Chronic Migraine and Accelerated Brain Ageing: A Focus on Hippocampal Atrophy
Main Article Content
Abstract
Chronic migraine (CM) is increasingly recognized as more than just a recurring headache condition. It involves significant neurobiological changes that suggest accelerated aging of the brain, particularly affecting the hippocampus, which is essential for memory and cognitive functions. This overview examines the key findings linking CM to notable decreases in cortical thickness, increased white matter hyperintensities, and significant hippocampal atrophy. Research utilizing machine learning in neuroimaging has introduced the concept of the Brain Age Gap (BAG). This concept reveals that individuals with CM have an average brain age that is 4.16 years older than their chronological age, indicating premature aging of their neural structures. These structural changes are associated with difficulties in declarative memory, disruptions in memory-encoding processes, and higher rates of depression and anxiety. Factors such as neuroinflammation, ongoing pain signals, and related health conditions such as obesity and hypertension worsen this neurodegenerative trajectory. The growing body of evidence highlights the urgent need for early identification of at-risk individuals, validation of BAG as a potential cognitive health biomarker, and development of targeted interventions to prevent cognitive decline. To confirm these findings, prospective long-term studies are crucial to confirm the patterns of hippocampal atrophy and to establish effective imaging techniques for migraine management.
Keywords:
Chronic Migraine, Brain Aging, Hippocampal Atrophy, Neuroimaging, Cognitive Decline
Article Details
How to Cite
CHOUDHARY, Dr. Arbind Kumar.
Chronic Migraine and Accelerated Brain Ageing: A Focus on Hippocampal Atrophy.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 7, july 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6728>. Date accessed: 06 dec. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i7.6728.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Ashina M, Terwindt GM, Al-Karagholi MA-M, De Boer I, Lee MJ, Hay DL, et al. Migraine: disease characterisation, biomarkers, and precision medicine. The Lancet. 2021;397(10283):1496-504.
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4. Gupta J, Gaurkar SS. Migraine: An underestimated neurological condition affecting billions. Cureus. 2022;14(8).
5. Fila M, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Different aspects of aging in migraine. Aging and Disease. 2023;14(6):2028.
6. Gribbin CL, Dani KA, Tyagi A. Chronic migraine: An update on diagnosis and management. Neurology India. 2021;69(Suppl 1):S67-S75.
7. Amiri P, Kazeminasab S, Nejadghaderi SA, Mohammadinasab R, Pourfathi H, Araj-Khodaei M, et al. Migraine: a review on its history, global epidemiology, risk factors, and comorbidities. Frontiers in neurology. 2022;12:800605.
8. Bakar NA. Multifaceted Insights Into Cluster Headache: Functional Neuroimaging, Saccadometry and Quality of Life: Guy's, King's and St. Thomas's School of Dentistry; 2014.
9. Sungura R, Onyambu C, Mpolya E, Sauli E, Vianney J-M. The extended scope of neuroimaging and prospects in brain atrophy mitigation: a systematic review. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 2021;23:100875.
10. Humphreys K, Shover CL, Andrews CM, Bohnert AS, Brandeau ML, Caulkins JP, et al. Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford–Lancet Commission. The Lancet. 2022;399(10324) :555-604.
11. Liang L, Zhao L, Wei Y, Mai W, Duan G, Su J, et al. Structural and functional hippocampal changes in subjective cognitive decline from the community. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2020;12:64.
12. Young PN, Estarellas M, Coomans E, Srikrishna M, Beaumont H, Maass A, et al. Imaging biomarkers in neurodegeneration: current and future practices. Alzheimer's research & therapy. 2020;12:1-17.
13. Lee H-J, Yu H, Gil Myeong S, Park K, Kim D-K. Mid-and late-life migraine is Associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease, but not vascular dementia: a Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021;11(10):990.
14. Begasse de Dhaem O, Robbins MS. Cognitive impairment in primary and secondary headache disorders. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2022;26(5):391-404.
15. Zhao L, Tang Y, Tu Y, Cao J. Genetic evidence for the causal relationships between migraine, dementia, and longitudinal brain atrophy. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2024;25(1):1-10.
16. Pereira JB, Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Van Westen D, Dage JL, et al. Plasma markers predict changes in amyloid, tau, atrophy and cognition in non-demented subjects. Brain. 2021; 144(9):2826-36.
17. Salmanzadeh H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Pachenari N, Azadi M, Halliwell RF, Rubino T, et al. Adolescent drug exposure: A review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function. Brain research bulletin. 2020;156:105-17.
18. Azam S, Haque ME, Balakrishnan R, Kim I-S, Choi D-K. The ageing brain: molecular and cellular basis of neurodegeneration. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 2021;9:683459.
19. Houben S, Homa M, Yilmaz Z, Leroy K, Brion J-P, Ando K. Tau pathology and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: What tau mouse models tell us? Frontiers in neurology. 2021;12:610330.
20. Innes KE, Sambamoorthi U. The potential contribution of chronic pain and common chronic pain conditions to subsequent cognitive decline, new onset cognitive impairment, and incident dementia: A systematic review and conceptual model for future research. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2020;78(3):1177-95.
21. Armstrong NM, An Y, Shin JJ, Williams OA, Doshi J, Erus G, et al. Associations between cognitive and brain volume changes in cognitively normal older adults. Neuroimage. 2020;223:117289.
22. Kolbeinsson A, Filippi S, Panagakis Y, Matthews PM, Elliott P, Dehghan A, et al. Accelerated MRI-predicted brain ageing and its associations with cardiometabolic and brain disorders. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):19940.
23. MacDonald ME, Pike GB. MRI of healthy brain aging: A review. NMR in Biomedicine. 2021; 34(9):e4564.
24. Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Smetanina D, Simiyu GL, Uzianbaeva L, Neidl-Van Gorkom K, et al. Brain morphometry and cognitive performance in normal brain aging: age-and sex-related structural and functional changes. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022;13:713680.
25. Radhakrishnan H, Stark SM, Stark CE. Microstructural alterations in hippocampal subfields mediate age-related memory decline in humans. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2020;12:94.
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