Abstract
Metabolomics is an interdisciplinary field that combines advanced analytical chemistry techniques with biology to comprehensively identify and quantify metabolites present in cells, tissues, and biofluids. It serves as a powerful tool for understanding the biochemical underpinnings of various physiological and pathological processes. By capturing the dynamic changes in the metabolome, this approach offers a snapshot of the functional state of biological systems. Over the past decade, metabolomics has been extensively employed in the search for novel biomarkers that are clinically relevant, aiding in early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Recent advancements in technologies such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have significantly enhanced the sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput of metabolomic studies. These developments have contributed to a deeper understanding of the roles metabolites play in human pathophysiology. This review presents an updated overview of the latest techniques and analytical strategies used in metabolomics research. It also highlights the application of metabolomics in exploring metabolic alterations associated with neurological conditions, cancer, and lifestyle diseases including diabetes and coronary heart disease. The broad impact and growing utility of metabolomics hold great promise for driving innovation in disease prevention, personalized treatment strategies, and improved healthcare outcomes.