Abstract
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, poses a significant global health challenge, impacting millions of adults and children each year. Its clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe illness, with potential complications leading to hospitalization and death. Influenza may be particularly dangerous for children with immunocompromising conditions, such as pediatric oncology patients and pediatric recipients of either solid organ transplant (SOT) or hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). These cohorts are at higher risk of influenza-induced complications, including pneumonia, exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions, or even death. Comprehensive studies have emphasized the need for effective prophylactic strategies to protect immunocompromised children from influenza infection. This review aims to advance endeavors in influenza prevention and treatment among these three vulnerable pediatric cohorts by summarizing the latest findings in clinical presentations, risk factors, and vaccine recommendations. Additionally, it explores emerging perspectives that may guide the development of effective prophylactic strategies.