological and Agricultural Implications. Global Change Biology. 2024;30:70009. doi:10.1111/gcb.70009
4. Efthimiou N. Governance and degradation of soil in the EU. An overview of policies with a focus on soil erosion. SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH. 2025;245. doi:10.1016/j.still.2024.106308
5. Oldeman LR. Global Extent of Soil Degradation. In: ISRIC Bi-Annual Report 1991-1992. ISRIC; 1992:19-36.
6. Lal R. Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degradation & Development. 2001;12(6):519-539. doi:10.1002/ldr.472
7. Jie C, Jing-zhang C, Man-zhi T, Zi-tong G. Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development. J Geogr Sci. 2002;12(2):243-252. doi:10.1007/BF02837480
8. Borrelli P, Robinson DA, Fleischer LR, et al. An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):2013. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7
9. Kraamwinkel CT, Beaulieu A, Dias T, Howison RA. Planetary limits to soil degradation. Commun Earth Environ. 2021;2(1):249. doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00323-3
10. United Nations (U.N.). World Population Prospects. Accessed March 4, 2025. https://population.un.org/wpp/
11. Lal R. Soil erosion and carbon dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research. 2005;81(2):137-142. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2004.09.002
12. Lal R. Soil erosion and global warming in India. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2017;16(4):297-305. doi:10.5958/2455-7145.2017.00044.3
13. Lal R. Soil organic matter and water retention. Agronomy Journal. 2020;112(5):3265-3277. doi:10.1002/agj2.20282
14. Lal R. Fate of Soil Carbon Transported by Erosional Processes. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(1):48. doi:10.3390/app12010048
15. Carré F, Caudeville J, Bonnard R, Bert V, Boucard P, Ramel M. Soil Contamination and Human Health: A Major Challenge for Global Soil Security. In: Field D, Morgan C, McBratney A, eds. Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et Des Risques (INERIS). ; 2017:275-295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_25
16. Twagirayezu G, Cheng H, Wu Y, et al. Insights into the influences of biochar on the fate and transport of pesticides in the soil environment: a critical review. BIOCHAR. 2024;6(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00301-w
17. Qi J, Yang L, Wang W. Environmental degradation and health risks in Beijing, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. 2007;62(1):33-37. doi:10.3200/AEOH.62.1.33-37
18. Li Z, Ma Z, van der Kuijp T, Yuan Z, Huang L. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: Pollution and health risk assessment. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2014;468:843-853. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090
19. Pan L, Wang Y, Ma J, et al. A review of heavy metal pollution levels and health risk assessment of urban soils in Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH. 2018;25(2):1055-1069. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0513-1
20. Adimalla N. Heavy metals pollution assessment and its associated human health risk evaluation of urban soils from Indian cities: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH. 2020;42(1):173-190. doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00324-4
21. Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi S, Ghasemi M, Gheysouri M. Pollution, human health risk assessment and spatial distribution of toxic metals in urban soil of Yazd City, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH. 2021;43(9):3469-3484. doi:10.1007/s10653-021-00844-y
22. Panico S, Santorufo L, Memoli V, et al. Evaluation of Soil Heavy Metal Contamination and Potential Human Health Risk inside Forests, Wildfire Forests and Urban Areas. ENVIRONMENTS. 2023;10(8). doi:10.3390/environments10080146
23. Liu YR, Van Der Heijden MGA, Riedo J, et al. Soil contamination in nearby natural areas mirrors that in urban greenspaces worldwide. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1706. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37428-6
24. Tóth Z, Dombos M, Hornung E. Urban soil quality deteriorates even with low heavy metal levels: An arthropod-based multi-indices approach. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. 2023;33(4). doi: 10.1002/eap.2848
25. Tong S, Li H, Wang L, Tudi M, Yang L. Concentration, Spatial Distribution, Contamination Degree and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils across China between 2003 and 2019-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 2020;17(9). doi:10.3390/ijerph17093099
26. Ahmad I, Khan B, Asad N, Mian I, Jamil M. Traffic-related lead pollution in roadside soils and plants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: implications for human health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2019;16(12):8015-8022. doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02216-7
27. Rodríguez-Espinosa T, Navarro-Pedreño J, Gomez-Lucas I, Jordán-Vidal M, Bech-Borras J, Zorpas A. Urban areas, human health and technosols for the green deal. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH. 2021;43(12):5065-5086. doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00953-8
28. Saha J, Selladurai R, Coumar M, et al. Status of Soil Pollution in India. In: SOIL POLLUTION - AN EMERGING THREAT TO AGRICULTURE. Vol 10; 2017:271-315. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4274-4_11
29. Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik A. A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE. 2020;241. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015
30. Meena V, Dotaniya M, Saha J, Das H, Patra A. Impact of Lead Contamination on Agroecosystem and Human Health. In: Gupta D, Chatterjee S, Walther C, eds. LEAD IN PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. ; 2020:67-82. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_4
31. Ilechukwu I, Osuji L, Okoli C, Onyema M, Ndukwe G. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soils and health risk consequences of human exposure within the vicinity of hot mix asphalt plants in Rivers State, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. 2021;193(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09208-6
32. Yu G, Chen F, Zhang H, Wang Z. Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils of Guizhou, China. ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND SUSTAINABILITY. 2021;7(1). doi:10.1080/20964129.2020.1859948
33. Cui W, Mei Y, Liu S, Zhang X. Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution and its sources in agricultural soils near Hongfeng Lake in the mining area of Guizhou Province, China. FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH. 2023;11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1276925
34. Angon P, Islam M, Shreejana K, et al. Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. HELIYON. 2024;10(7). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357
35. Zhang K, Zheng X, Li H, Zhao Z. Human Health Risk Assessment and Early Warning of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil of a Coal Chemical Plant in Northwest China. SOIL & SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION. 2020;29(5):481-502. doi:10.1080/15320383.2020.1746737
36. Bisht A, Kamboj V, Kamboj N, Bharti M, Bahukahndi K, Saini H. Impact of solid waste dumping on soil quality and its potential risk on human health and environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. 2024;196(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-024-12914-6
37. Massas I, Kairis O, Gasparatos D, Ioannou D, Vatougios D, Zafeiriou I. Impaired Soil Health in Agricultural Areas Close to Fe-Ni Mines on Euboea Island, Greece, Caused by Increased Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements, and the Associated Impacts on Human Health. ENVIRONMENTS. 2023;10(9). doi:10.3390/environments10090150
38. Tindwa H, Singh B. Soil pollution and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: State of the knowledge and remediation technologies. FRONTIERS IN SOIL SCIENCE. 2023;2. doi:10.3389/fsoil.2022.1101944
39. Broomandi P, Guney M, Kim J, Karaca F. Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review. SUSTAINABILITY. 2020;12(21). doi:10.3390/su12219002
40. Ali W, Zhang H, Mao K, et al. Chromium contamination in paddy soil-rice systems and associated human health risks in Pakistan. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2022;826. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153910
41. McBride D. Environmental lead, soil contamination, and child health effects in less-developed nations: Comparative international research, 1980-2006. SOIL & SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION. 2008;17 (4):346-362. doi:10.1080/15320380802146461
42. Moldoveanu A, Moldoveanu A. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF SOIL POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ECOLOGY. 2010;11(4):1239-1245.
43. Chang N, Chen L, Wang N, et al. Unveiling the impacts of microplastic pollution on soil health: A comprehensive review. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2024;951. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175643
44. Stubenrauch J, Ekardt F. Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles. ENVIRONMENTS. 2020;7(5). doi:10.3390/environments7050038
45. Monkul M, Özhan H. Microplastic Contamination in Soils: A Review from Geotechnical Engineering View. POLYMERS. 2021;13(23). doi:10.3390/polym13234129
46. Chia R, Lee J, Jang J, Kim H, Kwon K. Soil health and microplastics: a review of the impacts of microplastic contamination on soil properties. JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS. 2022;22(10):2690-2705. doi:10.1007/s11368-022-03254-4
47. Uthra K, Chitra V, Damodharan N, et al. Microplastic emerging pollutants - impact on microbiological diversity, diarrhea, antibiotic resistance, and bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-ADVANCES. 2023;2(11):1469-1487. doi:10.1039/d3va00084b
48. Kumar M, Kumar R, Sharma S, et al. Microplastics pollution modulating soil biological health - A review. SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT. 2025;41(1). doi:10.1111/sum.70009
49. Fard N, Jahedi F, Dehdarirad H. The Possibility of Microplastic Removal by Earthworms and Comparing With Conventional Chemical Removal Methods (A Global and Deeply Systematic Review). JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2023;31(12):5050-5064. doi:10.1007/s10924-023-02954-3
50. Tariq M, Iqbal B, Khan I, et al. Microplastic contamination in the agricultural soil-mitigation strategies, heavy metals contamination, and impact on human health: a review. PLANT CELL REPORTS. 2024;43(3). doi:10.1007/s00299-024-03162-6
51. Yu Y, Kumar M, Bolan S, et al. Various additive release from microplastics and their toxicity in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. 2024;343. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123219
52. Lal R. Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation. SUSTAINABILITY. 2015;7(5):5875-5895. doi:10.3390/su7055875
53. Neogi S, Sharma V, Khan N, et al. Sustainable biochar: A facile strategy for soil and environmental restoration, energy generation, mitigation of global climate change and circular bioeconomy. CHEMOSPHERE. 2022;293. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133474
54. Lal R. Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition. FOOD SECURITY. 2009;1(1):45-57. doi:10.1007/s12571-009-0009-z
55. Lal R. Balancing Human and Planetary Health Through Plant-Based Diet. Medical Research Archives. 2025;13(2). doi:10.18103/mra.v13i2.6235
56. Mesele S, Mechri M, Okon M, et al. Current Problems Leading to Soil Degradation in Africa: Raising Awareness and Finding Potential Solutions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE. 2025;76(1). doi:10.1111/ejss.70069
57. Mihalache M, Ilie L, Marin D. ROMANIAN SOIL RESOURCES - “HEALTHY SOILS FOR A HEALTHY LIFE.” AGROLIFE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL. 2015;4(1):101-110.
58. IUSS. World Soil Of The Year. iuss.org. 2024. Accessed March 14, 2025. https://www.iuss.org/world-soil-of-the-year/
59. Khattak W, Sun J, Zaman F, et al. The role of agricultural land management in modulating water-carbon interplay within dryland ecological systems. AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT. 2025;378. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2024.109315
60. Jones D, Cross P, Withers P, et al. REVIEW: Nutrient stripping: the global disparity between food security and soil nutrient stocks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY. 2013;50(4):851-862. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12089
61. Rossati A. Global Warming and Its Health Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. 2017;8(1):7-20. doi:10.15171/ijoem.2017.963
62. Hseu Z. Ecological and Health Risk of Soils, Sediments, and Water Contamination. WATER. 2020;12(10). doi:10.3390/w12102867
63. Carpenter SR. Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: Bistability and soil phosphorus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(29):10002-10005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503959102
64. Zhao F, Lopez-Bellido F, Gray C, Whalley W, Clark L, McGrath S. Effects of soil compaction and irrigation on the concentrations of selenium and arsenic in wheat grains. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2007;372(2-3):433-439. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.028
65. Thorsoe M, Keesstra S, De Boever M, et al. Sustainable soil management: Soil knowledge use and gaps in Europe. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE. 2023;74(6). doi:10.1111/ejss.13439
66. Hiura T, Okada H, Terada C, Nakamura M, Kaneko N. Effects of soil compaction on above- and belowground interactions during the early stage of forest development. URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING. 2024;102. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128565
67. Sherman C, Unc A, Doniger T, Ehrlich R, Steinberger Y. The effect of human trampling activity on a soil microbial community at the Oulanka Natural Reserve, Finland. APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY. 2019;135:104-112. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.11.013
68. Günal H, Korucu T, Birkas M, Özgöz E, Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir R. Threats to Sustainability of Soil Functions in Central and Southeast Europe. SUSTAINABILITY. 2015;7(2):2161-2188. doi:10.3390/su7022161
69. Glab T. Effect of soil compaction and N fertilization on soil pore characteristics and physical quality of sandy loam soil under red clover/grass sward. SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH. 2014;144:8-19. doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.05.010
70. Ghiberto P, Imhoff S, Libardi P, da Silva A, Tormena C, Pilatti M. Soil physical quality of Mollisols quantified by a global index. SCIENTIA AGRICOLA. 2015;72(2):167-174. doi:10.1590/0103-9016-2013-0414
71. Islam W, Zeng F, Alotaibi M, Khan K. Unlocking the potential of soil microbes for sustainable desertification management. EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS. 2024;252. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104738
72. Kopittke P, Minasny B, Pendall E, Rumpel C, McKenna B. Healthy soil for healthy humans and a healthy planet. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2024;54(3):210-221. doi:10.1080/10643389.2023.2228651
73. Costantini E, Castaldini M, Diago M, et al. Effects of soil erosion on agro-ecosystem services and soil functions: A multidisciplinary study in nineteen organically farmed European and Turkish vineyards. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. 2018;223:614-624. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.065
74. Muscolino M. Violence Against People and the Land: The Environment and Refugee Migration from China’s Henan Province, 1938-1945. ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY. 2011;17(2):291-311. doi:10.3197/096734011X12997574043080
75. Theisen O. Blood and Soil? Resource Scarcity and Internal Armed Conflict Revisited. JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH. 2008;45(6):801-818. doi:10.1177/0022343308096157
76. Kiernan K. NATURE, SEVERITY AND PERSISTENCE OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ARMED CONFLICT. LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT. 2015;26(4):380-396. doi:10.1002/ldr.2216
77. Nhung N, Nguyen X, Long V, Wei Y, Fujita T. A Review of Soil Contaminated with Dioxins and Biodegradation Technologies: Current Status and Future Prospects. TOXICS. 2022;10(6). doi:10.3390/toxics10060278
78. Medvedeva N, Polyak Y, Kuzikova I, Orlova O, Zharikov G. The effect of mustard gas on the biological activity of soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH. 2008;106(3):289-295. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.04.003
79. Young A, Giesy J, Jones P, Newton M. Environmental fate and bioavailability of agent orange and its associated dioxin during the Vietnam war. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH. 2004;11(6):359-370. doi:10.1007/BF02979652
80. Olson KR. The Secret Toxic Legacies of Chemical Warfare: Agent Blue Use during the 2nd Indochina and Vietnam Wars in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam (1961 to 1971). OJSS. 2024;14(11):689-725. doi:10.4236/ojss.2024.1411034
81. Olson KR, Cihacek L, Speidel DR. Review and Analysis: Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Herbicide Use Studies Conducted during the Vietnam War and Historical Lessons. OJSS. 2025;15(02):103-135. doi:10.4236/ojss.2025.152006
82. Higgins BR. Geographies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam: The Merry Band of Retirees. OJSS. 2024;14(09):530-536. doi:10.4236/ojss.2024.149027
83. Ji C, Zhu Y, Zhao S, et al. Arsenic and heavy metals at Japanese abandoned chemical weapons site in China: distribution characterization, source identification and contamination risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH. 2023;45(6):3069-3087. doi:10.1007/s10653-022-01382-x
84. Pereira P, Basic F, Bogunovic I, Barcelo D. Russian-Ukrainian war impacts the total environment. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2022;837. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865
85. Khordagui H. Potential fate of blistering chemical warfare agents on Kuwait’s arid soil and related research needs. JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS. 1996;32(2):93-102. doi:10.1006/jare.1996.0009
86. Omar S, Bhat N, Shahid S, Assem A. Land and vegetation degradation in war-affected areas in the Sabah Al-Ahmad Nature Reserve of Kuwait: A case study of Umm. Ar. Rimam. JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS. 2005; 62(3):475-490. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.009
87. Abdo H. Impacts of war in Syria on vegetation dynamics and erosion risks in Safita area, Tartous, Syria. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 2018;18(6):1707-1719. doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1280-3
88. Briggs C, Shjegstad S, Silva J, Edwards M. Distribution of chemical warfare agent, energetics, and metals in sediments at a deep-water discarded military munitions site. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY. 2016;128:63-69. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.014
89. Rodrigo-Comino J, López-Vicente M, Kumar V, et al. Soil Science Challenges in a New Era: A Transdisciplinary Overview of Relevant Topics. AIR SOIL AND WATER RESEARCH. 2020;13. doi: 10.1177/1178622120977491
90. Bini C. Soil: A precious natural resource. In: Kudrow N, ed. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES. Nova Science; 2009:1-48.
91. Zhou Z, Liu X, Ma J, et al. Activation of persulfate by vanadium oxide modified carbon nanotube for 17f3-estradiol degradation in soil: Mechanism, application and ecotoxicity assessment. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2023;858. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159760
92. Chang N, Chen L, Wang N, et al. Unveiling the impacts of microplastic pollution on soil health: A comprehensive review. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2024;951. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175643
93. Suzuki L, Casalinho H, Milani I. Strategies and Public Policies for Soil and Water Conservation and Food Production in Brazil. SOIL SYSTEMS. 2024;8(2). doi:10.3390/soilsystems8020045
94. Olazábal C. Overview of the Development of EU Soil Policy: towards a EU Thematic Strategy for Soil I Protection. JOURNAL FOR EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL & PLANNING LAW. 2006;3(3): 184-189. doi:10.1163/187601006X00218
95. Chu C, Zhu L. Paving the way toward soil safety and health: current status, challenges, and potential solutions. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. 2024;18(6). doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1834-1
96. Timmis K, Ramos J. The soil crisis: the need to treat as a global health problem and the pivotal role of microbes in prophylaxis and therapy. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2021;14(3):769-797. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13771
97. Jiang Z, Zheng H, Xing B. Environmental life cycle assessment of wheat production using chemical fertilizer, manure compost, and biochar-amended manure compost strategies. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2021;760. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143342
98. Shi Y, Zang Y, Yang H, et al. Biochar enhanced phytostabilization of heavy metal contaminated mine tailings: A review. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.1044921
99. Muhammad N, Nafees M, Khan M, Ge L, Lisak G. Effect of biochars on bioaccumulation and human health risks of potentially toxic elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated on industrially contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. 2020;260. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113887
100. Alahmad A, Decocq G, Spicher F, et al. Cover crops in arable lands increase functional complementarity and redundancy of bacterial communities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY. 2019;56(3):651-664. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13307
101. Salazar M, Lozano L, Villarreal R, et al. Capacity and Intensity Indicators to evaluate the effect of different crop sequences and cover crops on soil physical quality of two different textured soils from Pampas Region. SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH. 2022;217. doi:10.1016/j.still.2021.105268
102. Miner G, Delgado J, Ippolito J, et al. Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on crop and soil micronutrients in a no-till maize cropping system. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH. 2018;228:170-182. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.017
103. Sharma S, Rana V, Pawar R, Lakra J, Racchapannavar V. Nanofertilizers for sustainable fruit production: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS. 2021;19(2):1693-1714. doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01125-3
104. Ma R, Tian Z, Wang M, et al. Effects of organic amendments on soil hydraulic characteristics in the Mollisols of Northeast China. LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT. 2023;34(17):5401-5415. doi:10.1002/ldr.4853
105. Khattak W, Sun J, Zaman F, et al. The role of agricultural land management in modulating water-carbon interplay within dryland ecological systems. AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT. 2025;378. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2024.109315
106. Karamage F, Zhang C, Liu T, Maganda A, Isabwe A. Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Uganda. FORESTS. 2017;8(2). doi:10.3390/f8020052
107. Potter J, Brooks C, Donovan G, Cunningham C, Douwes J. A perspective on green, blue, and grey spaces, biodiversity, microbiota, and human health. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2023;892. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164772
108. Cardoso E, Vasconcellos R, Bini D, et al. Soil health: looking for suitable indicators. What should be considered to assess the effects of use and management on soil health? SCIENTIA AGRICOLA. 2013;70(4):274-289. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162013000400009