Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Anti- Inflammatory Applications and Therapeutic Potential
Main Article Content
Abstract
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been studied for decades, but the medical establishment has yet to embrace it is a method of choice for those conditions in which it is highly documented. Light therapy as such has been known for centuries as an effective treatment for, for example, psoriasis. There have been numerous reviews of various aspects of the application of LLLT, but an overview of the various uses of the therapeutic applications is lacking. This review attempts to address that. A case is made for a holistic evaluation of the patient.
Keywords:
Low level laser therapy, photobiomodulation, dermatology, whiplash syndrome, postconcussion syndrome
Article Details
How to Cite
STEELE, Richard Evan.
Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Anti- Inflammatory Applications and Therapeutic Potential.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 7, july 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6739>. Date accessed: 05 dec. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i7.6739.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Huang YY, Chen ACH, Caroll JD, Hamblin MR. Biphasic-Dose-Response-in-Low-Level-Light-Therapy Dose Response 2009; 7 358-383
3. Ostrin, L. A. (2024). Safety concerns in red-light therapy for myopia: Potential risks to the retina. University of Houston News Available at:
4. Wang, T., & Haas, H. (2021). Safety analysis for laser-based optical wireless communications: A tutorial review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.08707. Available at:
5. Steele RE. Low level laser therapy and myofascial pain. J Pain Management. 2020 13(7): 62
6. Cotler, H. B., Chow, R. T., Hamblin, M. R., & Carroll, J. (2015). The use of LLLT for musculoskeletal pain. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 943–952. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1673-x
7. Cotler, H. B., Chow, R. T., Hamblin, M. R., & Carroll, J. (2015). The use of LLLT for musculoskeletal pain. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 943–952. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1673-x
8. Glazov, G., Yelland, M., & Emery, J. (2016). Low-level laser therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acupuncture in Medicine, 34(5), 328-341. DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-011036
9. Leal-Junior, E. C., Vanin, A. A., Miranda, E. F., de Carvalho, P. D., Dal Corso, S., & Bjordal, J. M. (2015). Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 925–939. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1594-5
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Risk factors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved from
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12. Blanc, P. D., & Torén, K. (2019). Occupational exposure and COPD: A systematic review. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 23(11), 1170-1181. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0327
13. Tedford, C. E., DeLapp, S., Jacques, S., & Anders, J. J. (2015). Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 47(4), 312–322.
14. Sayed MA, El-Sherif BM, Mohammed AR et al. Low-level laser therapy in chronic obstructive lung disease. 2018 Egyptian Journal of Bronchology. Vol. 12. pp. 317-322.
15. Yu Y, Lu J, Zhang J, Shi W. A prospective randomized half-body study: 308 nm LED light vs. 308 nm excimer laser for localized psoriasis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1170658. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1170658.
16. Heidemeyer K, Kulac M, Sechi A, Cazzaniga S, Naldi L. Lasers for the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023;19(7):717-744. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2023.2205640.
17. Sardana K, Sinha S, Sachdeva S. Laser and lights in psoriasis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2023;14(3):310-319. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_720_22.
18. Hung, R, Ungureanu, S, Edwards, C, Gambles, B, and Anstey, AV. Home phototherapy for psoriasis: a review and update. Clin Exp Dermatol. (2015) 40:827–32. doi: 10.1111/ced.12703
19. Kemeny, L, Csoma, Z, Bagdi, E, Banham, AH, Krenacs, L, and Koreck, A. Targeted phototherapy of plaque-type psoriasis using ultraviolet B-light-emitting diodes. Br J Dermatol. (2010) 163:167–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09763.x
20. Bónis, B, Kemény, L, Dobozy, A, Bor, Z, Szabó, G, and Ignácz, F. 308 nm UVB excimer laser for psoriasis. Lancet. (1997) 350:1522. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63945-1
21. Passeron, T, and Ortonne, JP. Use of the 308 nm excimer laser for psoriasis and vitiligo. Clin Dermatol. (2006) 24:33–42. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.10.024
22. Gold MH, Sensing W, Biron J. (2021). Clinical Use of Light Sources in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(1), 28–35.
23. de Sousa MV, et al. (2021). Phototherapy for acne vulgaris: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers in Medical Science, 36(3), 475–487. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03082-5
24. Tzung TY, et al. (2004). Blue light phototherapy in the treatment of acne Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 20(6), 266–269.
25. Liu H, et al. (2016). Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for acne: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dermatologic Therapy, 29(2), 82–90. DOI: 10.1111/dth.12332
26. Tan J, Bhate K. (2015). A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. British Journal of Dermatology, 172(S1), 3–12. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13462
27. Thiboutot D, et al. (2009). New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne Group. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 60(5 Suppl), S1–S50. (Discusses adverse effects and patient intolerance to multiple acne treatments (topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, isotretinoin). DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.019
28. Pires, D., et al. (2021). Photobiomodulation therapy accelerates healing of venous ulcers: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 29(3), 456–465.
29. Diegelmann RF, Evans MC. Wound healing: an overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healing. Front Biosci. 2004 Jan;9:283–9.
30. Darby IA, Laverdet B, Bonte F, Desmoulière A. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:301–11.
31. de Sousa, A. P., Paranhos, L. R., Corrêa, J. C., & Diniz, I. M. (2017). Photobiomodulation in wound healing: A systematic review. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 49(4), 301-317. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22603
32. Khuman, R., Arora, S., & Meena, M. (2020). Efficacy of LLLT in wound healing: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 14(2), 1–5. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2020/14123.2
33. Naeser, M. A., Saltmarche, A., Krengel, M. H., Hamblin, M. R., & Knight, J. A. (2011). Improved cognitive function after transcranial LLLT in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(12), 2349-2356. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1895
34. Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma — present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jan;15(1):57–65.
35. Holgate ST. Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nat Med. 2012
36. Aras MH, Güngörmüs M. The effect of low-level laser therapy on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of lower third molars. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(5):21–5
37. Kühl S, Tamura K, Taguchi Y, et al. Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of surgical wounds in the oral mucosa. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(3):282–7.
38. Khullar SM, Brodin P, Barkvoll P, Haanaes HR. Preliminary study of low-level laser for treatment of long-standing sensory aberrations in the oral region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;54(10):2–7.
39. Antunes HS, Herchenhorn D, Small IA, et al. Preventive and therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy for oral mucositis: a randomized clinical trial. Head Neck. 2013;35(8):1188–92. .
40. Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Moosavi M-S. Comparative evaluation of low-level laser and CO₂ laser therapy for treatment of aphthous ulcers. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(2):461–5.
41. Heidari M, Ahrari F, Jalaly T, Amini F. Effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:8071232.
42. Hsieh RL, Lo MT, Lee WC. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(2):349–56.
43. Rochkind S, Nissan M, Alon M, Shamir MH, Salame K. Effects of laser irradiation on the spinal cord for the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve in rats. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;28(3):216–9.
44. Bayat M, Azari A, Golmohammadi MG. Effect of low-level helium-neon laser therapy on the healing of third-degree burns in rats. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006;83(2):87-93. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.12.007
45. Lanzafame, R. J., Blanche, R. R., & Bodian, A. B. (2016). The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in androgenic alopecia. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 48(3), 179–187. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22461
46. Lanzafame, R. J., Blanche, R. R., & Bodian, A. B. (2016). The effectiveness of LLLT in androgenic alopecia. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 48(3), 179–187. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.224612. doi:10.2165/00044011-20092905
47. Leavitt M, Charles G, Heyman E, Michaels D. HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(5):283-292. doi:10.2165/00044011-20092905
48. Boonswang N aB, Chichi M, Lukachek A, Curtis D. A new treatment protocol using photobiomodulation and muscle/bone/joint recovery techniques having a dramatic effect on a stroke patient’s recovery: a new weapon for clinicians. BMJ Case Reports 2012; doi:10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4689
49. de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2016;22(3):7000417. doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2561201
50. Gupta A, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Effect of red and near-infrared wavelengths on low-level laser (light) therapy-induced healing of partial-thickness dermal abrasion in mice. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(1):257–265
51. Lim W et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of 635 nm irradiation on LPS-stimulated macrophages via photobiomodulation. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(3): 453–460
52. Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Bjordal JM. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9705):1897–1908
53. Scaer RC. The body bears the burden: trauma, dissociation, and disease. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2014.
54. Perrera, Judith.t: In: Riegel RJ, Godbold JC, eds Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Hoboken NJ, USA Wiley Blackwell 1987:1-6
2. Huang YY, Chen ACH, Caroll JD, Hamblin MR. Biphasic-Dose-Response-in-Low-Level-Light-Therapy Dose Response 2009; 7 358-383
3. Ostrin, L. A. (2024). Safety concerns in red-light therapy for myopia: Potential risks to the retina. University of Houston News Available at:
4. Wang, T., & Haas, H. (2021). Safety analysis for laser-based optical wireless communications: A tutorial review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.08707. Available at:
5. Steele RE. Low level laser therapy and myofascial pain. J Pain Management. 2020 13(7): 62
6. Cotler, H. B., Chow, R. T., Hamblin, M. R., & Carroll, J. (2015). The use of LLLT for musculoskeletal pain. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 943–952. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1673-x
7. Cotler, H. B., Chow, R. T., Hamblin, M. R., & Carroll, J. (2015). The use of LLLT for musculoskeletal pain. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 943–952. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1673-x
8. Glazov, G., Yelland, M., & Emery, J. (2016). Low-level laser therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acupuncture in Medicine, 34(5), 328-341. DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-011036
9. Leal-Junior, E. C., Vanin, A. A., Miranda, E. F., de Carvalho, P. D., Dal Corso, S., & Bjordal, J. M. (2015). Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers in Medical Science, 30(3), 925–939. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1594-5
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Risk factors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved from
11. World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). COPD and air pollution. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from
12. Blanc, P. D., & Torén, K. (2019). Occupational exposure and COPD: A systematic review. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 23(11), 1170-1181. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0327
13. Tedford, C. E., DeLapp, S., Jacques, S., & Anders, J. J. (2015). Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 47(4), 312–322.
14. Sayed MA, El-Sherif BM, Mohammed AR et al. Low-level laser therapy in chronic obstructive lung disease. 2018 Egyptian Journal of Bronchology. Vol. 12. pp. 317-322.
15. Yu Y, Lu J, Zhang J, Shi W. A prospective randomized half-body study: 308 nm LED light vs. 308 nm excimer laser for localized psoriasis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1170658. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1170658.
16. Heidemeyer K, Kulac M, Sechi A, Cazzaniga S, Naldi L. Lasers for the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023;19(7):717-744. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2023.2205640.
17. Sardana K, Sinha S, Sachdeva S. Laser and lights in psoriasis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2023;14(3):310-319. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_720_22.
18. Hung, R, Ungureanu, S, Edwards, C, Gambles, B, and Anstey, AV. Home phototherapy for psoriasis: a review and update. Clin Exp Dermatol. (2015) 40:827–32. doi: 10.1111/ced.12703
19. Kemeny, L, Csoma, Z, Bagdi, E, Banham, AH, Krenacs, L, and Koreck, A. Targeted phototherapy of plaque-type psoriasis using ultraviolet B-light-emitting diodes. Br J Dermatol. (2010) 163:167–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09763.x
20. Bónis, B, Kemény, L, Dobozy, A, Bor, Z, Szabó, G, and Ignácz, F. 308 nm UVB excimer laser for psoriasis. Lancet. (1997) 350:1522. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63945-1
21. Passeron, T, and Ortonne, JP. Use of the 308 nm excimer laser for psoriasis and vitiligo. Clin Dermatol. (2006) 24:33–42. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.10.024
22. Gold MH, Sensing W, Biron J. (2021). Clinical Use of Light Sources in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(1), 28–35.
23. de Sousa MV, et al. (2021). Phototherapy for acne vulgaris: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers in Medical Science, 36(3), 475–487. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03082-5
24. Tzung TY, et al. (2004). Blue light phototherapy in the treatment of acne Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 20(6), 266–269.
25. Liu H, et al. (2016). Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for acne: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dermatologic Therapy, 29(2), 82–90. DOI: 10.1111/dth.12332
26. Tan J, Bhate K. (2015). A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. British Journal of Dermatology, 172(S1), 3–12. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13462
27. Thiboutot D, et al. (2009). New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne Group. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 60(5 Suppl), S1–S50. (Discusses adverse effects and patient intolerance to multiple acne treatments (topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, isotretinoin). DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.019
28. Pires, D., et al. (2021). Photobiomodulation therapy accelerates healing of venous ulcers: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 29(3), 456–465.
29. Diegelmann RF, Evans MC. Wound healing: an overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healing. Front Biosci. 2004 Jan;9:283–9.
30. Darby IA, Laverdet B, Bonte F, Desmoulière A. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:301–11.
31. de Sousa, A. P., Paranhos, L. R., Corrêa, J. C., & Diniz, I. M. (2017). Photobiomodulation in wound healing: A systematic review. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 49(4), 301-317. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22603
32. Khuman, R., Arora, S., & Meena, M. (2020). Efficacy of LLLT in wound healing: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 14(2), 1–5. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2020/14123.2
33. Naeser, M. A., Saltmarche, A., Krengel, M. H., Hamblin, M. R., & Knight, J. A. (2011). Improved cognitive function after transcranial LLLT in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(12), 2349-2356. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1895
34. Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma — present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jan;15(1):57–65.
35. Holgate ST. Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nat Med. 2012
36. Aras MH, Güngörmüs M. The effect of low-level laser therapy on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of lower third molars. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(5):21–5
37. Kühl S, Tamura K, Taguchi Y, et al. Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of surgical wounds in the oral mucosa. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(3):282–7.
38. Khullar SM, Brodin P, Barkvoll P, Haanaes HR. Preliminary study of low-level laser for treatment of long-standing sensory aberrations in the oral region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;54(10):2–7.
39. Antunes HS, Herchenhorn D, Small IA, et al. Preventive and therapeutic effects of low-level laser therapy for oral mucositis: a randomized clinical trial. Head Neck. 2013;35(8):1188–92. .
40. Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Moosavi M-S. Comparative evaluation of low-level laser and CO₂ laser therapy for treatment of aphthous ulcers. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(2):461–5.
41. Heidari M, Ahrari F, Jalaly T, Amini F. Effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:8071232.
42. Hsieh RL, Lo MT, Lee WC. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(2):349–56.
43. Rochkind S, Nissan M, Alon M, Shamir MH, Salame K. Effects of laser irradiation on the spinal cord for the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve in rats. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;28(3):216–9.
44. Bayat M, Azari A, Golmohammadi MG. Effect of low-level helium-neon laser therapy on the healing of third-degree burns in rats. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006;83(2):87-93. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.12.007
45. Lanzafame, R. J., Blanche, R. R., & Bodian, A. B. (2016). The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in androgenic alopecia. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 48(3), 179–187. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22461
46. Lanzafame, R. J., Blanche, R. R., & Bodian, A. B. (2016). The effectiveness of LLLT in androgenic alopecia. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 48(3), 179–187. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.224612. doi:10.2165/00044011-20092905
47. Leavitt M, Charles G, Heyman E, Michaels D. HairMax LaserComb laser phototherapy device in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre trial. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(5):283-292. doi:10.2165/00044011-20092905
48. Boonswang N aB, Chichi M, Lukachek A, Curtis D. A new treatment protocol using photobiomodulation and muscle/bone/joint recovery techniques having a dramatic effect on a stroke patient’s recovery: a new weapon for clinicians. BMJ Case Reports 2012; doi:10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4689
49. de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2016;22(3):7000417. doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2561201
50. Gupta A, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Effect of red and near-infrared wavelengths on low-level laser (light) therapy-induced healing of partial-thickness dermal abrasion in mice. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(1):257–265
51. Lim W et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of 635 nm irradiation on LPS-stimulated macrophages via photobiomodulation. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(3): 453–460
52. Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Bjordal JM. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9705):1897–1908
53. Scaer RC. The body bears the burden: trauma, dissociation, and disease. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2014.
54. Perrera, Judith.t: In: Riegel RJ, Godbold JC, eds Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Hoboken NJ, USA Wiley Blackwell 1987:1-6