Triticum Vulgare Extract: Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Use
Main Article Content
Abstract
TVE demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in wound care and gynecology due to its various biological properties.
In wound care, TVE exhibits mitogenic and proliferative effects on fibroblasts and keratinocytes, enhancing tissue regeneration and wound healing. It also possesses anti-inflammatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory markers and inhibiting NF-kB activation. The regenerative activity is further supported by its ability to induce fibronectin expression, increase hyaluronan synthesis, and stimulate actin polymerization. Mechanistically, TVE shows antioxidant capacity and promotes keratinocyte healing by modulating MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen I, and elastin expression. Clinically, TVE formulations have been effective in treating acute skin wounds, diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and split-thickness skin graft donor sites (STSG), often showing superior results compared to hyaluronic acid treatments.
In gynecology, TVE formulations have been beneficial in vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), vulvovaginitis, and cervical ectropion, demonstrating significant symptom reduction and high patient satisfaction. The studies reviewed indicate that TVE is a versatile and effective treatment option in these areas.
Overall, the evidence presented suggests that TVE, particularly in the form of Fitostimoline® products, offers a valuable non-hormonal alternative with significant regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising treatment for various conditions in wound care and gynecology.
Article Details
How to Cite
CUOMO, Lara; MASSARO, Giulia; DI CARLO, Costantino.
Triticum Vulgare Extract: Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Use.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 5, may 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6622>. Date accessed: 23 june 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i5.6622.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2 Romanelli M, Macchia M, Panduri S, Paggi B, Saponati G, Dini V. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a medical device in various forms containing Triticum vulgare for the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Randomized pilot study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S82712 PMID: 26060395
3 Chaturvedi A, Meswani R, Shah S, Deasi S, Lele J, Mehta P et al. An Indian clinical trial to asses wound healing activity and safety of Fitostimoline 15% + 1% cream as topical treatment of different type of wounds. Journal of Plastic Dermatology. 2010; 6: 3.
4 Martini P, Mazzatenta C, Saponati G. Efficacy and tolerability of Fitostimoline in two different forms (soake gauzes and cream) and citrizan gel in the topical treatment of second-degree superficial cutaneous burns. Dermatology Research and Practice. 2011; 978291: 8.
5 Serafini G, Saponati G. Activity and tolerability of extracts of Triticum vulgare in diseases inflammatorydystrophic. Dental Clinics. 2012; 3: 35±39.
6 Farinella, Z., Morale, M.C., Agosta, M.R., Rizza,V., Stimulation of cell division in mouse fibroblast line 3T3 by an extract derived from Triticum vulgare. International Journal of Tissue Reactions 19864,337.
7 Favit,A., Fiore,L., Scapagnini,U., Canonico,P.L.,. An extract derived from Triticum vulgare stimulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in mouse fibroblasts. Acta Therapeutica 1992,18,171
8 Vanden Berghe,D.A.,Yang,Q.R.,Tottè,J.,Vlietink,A.J.,.Specific stimulationof human endothelial cells by Triticum vulgare extract and its biologically active fraction. Phytotherapy Research 1993; 7,72–78.
9 Sanguigno L, Minale M, Vannini E, Arato G, Riccio R, Casapullo A et al. Oligosaccharidic fractions derived from Triticum vulgare extract accelerate tissutal repairing processes in in vitro and in vivo modelsof skin lesions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 159: 198±208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.051 PMID: 25446580
10 Sanguigno L, Casamassa A, Funel N,Minale M, Riccio R, Riccio S, et al. Triticum vulgare extract exerts an anti-inflammatory action in two in vitro models of inflammation in microglial cells. PLoS ONE 2018, 13(6): e0197493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197493
11 Graeber MB, Li W, Rodriguez ML. Role of microglia in CNS inflammation. FEBS Letters. 2011; 585:
3798±3805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.033 PMID: 21889505
12 Komarcević A. The modern approach to wound treatment. Med Pregl. 2000; 53(7±8): 363±8. PMID:
11214479
13 Pereira da Silva L, Miguel Neves B, Moura L, Cruz MT, Carvalho E. Neurotensin downregulates the pro-inflammatory properties of skin dendritic cells and increases epidermal growth factor expression. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011; 1813(10): 1863±71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.018 PMID:21767580
14 Ariel A, Timor O. Hanging in the balance: endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms in tissue repair and fibrosis. J Pathol. 2013; 229(2): 250±63. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4108 PMID: 23007838
15 Schafer M, Werner S. Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair. Pharmacol Res. 2008; 58 (2): 165±71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2008.06.004 PMID: 18617006
16 Steiling H, Munz B, Werner S, Brauchle M. Different types of ROS-scavenging enzymes are expressed during cutaneous wound repair. Exp Cell Res. 1999; 247(2): 484±94. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr. 1998.4366 PMID: 10066376
17 Funel N, Dini V, Janowska A, Loggini B, Minale M, Grieco F, Riccio S, Romanelli M. Triticum vulgare Extract Modulates Protein-Kinase B and Matrix Metalloproteinases 9 Protein Expression in BV-2 Cells: Bioactivity on Inflammatory Pathway Associated with Molecular Mechanisms Wound Healing Mediators of Inflammation, Volume 2020, Article ID 2851949, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2851949
18 Tito A, Minale M, Riccio S, Grieco F, Colucci MG, Apone F. A Triticum vulgare Extract Exhibits Regenerating Activity During the Wound Healing Process. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2020:13 21–30
19 Sugiyama Y, Shimada A, Sayo T, Sakai S, Inoue S. Putative hyaluronan synthase mRNA are expressed in mouse skin and TGF-β upregulates their expression in cultured human skin cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;110(2):116–121. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00093.x
20 Kopecki Z, Cowin AJ. The role of actin remodelling proteins in wound healing and tissue regeneration. In: Alexandrescu VA, editor. Wound Healing – New Insights into Ancient Challenge. IntechOpen; 2016:133–154
21 Hocevar BA, Brown TL, Howe PH. TGF-beta induces fibronectin synthesis through a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent, Smad4-independent pathway. EMBO J. 1999;18(5):1345–1356. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.5.1345
22 Ha KS, Exton JH. Activation of actin polymerization by phosphatidic acid derived from phosphatidylcholine in IIC9 fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1993;123(6 Pt2):1789–1796. doi:10.1083/jcb.123.6.1789
23 MacLean-Fletcher S, Pollard TD. Mechanism of action of cytochalasin B on actin. Cell. 1980; 20(2): 329–341. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80) 90619-4
24 Imlay, J.A. Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2008,
77, 755–776. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25 Shukla, S.; Mehta, A.; Bajpai, V.K. In vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic leafextract of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 2338–2343. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26 Gorzynik-Debicka, M.; Przychodzen, P.; Cappello, F.; Kuban-Jankowska, A.; Marino Gammazza, A.; Knap, N.; Wozniak Gorska-Ponikowska, M. Potential Health Benefits of Olive Oil and Plant Polyphenols. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, E686. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27 Antonucci I, Fiorentino G, Contursi P, Minale M, Riccio R, Riccio S, Limauro D. Antioxidant Capacity of Rigenase®, a Specific Aqueous Extract of Triticum vulgare. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 67; doi:10.3390/antiox7050067
28 Everette, J.D.; Bryant, Q.M.; Green, A.M.; Abbey, Y.A.; Wangila, G.W.; Walker, R.B. Thorough study of reactivity of various compound classes toward the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010,58, 8139–8144. [CrossRef] [PubMed
29 Auger, C.; Pollet, B.; Arnold, C.; Marx, C.; Schini-Kerth, V.B. Great Heterogeneity of Commercial Fruit Juices to Induce Endothelium-Dependent Relaxations in Isolated Porcine Coronary Arteries: Role of the Phenolic Content and Composition. J. Med. Food 2015, 18, 128–136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30 Vazquez, C.V.; Rojas, M.G.V.; Ramirez, C.A.; Chavez-Servin, J.L.; Garcia-Gasca, T.; Ferriz Martinez, R.A.; García, O.P.; Rosado, J.L.; López-Sabater, C.M.; Castellote, A.I.; et al. Total phenolic compounds in milk from different species. Design of an extraction technique for quantification using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Food Chem. 2015, 176, 480–486. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31 Mikulic-Petkovsek, M.; Samoticha, J.; Eler, K.; Stampar, F.; Veberic, R. Traditional Elderflower Beverages: A Rich Source of Phenolic Compounds with High Antioxidant Activity. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 1477–1487. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32 Gonzalez, B.; Vogel, H.; Razmilic, I.; Wolfram, E. Polyphenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant content in different parts of maqui fruits (Aristotelia chilensis) during ripening and conservation treatments after harvest. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015, 76, 158–165. [CrossRef]
33 Kim, A.J. Optimization of roasting conditions through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Yak-kong (Rhynchosia nulubilis). Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2016, 25, 1175–1182. [CrossRef]
34 Okutsu, K.; Yoshizaki, Y.; Ikeda, N.; Kusano, T.; Hashimoto, F.; Takamine, K. Antioxidants in heat-processed koji and the production mechanisms. Food Chem. 2015, 187, 364–369. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35 Farasat, M.; Khavari-Nejad, R.A.; Nabavi, S.M.B.; Namjooyan, F. Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolics and Flavonoid Contents of some Edible Green Seaweeds from Northern Coasts of the Persian Gulf. Iran. J.Pharm. Res. 2014, 13, 163–170. [PubMed]
36 D’Agostino A, Pirozzi AVA, Finamore R, Grieco F, Minale M, Schiraldi C. Molecular Mechanisms at the Basis of Pharmaceutical Grade Triticum vulgare Extract Efficacy in Prompting Keratinocytes Healing Molecules 2020, 25, 431; doi:10.3390/molecules25030431
37 Russo R, Carrizzo A, Barbato A, Rasile BR, Pentangelo P, Ceccaroni A, Marra C, Alfano C, Losco L. Clinical Evaluation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Rigenase® and Polyhexanide (Fitostimoline® Plus) vs. Hyaluronic Acid and Silver Sulfadiazine (Connettivina® Bio Plus) for the Treatment of Acute Skin Wounds: A Randomized Trial. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2518. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092518
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