Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric condition historically managed with a goal of preventing renal injury from recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, contemporary understanding recognizes that not all reflux confers the same risk. This review highlights evolving diagnostic strategies, risk stratification tools, and treatment trends in VUR management. The natural history of VUR is influenced by multiple factors, including grade, timing on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) presence of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), and anatomical anomalies. While many cases of low-grade reflux resolve spontaneously, high-grade or early-filling VUR, especially with BBD, poses a higher risk of persistent disease and recurrent febrile UTIs.Diagnosis has shifted toward minimizing invasive testing and radiation exposure. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) offers a non-radiating alternative to VCUG with excellent diagnostic accuracy. Adjunctive tools such as the ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) and Vesicoureteral Reflux Index (VURx) enhance risk stratification and predict likelihood of resolution or breakthrough infections. Treatment has similarly evolved. Observation and selective use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) are now standard for low-risk patients, reflecting concerns about resistance and microbiome disruption. Endoscopic injection using the Double HIT method provides high success rates with minimal morbidity and is now widely favored over open surgery in most cases. Robotic ureteral reimplantation is increasingly utilized, though its cost and learning curve remain barriers to widespread adoption. Emerging research in artificial intelligence, urinary biomarkers, and microbiome preservation offers promise for even more personalized care. Revised guidelines and multicenter registries are fostering data-driven, risk-based approaches. VUR management has transitioned from a uniform treatment model to a nuanced, individualized strategy. Innovations in diagnostics, quantitative risk tools, and minimally invasive therapies now support safe, effective, and tailored care. The focus continues to shift toward optimizing long-term outcomes while reducing treatment burden for children with VUR.